This document discusses flat-plate solar collectors. It describes the key components of flat-plate collectors including the absorber plate, flow passages, cover plates, enclosure and insulation. Absorber plates are typically made of copper or steel while cover plates are usually glass or plastic. Insulation such as fiberglass is used to limit heat loss. Flat-plate collectors can be oriented fixed, or use one-axis or two-axis tracking to follow the sun for improved performance. Collector performance depends on absorbed radiation, heat removal factor and heat loss coefficient. Applications include domestic hot water and space heating.
Solar collector : A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, usually liquid or air.
Flat – Plate Collector : A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.
This document discusses solar collectors and factors that affect their performance. It describes two main types of solar collectors: non-concentrating and concentrating. Non-concentrating collectors include flat plate collectors, vacuum tube collectors, and unglazed flat plate collectors. Flat plate collectors are the most common and simplest design, absorbing direct and diffuse radiation to heat fluid below 100°C. The document also outlines materials used in flat plate collectors and factors that influence their efficiency such as incident solar radiation, selective surfaces, number of cover plates, and collector tilt.
Oro551 res - unit 1 - the solar constantkarthi keyan
This document discusses principles of solar radiation. It covers the role of solar energy, environmental impacts, physics of the sun, and measurements of solar radiation. Specifically, it defines the solar constant as the rate at which solar energy arrives at the top of the atmosphere, which is approximately 1.367 kW/m2. It also provides equivalent units of the solar constant in kcal/m2/hr and Btu/ft2/hr.
Solar collectors are devices that absorb solar radiation and convert it to heat, transferring the heat to a circulating fluid like air, water, or oil. There are two main types of solar collectors:
1. Flat plate or non-concentrating collectors, which have an absorber surface of the same area as the aperture and do not concentrate sunlight. These include liquid collectors using water or glycol and air collectors for space heating.
2. Concentrating or focusing collectors, which use reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto a smaller absorber area to increase heat flux. These include cylindrical parabolic, central receiver, and compound parabolic collectors.
This document provides information about flat-plate solar collectors. It discusses that flat-plate collectors are the simplest type of solar collector that uses a stationary black surface placed at an angle to the sun. It then describes the key components of flat-plate collectors including the absorber plate, flow passages, transparent cover, insulation and enclosure. Applications for flat-plate collectors include domestic hot water, space heating, and pool heating. The document also discusses factors that impact collector efficiency and methods to improve efficiency such as reducing thermal losses.
Oro551 res - unit 1 - instruments for measuring solar radiation and sun shinekarthi keyan
This document discusses instruments used to measure solar radiation. It describes pyranometers, which measure global solar radiation on a horizontal surface using a thermopile sensor. The Eppley pyranometer construction and working are explained in detail. Other pyranometers like the bimetallic pyranograph are also covered. Pyrheliometers measure direct beam radiation using sensors like the Angstrom and Abbot silver disk pyrheliometers. Sunshine recorders like the Campbell-Stokes, rotating mirror, and Blake-Larsen recorders are also summarized.
Solar furnaces use an array of mirrors to concentrate sunlight and produce extremely high temperatures. They have existed since the 18th century but were first developed as a furnace in the 1940s in France. There are two main types - direct and heliostat - and they work by using plane and parabolic mirrors to focus sunlight at a focal point. Solar furnaces can be used for applications like generating steam power, cooking, drying foods, and melting metals. In Africa they have potential uses for cooking, agriculture, industry, and reducing environmental impacts. However, widespread commercial use of solar furnaces has been limited by their high costs and requirement for large spaces.
Solar collector : A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, usually liquid or air.
Flat – Plate Collector : A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.
This document discusses solar collectors and factors that affect their performance. It describes two main types of solar collectors: non-concentrating and concentrating. Non-concentrating collectors include flat plate collectors, vacuum tube collectors, and unglazed flat plate collectors. Flat plate collectors are the most common and simplest design, absorbing direct and diffuse radiation to heat fluid below 100°C. The document also outlines materials used in flat plate collectors and factors that influence their efficiency such as incident solar radiation, selective surfaces, number of cover plates, and collector tilt.
Oro551 res - unit 1 - the solar constantkarthi keyan
This document discusses principles of solar radiation. It covers the role of solar energy, environmental impacts, physics of the sun, and measurements of solar radiation. Specifically, it defines the solar constant as the rate at which solar energy arrives at the top of the atmosphere, which is approximately 1.367 kW/m2. It also provides equivalent units of the solar constant in kcal/m2/hr and Btu/ft2/hr.
Solar collectors are devices that absorb solar radiation and convert it to heat, transferring the heat to a circulating fluid like air, water, or oil. There are two main types of solar collectors:
1. Flat plate or non-concentrating collectors, which have an absorber surface of the same area as the aperture and do not concentrate sunlight. These include liquid collectors using water or glycol and air collectors for space heating.
2. Concentrating or focusing collectors, which use reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto a smaller absorber area to increase heat flux. These include cylindrical parabolic, central receiver, and compound parabolic collectors.
This document provides information about flat-plate solar collectors. It discusses that flat-plate collectors are the simplest type of solar collector that uses a stationary black surface placed at an angle to the sun. It then describes the key components of flat-plate collectors including the absorber plate, flow passages, transparent cover, insulation and enclosure. Applications for flat-plate collectors include domestic hot water, space heating, and pool heating. The document also discusses factors that impact collector efficiency and methods to improve efficiency such as reducing thermal losses.
Oro551 res - unit 1 - instruments for measuring solar radiation and sun shinekarthi keyan
This document discusses instruments used to measure solar radiation. It describes pyranometers, which measure global solar radiation on a horizontal surface using a thermopile sensor. The Eppley pyranometer construction and working are explained in detail. Other pyranometers like the bimetallic pyranograph are also covered. Pyrheliometers measure direct beam radiation using sensors like the Angstrom and Abbot silver disk pyrheliometers. Sunshine recorders like the Campbell-Stokes, rotating mirror, and Blake-Larsen recorders are also summarized.
Solar furnaces use an array of mirrors to concentrate sunlight and produce extremely high temperatures. They have existed since the 18th century but were first developed as a furnace in the 1940s in France. There are two main types - direct and heliostat - and they work by using plane and parabolic mirrors to focus sunlight at a focal point. Solar furnaces can be used for applications like generating steam power, cooking, drying foods, and melting metals. In Africa they have potential uses for cooking, agriculture, industry, and reducing environmental impacts. However, widespread commercial use of solar furnaces has been limited by their high costs and requirement for large spaces.
Solar Energy Storage:-
Methods of storage such as sensible, latent heat &
thermochemical storage,selection of method of storage,
properties of storage materials and different arrangements of
storages
1. Solar radiation measurements are important for solar energy applications and require instruments that can measure direct beam and diffuse radiation on surfaces oriented at various angles.
2. Common solar radiation measurement devices include pyrheliometers for measuring direct beam radiation, pyranometers for measuring total radiation, and sunshine recorders for measuring duration of bright sunshine.
3. Solar radiation data should specify if measurements are instantaneous or integrated over a time period, the measurement time/period, whether beam, diffuse, or total radiation is measured, the receiving surface orientation, and any averaging period.
Solar collector ppt by Vivek Atalkar.
A solar collector is a device that collects and/or concentrates solar radiation from the Sun. These devices are primarily used for active solar heating and allow for the heating of water for personal use.
Classification of Solar collector
Flat Plate collector
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on renewable energy sources. It discusses various types of solar collectors, including flat plate collectors, concentrating collectors, and solar air heaters. Flat plate collectors are the most widely used and collect both beam and diffuse radiation without tracking. Concentrating collectors use reflective surfaces to achieve higher temperatures over 100°C. Solar air heaters are used to pre-heat air for applications like space heating and drying. The document provides details on the construction, working, advantages and applications of these different solar collector technologies.
This document discusses pyranometers and pyrheliometers. A pyranometer is a sensor that measures solar irradiance over 180 degrees using a thermopile sensor with a black coating inside a glass dome. It measures diffuse sunlight. A pyrheliometer specifically measures direct beam sunlight using a thermopile sensor that tracks the sun inside an instrument with a window. They are both used to study solar energy, meteorology and climate but a pyrheliometer additionally helps assess solar panel efficiency.
Oro551 res- unit 1 - extra terrestrial and terrestrial solar radiationkarthi keyan
This document is about solar radiation and renewable energy sources. It discusses the energy produced by the sun as solar energy, which is radiated as electromagnetic waves with wavelengths between 0.2 to 4 micrometers. The sun's energy reaching the top of the atmosphere consists of 8% ultraviolet radiation, 46% visible light, and 46% infrared radiation. It also discusses extraterrestrial solar radiation, which is the radiation incident on the outer atmosphere, having an average irradiance of 1367 W/m2. Terrestrial solar radiation reaching the earth's surface is always less than extraterrestrial due to atmospheric absorption and scattering. Direct, diffuse, and global solar radiation are also defined.
This document provides information about measuring solar radiation. It defines key terms like beam, diffuse, and total radiation. It also describes different types of instruments used to measure solar radiation, including pyrheliometers and pyranometers. Pyrheliometers are used to measure direct beam radiation from the sun, and come in designs like the Angstrom and silver disk models. Pyranometers measure global radiation from the entire sky, and common types are thermoelectric models. Sources of measurement errors for these instruments are also outlined.
Oro551 res- unit 1 - environmental impact of solar energykarthi keyan
This document discusses the environmental impacts of solar power generation. It addresses land use and habitat loss, noting that photovoltaic solar requires 3.5 to 10 acres per megawatt while concentrating solar thermal requires 4 to 17 acres per megawatt. Water use is also discussed, stating that concentrating solar thermal requires around 2,000 liters of water per megawatt, while photovoltaic solar requires around 20,000 liters of water per megawatt for regular cleaning. Finally, the document covers the use of hazardous materials in manufacturing, such as chemicals used to clean semiconductor surfaces for photovoltaic cells and toxic materials contained in thin film technologies that must be properly handled and disposed.
A solar still is a simple device that uses solar energy to distill and purify water. It has two main types - box and pit stills. Water is evaporated by sunlight and the vapor condenses on the inside surface, then drips down into a collection area. The process removes impurities through evaporation and condensation, producing cleaner water than rainwater. Solar stills have advantages of being low-cost using free solar energy, but also have disadvantages like low production capacity and not killing all bacteria. They can be used to provide clean water for drinking or industrial processes.
Oro551 res- unit 1 - the solar energy optionkarthi keyan
This document discusses renewable energy sources with a focus on solar energy options. It provides information on different solar energy technologies including photovoltaic systems, solar water heating, solar thermal power plants, solar cookers, solar bikes, solar pumps, and solar power towers. For each technology, it describes its basic components and functioning. The document aims to educate about harnessing solar energy for electricity generation and other applications.
The document discusses solar energy and photovoltaic power conversion systems. It notes that the sun provides vastly more energy to Earth than is consumed and describes some key aspects of solar radiation. It also defines solar irradiance and discusses instruments used to measure direct and diffuse solar radiation, including pyranometers and pyrheliometers. Photovoltaic systems are introduced as arrangements that convert sunlight to electricity using solar panels.
Oro551 res - unit 1 - physics of the sunkarthi keyan
1. The document discusses principles of solar radiation from a renewable energy course. It covers topics like the physics of the sun, its composition of mostly hydrogen and helium, and how energy is produced through thermonuclear fusion.
2. The inner parts of the sun include the core where energy is produced, the radiative zone where energy is carried out as radiation, and the convective zone where gas conveys heat to the surface.
3. Outer parts of the sun are the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. The document provides data on the sun's energy generation, diameters, temperatures, and distance from Earth.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on solar water heaters. It discusses the types of solar water heaters, including active and passive systems. It also describes the components, operations, benefits, and applications of solar water heaters. Solar water heaters capture sunlight to heat water and provide benefits such as reduced energy costs, environmental friendliness, and reliability. They can be used for domestic, commercial, and industrial applications.
This document discusses solar energy storage and applications. It describes different methods of solar energy storage including sensible heat storage using materials like water, rocks, and concrete. Latent heat storage using phase change is also discussed. Thermal energy storage techniques like solar ponds are explained. Applications of solar energy covered include solar heating/cooling, distillation, drying, and photovoltaic energy conversion. Basic elements of a solar water heating system and different types including natural circulation and forced circulation models are outlined.
The document provides information about solar cells and photovoltaic technology. It discusses how solar cells work using the photovoltaic effect to convert sunlight into electricity. It describes the basic components of solar cells including semiconductor materials like silicon, the p-n junction, and how sunlight generates electron-hole pairs that create voltage. It also outlines the characteristics and efficiency of solar cells as well as common types of solar cells used in photovoltaic modules and systems.
Thank you very much for checking out my presentation.
If you are a student or a faculty of an engineering college and need to create a presentation, you can contact me. Check out my profile to know how.
This presentation gives us an insight into different types of solar plate collectors, and their respective applications.
The document discusses solar energy collection and applications. It describes how solar panels use solar radiation to heat water, and that active solar water heating systems rely on pumps to circulate heated liquid between collectors and storage tanks while passive systems rely on gravity. It then discusses different types of solar collectors like flat-plate and concentrating collectors, and how solar concentrators reduce costs by focusing sunlight onto a smaller receiver area. Finally, it provides examples of solar applications including solar water distillation, solar boilers for heated water, and parabolic solar cookers.
Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into smaller parts that releases energy. It can occur through nuclear chain reactions where neutrons produced in one fission induce additional fissions. Uranium-235 is commonly used as it can undergo fission when struck by slow neutrons. This results in fission products like krypton and strontium, more neutrons on average, and a large amount of energy. A controlled chain reaction in a nuclear reactor uses fissionable material as fuel, neutron moderators to slow neutrons, control rods to regulate the reaction, coolants to remove heat, and shielding to protect from radiation. Nuclear power plants generate electricity by using the heat from fission in a reactor to
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
The document discusses two main types of solar collectors: flat-plate collectors and focusing plate collectors. Flat-plate collectors are used for low temperature applications below 100 degrees Celsius and consist of a casing, absorber plate, glass covers, insulation, and fluid passage tubes. Focusing plate collectors are used for higher temperatures from 100 to 300 degrees Celsius and concentrate solar radiation onto an absorber tube covered with glass to prevent reradiation losses.
This document discusses different types of solar collectors used to collect solar energy and convert it to heat. It describes flat-plate collectors that can collect both direct and diffuse sunlight to produce temperatures under 90°C for heating buildings and drying crops. Air collectors are also discussed that use air rather than liquid as the heat transfer medium. Concentrating collectors that focus sunlight are also covered, including parabolic cylindrical collectors and Fresnel lens collectors, which allow for higher concentration ratios. Advantages include higher efficiency and reduced material needs, while disadvantages include sensitivity to sun orientation and higher costs.
Solar Energy Storage:-
Methods of storage such as sensible, latent heat &
thermochemical storage,selection of method of storage,
properties of storage materials and different arrangements of
storages
1. Solar radiation measurements are important for solar energy applications and require instruments that can measure direct beam and diffuse radiation on surfaces oriented at various angles.
2. Common solar radiation measurement devices include pyrheliometers for measuring direct beam radiation, pyranometers for measuring total radiation, and sunshine recorders for measuring duration of bright sunshine.
3. Solar radiation data should specify if measurements are instantaneous or integrated over a time period, the measurement time/period, whether beam, diffuse, or total radiation is measured, the receiving surface orientation, and any averaging period.
Solar collector ppt by Vivek Atalkar.
A solar collector is a device that collects and/or concentrates solar radiation from the Sun. These devices are primarily used for active solar heating and allow for the heating of water for personal use.
Classification of Solar collector
Flat Plate collector
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on renewable energy sources. It discusses various types of solar collectors, including flat plate collectors, concentrating collectors, and solar air heaters. Flat plate collectors are the most widely used and collect both beam and diffuse radiation without tracking. Concentrating collectors use reflective surfaces to achieve higher temperatures over 100°C. Solar air heaters are used to pre-heat air for applications like space heating and drying. The document provides details on the construction, working, advantages and applications of these different solar collector technologies.
This document discusses pyranometers and pyrheliometers. A pyranometer is a sensor that measures solar irradiance over 180 degrees using a thermopile sensor with a black coating inside a glass dome. It measures diffuse sunlight. A pyrheliometer specifically measures direct beam sunlight using a thermopile sensor that tracks the sun inside an instrument with a window. They are both used to study solar energy, meteorology and climate but a pyrheliometer additionally helps assess solar panel efficiency.
Oro551 res- unit 1 - extra terrestrial and terrestrial solar radiationkarthi keyan
This document is about solar radiation and renewable energy sources. It discusses the energy produced by the sun as solar energy, which is radiated as electromagnetic waves with wavelengths between 0.2 to 4 micrometers. The sun's energy reaching the top of the atmosphere consists of 8% ultraviolet radiation, 46% visible light, and 46% infrared radiation. It also discusses extraterrestrial solar radiation, which is the radiation incident on the outer atmosphere, having an average irradiance of 1367 W/m2. Terrestrial solar radiation reaching the earth's surface is always less than extraterrestrial due to atmospheric absorption and scattering. Direct, diffuse, and global solar radiation are also defined.
This document provides information about measuring solar radiation. It defines key terms like beam, diffuse, and total radiation. It also describes different types of instruments used to measure solar radiation, including pyrheliometers and pyranometers. Pyrheliometers are used to measure direct beam radiation from the sun, and come in designs like the Angstrom and silver disk models. Pyranometers measure global radiation from the entire sky, and common types are thermoelectric models. Sources of measurement errors for these instruments are also outlined.
Oro551 res- unit 1 - environmental impact of solar energykarthi keyan
This document discusses the environmental impacts of solar power generation. It addresses land use and habitat loss, noting that photovoltaic solar requires 3.5 to 10 acres per megawatt while concentrating solar thermal requires 4 to 17 acres per megawatt. Water use is also discussed, stating that concentrating solar thermal requires around 2,000 liters of water per megawatt, while photovoltaic solar requires around 20,000 liters of water per megawatt for regular cleaning. Finally, the document covers the use of hazardous materials in manufacturing, such as chemicals used to clean semiconductor surfaces for photovoltaic cells and toxic materials contained in thin film technologies that must be properly handled and disposed.
A solar still is a simple device that uses solar energy to distill and purify water. It has two main types - box and pit stills. Water is evaporated by sunlight and the vapor condenses on the inside surface, then drips down into a collection area. The process removes impurities through evaporation and condensation, producing cleaner water than rainwater. Solar stills have advantages of being low-cost using free solar energy, but also have disadvantages like low production capacity and not killing all bacteria. They can be used to provide clean water for drinking or industrial processes.
Oro551 res- unit 1 - the solar energy optionkarthi keyan
This document discusses renewable energy sources with a focus on solar energy options. It provides information on different solar energy technologies including photovoltaic systems, solar water heating, solar thermal power plants, solar cookers, solar bikes, solar pumps, and solar power towers. For each technology, it describes its basic components and functioning. The document aims to educate about harnessing solar energy for electricity generation and other applications.
The document discusses solar energy and photovoltaic power conversion systems. It notes that the sun provides vastly more energy to Earth than is consumed and describes some key aspects of solar radiation. It also defines solar irradiance and discusses instruments used to measure direct and diffuse solar radiation, including pyranometers and pyrheliometers. Photovoltaic systems are introduced as arrangements that convert sunlight to electricity using solar panels.
Oro551 res - unit 1 - physics of the sunkarthi keyan
1. The document discusses principles of solar radiation from a renewable energy course. It covers topics like the physics of the sun, its composition of mostly hydrogen and helium, and how energy is produced through thermonuclear fusion.
2. The inner parts of the sun include the core where energy is produced, the radiative zone where energy is carried out as radiation, and the convective zone where gas conveys heat to the surface.
3. Outer parts of the sun are the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. The document provides data on the sun's energy generation, diameters, temperatures, and distance from Earth.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on solar water heaters. It discusses the types of solar water heaters, including active and passive systems. It also describes the components, operations, benefits, and applications of solar water heaters. Solar water heaters capture sunlight to heat water and provide benefits such as reduced energy costs, environmental friendliness, and reliability. They can be used for domestic, commercial, and industrial applications.
This document discusses solar energy storage and applications. It describes different methods of solar energy storage including sensible heat storage using materials like water, rocks, and concrete. Latent heat storage using phase change is also discussed. Thermal energy storage techniques like solar ponds are explained. Applications of solar energy covered include solar heating/cooling, distillation, drying, and photovoltaic energy conversion. Basic elements of a solar water heating system and different types including natural circulation and forced circulation models are outlined.
The document provides information about solar cells and photovoltaic technology. It discusses how solar cells work using the photovoltaic effect to convert sunlight into electricity. It describes the basic components of solar cells including semiconductor materials like silicon, the p-n junction, and how sunlight generates electron-hole pairs that create voltage. It also outlines the characteristics and efficiency of solar cells as well as common types of solar cells used in photovoltaic modules and systems.
Thank you very much for checking out my presentation.
If you are a student or a faculty of an engineering college and need to create a presentation, you can contact me. Check out my profile to know how.
This presentation gives us an insight into different types of solar plate collectors, and their respective applications.
The document discusses solar energy collection and applications. It describes how solar panels use solar radiation to heat water, and that active solar water heating systems rely on pumps to circulate heated liquid between collectors and storage tanks while passive systems rely on gravity. It then discusses different types of solar collectors like flat-plate and concentrating collectors, and how solar concentrators reduce costs by focusing sunlight onto a smaller receiver area. Finally, it provides examples of solar applications including solar water distillation, solar boilers for heated water, and parabolic solar cookers.
Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into smaller parts that releases energy. It can occur through nuclear chain reactions where neutrons produced in one fission induce additional fissions. Uranium-235 is commonly used as it can undergo fission when struck by slow neutrons. This results in fission products like krypton and strontium, more neutrons on average, and a large amount of energy. A controlled chain reaction in a nuclear reactor uses fissionable material as fuel, neutron moderators to slow neutrons, control rods to regulate the reaction, coolants to remove heat, and shielding to protect from radiation. Nuclear power plants generate electricity by using the heat from fission in a reactor to
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
The document discusses two main types of solar collectors: flat-plate collectors and focusing plate collectors. Flat-plate collectors are used for low temperature applications below 100 degrees Celsius and consist of a casing, absorber plate, glass covers, insulation, and fluid passage tubes. Focusing plate collectors are used for higher temperatures from 100 to 300 degrees Celsius and concentrate solar radiation onto an absorber tube covered with glass to prevent reradiation losses.
This document discusses different types of solar collectors used to collect solar energy and convert it to heat. It describes flat-plate collectors that can collect both direct and diffuse sunlight to produce temperatures under 90°C for heating buildings and drying crops. Air collectors are also discussed that use air rather than liquid as the heat transfer medium. Concentrating collectors that focus sunlight are also covered, including parabolic cylindrical collectors and Fresnel lens collectors, which allow for higher concentration ratios. Advantages include higher efficiency and reduced material needs, while disadvantages include sensitivity to sun orientation and higher costs.
Solar Collector Presentation For Dummieslaurenztack
Solar collectors capture solar energy to heat water, while solar panels capture solar energy to generate electricity. There are two main types of solar collectors: flat plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors. The document describes a solar collector system installed at a home, including the solar collector, solar boiler, expansion vessel, circulator pump, and controller. The controller regulates the system based on temperature sensors and circulates fluid through the solar collector to the boiler to provide warm water for the home.
Concentrated Solar Power Technologies (CSP)swapnil_energy
Analysis of Concentrated solar power (CSP) or Solar Thermal (STH) technologies with focus on its technology assessment, financials, challenge areas and solar market scenario
This document provides an overview of solar energy technology presented by Vanita Thakkar. It discusses the limitations of conventional energy sources and why solar energy is an important alternative. It then describes different types of solar energy utilization including direct conversion technologies like photovoltaics and solar thermal conversion systems. Photovoltaics convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar cells while solar thermal systems use collectors to convert sunlight into heat for applications such as water heating. Flat plate collectors and concentrating collectors are also discussed. The document provides details on various solar thermal power plants and technologies.
The document provides information about different types of solar collectors and solar energy systems. It discusses flat plate collectors, concentrating collectors, solar water heating systems, and solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. For solar water heating systems, it explains how active systems work using roof-top collectors to heat a heat transfer fluid that then heats water in a storage tank. It also discusses passive systems, costs, savings, and tax credits for solar water heating. For solar PV systems, it describes how sunlight is converted to electricity using solar cells made of silicon and the factors that affect the efficiency of different cell colors/wavelengths of light.
Solar thermal systems use solar energy to heat a fluid that is then used for applications like water and space heating. There are two main types of solar thermal collectors: non-concentrating and concentrating. Non-concentrating collectors absorb sunlight directly while concentrating collectors use mirrors to focus sunlight onto a receiver. Common examples are flat plate collectors and parabolic trough collectors. Key factors in evaluating performance include efficiency, operating temperature range, and cost per square meter. Solar thermal can be used for applications such as water heating, space heating, cooking, and industrial processes.
THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF EVACUATED TUBE AND FLAT PLATE SOLAR COLLECTORS IN NORD...IAEME Publication
In this paper the results of the experiments of measuring the performance of evacuated tube and flat plate type solar collectors in Nordic climate conditions are presented. The measurements of the collectors of a given and equal gross surface area were performed in the test installation
environment. While the azimuth of the collectors was preserved constantly by 180°, the vertical incline was varied in order to identify the most suitable value of the thermal performance
Flat plate collectors are the most common type of solar collector and consist of an absorber plate, transparent cover, heat transport fluid, and insulation. Integral collector storage employs oversized piping or channels within the collector to increase thermal storage capacity without an external tank. Evacuated tube collectors use heat pipes or direct flow of liquid through glass tubes to transfer heat to a fluid in an insulated manifold. Solar air collectors directly heat air for applications like space heating using glazed or unglazed absorber plates.
Report on Solar Air heater by Hardik RamaniHardik Ramani
The document discusses advances in solar air heaters. It begins by providing background on solar air heating technology, including its basic principles of using a solid collector surface to absorb solar radiation and transfer heat to air via convection. Different types of solar air heaters are described, including porous and non-porous designs. The document then presents experimental results from testing various solar air heater designs under both summer and winter conditions to analyze temperature rise, thermal efficiency, and instantaneous thermal efficiency at varying air flow rates. It finds that designs with double glazing and packed beds performed better than single glazing. Finally, the conclusion discusses efficiency improvement through roughness additions to collector surfaces.
The document summarizes advances in solar air heaters. It describes the basic principles of solar air heaters and discusses two main types: low-cost single and double glazed heaters, and more efficient packed bed heaters. Experimental results showed the single glazed heater had higher efficiency in summer, while the double glazed was more efficient in winter. Roughness elements were also found to increase heat transfer and efficiency by inducing turbulence, with v-groove shapes working best. The document concludes roughness can significantly enhance solar air heater performance at a low cost.
A complete Presentation on SOLAR WATER HEATER by himanshu kumarrajaricky
The most emerging system in the field of utilization of solar energy by saving money with low payback period. Water heating technology is the old age technology but using solar energy as a energy source is viable and eco-friendly.
This document provides information about different types of solar energy, including passive solar energy, active solar energy, photovoltaic solar power, solar thermal energy, and concentrated solar power. It discusses applications of each type and how they can be used to generate electricity or heat water and spaces. The document also covers topics like how solar panels are manufactured, costs of building solar lanterns, and locations of solar power stations in India.
The document describes different types of solar energy collectors and power generation systems. It discusses flat-plate collectors, parabolic trough collectors, parabolic dish collectors, compound parabolic concentrating collectors, and solar photovoltaic cells. It also explains natural circulation water heating systems, power generation using flat plate collectors, photovoltaic systems, hydropower systems, and nuclear power plants.
Solar energy is energy from the sun that can be converted into thermal or electric energy. Thermal energy from the sun is used for heating while electric energy uses photovoltaic cells to produce electricity. The document discusses the history of solar energy development and provides examples of practical solar energy applications today such as solar panels, vehicles, street lights, and water pumps. It also outlines the advantages of solar energy being renewable, sustainable, and reducing environmental impacts compared to fossil fuels. The high upfront costs of solar energy systems and dependence on sunlight availability are mentioned as disadvantages.
Energy and exergy efficiency of a flat plate solar collector using pH treated...Sabiha Akter Monny
This document examines the energy and exergy efficiency of a flat plate solar collector using pH treated Al2O3 nanofluid as the working fluid. Experiments were conducted using 0.1% and 0.3% volume fractions of Al2O3 nanoparticles approximately 13 nm in size, with mass flow rates varying from 0.5 to 1.5 kg/min. Results showed that nanofluids increased energy efficiency up to 83.5% and exergy efficiency up to 20.3% compared to using water alone. Thermal efficiency was found to be over 50%, higher than systems reported previously. The study provides new findings on stability and exergy analysis of a solar collector system operated with a pH controlled nanofluid.
The document discusses using passive solar gain and indirect solar gain for heating. Passive solar gain uses large south-facing windows and thermal mass materials in floors, walls and ceilings to trap heat inside during the day and release it at night. Indirect solar gain uses thermal storage materials placed between the sun and interior space and vents in walls to circulate heated air. The document also discusses using magneto hydrodynamics to directly convert solar energy to electricity using concentrated solar power to heat an ionized gas channel containing caesium to induce electric current from the gas flow through a magnetic field. Improving solar air heaters can be done by enhancing heat transfer using different artificial surface roughnesses to create turbulence without excess fan power.
This document discusses different types of solar collectors. It begins by explaining that a solar collector exposes a dark surface to solar radiation to absorb heat, which is then transferred to a thermal storage tank. It then describes various concentrating and non-concentrating collector types, including flat-plate, compound parabolic, line focus, and point focus collectors. Specific examples are provided, such as parabolic dish collectors, cylindrical parabolic concentrators, and central tower receivers. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of utilizing solar energy to protect the environment for future generations.
This document discusses solar power and its various applications. It describes different types of solar collectors like flat plate collectors and focusing collectors. It also explains solar thermal power generation in low, medium and high temperature cycles. Photovoltaics are discussed along with the physics of solar cell operation. Various uses of solar energy like water heating, cooking, power generation are presented.
The document discusses different types of solar collectors and components of flat plate collectors. Flat plate collectors consist of an absorber plate, glass cover, insulation, and enclosure. They work by absorbing solar radiation to heat a fluid flowing through tubes attached to the absorber plate. The performance of collectors is determined by measuring the inlet and outlet fluid temperatures and flow rate. Collector efficiency is the ratio of useful energy gain to incident solar energy. Temperature distributions in collectors and methods for calculating overall heat loss coefficients are also examined.
This project is about conducting an experimental study on solar heated pipe with parabolic trough reflector. The effect of different parameters on the solar heated pipe will be analyzed for optimum design. Design and construction of the experimental setup for the above study is discussed.
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6564845 flat-plate-collector
1. FLAT-PLATE COLLECTORS
Solar Energy I
Physics 471
2004-1
Instructor : Prof. Dr. AHMET ECEVİT
Presented by:
YASİN GÜNERİ
2. 1)INTRODUCTION
3 PAGES
2)FLAT-PLATE COLLECTORS
5
A. ABSORBER PLATE & FLOW PASSAGES 9
B.COVER PLATES 12
C.ENCLOSURE / INSULATION 15
3) PROPER ORIENTATION AND ANGLE of SOLAR COLLECTOR 17
A. FLAT-PLATR COLLECTORS FACING SOUTH AT FIXED TILT 18
B. ONE-AXİS TRACKING FLAT-PLATE COLLECTORS WHIT AXIS ORIENTED 19
NORTH-SOUTH
C. TWO-AXIS TRACKING FLAT-PLATE COLLECTORS 20
4) COLLECTOR PERFORMANCE
21
A. ABSORBED RADIATION 25
B. COLLECTOR HEAT REMOVAL FACTOR 26
C. OVERALL HEAT LOSS COEFFICIENT 27
5) COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY
29
6) APPLICATIONS
32
A. DOMESTIC APPLICATIONS 33
3. 1. INTRODUCTION
Solar collectors are heat exchangers that use
solar radiation to heat a working fluid, usually
liquid or air. They can be classified in three
groups:
- Flat-plate collectors,
- Evacuated-tube collectors
- Focusing collectors.
4. In flat-plate collectors there is no optical
concentration of sunlight and they are generally
stationary . In addition to this their outlet temperature
capability is below 100 °C
However to reach higher temparatures evacuated-tube
collectors and focusing collectors are used.
In
evacuated-tube collectors they use vacuun to reduce
heat lost and to protect the absorber coating from
deteration.By this way they can reach temperatures
up to 140 °C and they can collect both direct and
diffuse solar radiation
And focusing collectors, they are not stable and they
follow the sun to get direct radiation; theycan not
5. 2. FLAT-PLATE COLLECTORS
A flat plate collector is basicly a black surface that is place d at
a convenient path of the sun.And a typical flat plate collector
is a metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called glazing) on
top and a dark-colored absorber plate on the bottom. The sides
and bottom of the collector are usually insulated to minimize
heat loss.[2]
Figure 2.1 gives examples of flat-plate collectors
Figure 2.1 Flat-plate collectors[3].
6. Components of a typical flat plate collector:
Absorber plate:
It is usually made of copper,steel or plastic.The
surface is covered with a flat black metarial of high
absorptance.If copper or steel is used it is possible to
apply a selective coating that maximizes the
absorptance of solar energy and minimizes the
radiation emitted by plate.
Flow passages:
The flow passages conduct the working fluid through
the collector. If the working fluid is a liquid , the flow
passage is usually a tube that is attached to or is a
part of absorber plate. If the working fluid is air , the
flow passage should be below the absorber plate to
minimize heat lssos.
7. Cover plate:
To reduce convective and radiative heat losses from
the absorber , one or two transparent covers are
generally placed above the absorber plate.They
usually be made from glass or plastic.
Insulation:
These are some metarials such as fiberglass and they
are placed at the back and sides of the collector to
rduce heat losses.
Enclosure:
A box that the collector is enclosed in holds the
componrnts together, protect them from weather,
facilitates installation of the collector on a roof or
appropriate frame [1].
8. Here in figure 2.2 we can see components of flat plate
collectors.
Figure 2.2 Cross section of a basic flat-plate solar collector [4].
9. A. Absorber plate & Flow passages
Copper,which has high conductivity and is corrosion-resistant,
is the material for absorber plates, but because copper is
expensive, steel is also widely used. For a copper plate 0.05
cm thick with 1.25-cm tubes spaced 15 cm apart in good
thermal contact with the copper, the fin efficiency is better
than 97 percent.
The surface of the absorber plate determines how much of the
incident solar radiation is absorbed and how much is emitted
at a given temperature. Flat black paint which is widely used
as a coating has an absorptance of about 95 percent for
incident shortwave solar radiation. It is durable and easy to
apply [1].
10. Here a table about matters that absorber plate may be made
from
Material Absorptance Emittance Break down Comments
temparature
(α) ( ε)
(°C)
Black silicon 0.86-0.94 0.83-0.89 350 Slicone
paint binder
Black silicon 0.9 0.5 Stable at
paint high
temperature
Black copper 0.85-0.9 0.08-0.12 450 Patinates
over copper with moisture
Black 0.92-0.94 0.07-0.12 450 Stable at high
chorome temperatures
over nickel
Table 2.1 Characteristics of absorptive coatings [1].
11. Here in figure 2.3 we can see absorber plate and flow
passages
Figure 2.3 Cross section of a absorber plate&flow passages of a flat
plate collector [4].
12. B. Cover plates
A cover plate for a collector should have a high transmittance
for solar radiation and should not detoriate with time. The
material most commonly used is glass. A 0.32-cm thick sheet
of window glass ( iron content, 0.12 percent ) transmits 85
percent of solar energy at normal incidence. And all glass is
practically opaque to long-wavelength radiation emitted by the
absorber plate.
Some plastic materials can be used for collector glazing.They
are cheaper and lighter than glass and, because they can be
used in very thin sheets, they often have higher transmittance.
However, they are not as durable as glass and they often
degrade with exposure to ultraviolet radiation or high
temperatures [1].
13. Here a table about matters that cover plate may be made from
Test Polyvinly Polyethylene Polycarbonate Fiberglass
terephthatalet rein forced
floride or polyster plastics
Solar
Transmission, %
92-94 85 82-89 77-90
Maximu
operating
110 100 120-135 95
temperature ° C
Thermal
Expansion
43 27 68 32-40
Coefficient
Thickness, 0.1 0.025 3.2 1.0
mm
Length of In 5 years 95%
retains
4 7-20
life, years
Table 2.2 Charactericts of cover plate materials [1].
14. Here in figure 2.4 we can see cover part.
Figure 2.4 Cross section of a cover part of a flat-plate collector [4].
15. C. Enclosure / Insulation
The collector enclosure is usually made from steel, aliminium
or fiber glass.And order to prevent heat from escaping through
the back of the collector,a layer of insulation is placed behind
the absorber plate [1].
Material Density Kg/m3 Thermal Temperature
conductivity at limits °C
95 °C (W/mK)
Fiber glass with 11 0.059 175
organic binder
“ 16 0.050 175
“ 24 0.045 175
“ 48 0.43 175
Table 2.3 Characteristics of insulation materials [1].
16. Here in figure 2.5 we can see insulation part.
Figure 2.5 Cross Section of an Insulation Part of a Flat-Plate Collector
[4].
17. 3. PROPER ORIENTATION and
ANGLE of SOLAR COLLECTOR
Flat plate collectorts are divided in three main
groups according to how they are oriented:
Flat-plate collectors facing south at fixed tilt
One-axis tracking flat-plate collectors with axis
oriented north-south
Two-axis tracking flat-plate collectors
18. A. Flat-plate collectors facing south
at fixed tilt:
To optimize performance in the winter, the collector can be
tilted 15 ° greater than the latitude; to optimize performance in
the summer, the collector can be tilted 15 ° less than the
latitude [5]. Figure 3.1 show how the collector is tilted.
Figure 3.1 Flat-plate collector at fixed tilt [5].
19. B. One-axis tracking flat-plate collectors
with axis oriented north-south:
These trackers pivot on their single axis to track the sun, facing
east in the morning and west in the afternoon as shown in
figure 3.2.
Figure 3.2 Flat-plate collector one axis tracking[5].
20. C. Two-axis tracking flat-plate
collectors:
Tracking the sun in both azimuth and elevation, these
collectors keep the sun's rays normal to the collector surface as
shown in figure 3.3.
Figure 3.3 Flat-plate collector with two axis tracking[5].
21. 4.COLLECTOR PERFORMANCE
The thermal performance of a collector can be
calculated from a first-law energy balance. according
to the first law of thermodynamics, for a simple flat-
plate collector an instantaneous steady-state energy
balance is[1] :
Useful energy = energy absorbed – heat loss to
gain (Qu) by the collector surroundings
22. And,
Absorbed energy = AC FR S
Lost energy = AC FR UL (Ti-Ta)
where ;
AC = Collector area, m2
FR = Heat removal factor, unitless
S = Absorbed solar radiation, J/ m2
UL = Heat transfer loss coefficient, J/m2 °C
Ti = The mean absorber plate temperature, °C
Ta = The ambient temperature, °C.
23. So;
QU = AC FR S - AC FR UL (Ti-Ta)
Equation 4.1 Useful gain enerrgy equation[6].
24. Equation 4.1 is an extremely useful equation and
applies to essentialy all flat-plate collectors.
And to improve theperformance of solar collector it is
necesssary either to reduce the overall energy loss
coefficient or reduce area from which energy is lost.
That is; the maximum possible useful energy gain (heat
transfer) in a solar collector occurs when the whole
collector is at the inlet fluid temperature; heat losses to
the surroundings are then at a minimum [1,6].
25. A. Absorbed radiation (S):
In equation 4.1 S is absorbed radiation and it is equal to:
1 + cos β 1 − cos β
S = I b Rb (τα ) b + I d (τα ) d + ρ g ( I b + I d )(τα ) g
2 2
Equation 4.2 Absorbed solar radiation[6].
In equation 4.2 ; (1 +cos β / 2), (1 −cos β / 2) are
the view factors from the collector to the sky and
from the collector to the ground, respectively.
The subscripts b,d, and g represent beam,
diffuse, and ground , respectively. ( α is
τ )
transmittance and absorptance product.Rb is the
ratio of beam radiation on the tilted surface to that on a
horizantal surface at any time[6].
26. B. Collector heat removal factor (F R):
In equation 4.1 FR is collector heat removal factor ; a quantity that relates the
actual useful energy gain of a collector to the useful gain if the whole collector
surfaces were at the fluid inlet temperature[6]. And it is given by equation 4.3.
Equation 4.3 the collector heat removal factor FR [6].
Where;
m’ = Fluid mass flow rate, kg/s
Cp = Fluid specific heat, J/kg °C
The quantitiy FR is equavialent to the effectiveness of a
conventional heat exchange, which is defined as the ratio of the actual
heat transfer to the maximum possible heat transfer. The maximum
possible useful energy gain (heat transfer) in a solar collector occurs
when the all whole collector is at the inlet fluid temperature; heat
losses to the surroudings are than at a minimum [6].
27. C. Overall heat loss coefficient (U L):
In equation 4.1 UL is the collector overall loss
coefficient and it is equal to the sum of the top,
bottom,and edge loss coefficients [6]:
UL=Utop+Ubottom+Uedge,W/m²K
Equation 4.4 Overall loss coefficient UL [6].
28. Energy diagram of typical flat flate collector is
shown in figure 5.1. % 92 of the total sunshine
reaches to the copper absorber.% 8 of the total
sunshine is reflected from glass.% 5 of the sunshine is
emitted from the panel, %12 is lost through
convection and conduction.
Figure 5.1 Energy diagram for typical flat plate collector [3]
29. 5. COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY
The basic method of measuring collector
performance is to expose the operating collector to
solar radiation and measure the fluid inlet and outlet
temperatures and the fluid flow rate.The useful gain is
[6];
QU = m′ C P (T0 − Ti )
Equation 5.1 Energy gained by liquid[6].
Where;
m’ = Fluid mass flow rate, kg/s
Cp = Fluid specific heat, J/kg°C
30. The equation 5.1 which describes the thermal
performance of a collector operating under steady
conditions, can be rewritten [6];
Qu = Ac FR [ GT (τα ) − U L ( Ti − Ta ) ]
Equation 5.2 Useful gain enerrgy equation[6].
Where (τα ) is a transmittance-absorptance product
that is weighted according to the proportions of beam,
diffuse, and ground reflected radiation on the
collector [6].
31. And finally; instantaneous efficiency
can be defined as [6]:
Qu FRU L ( Ti − Ta )
ni = = FR (τα ) −
Ac GT GT
That is;
m' C p ( T0 − Ti )
ni =
Ac GT
32. 6) APPLICATIONS
Flat plate collectors are used for both;
A) Domestic applications
B) Commercial applications
33. A) Domestic applications
Flate plate collectors mainly used in residential buildings where
the demand for hot water has a large impact on energy bills. This
generally means a situation with a large family, or a situation in
which the hot water demand is excessive due to frequent laundry
washing [2].
For instance, a family of 4 members consumes on an average
100 litre of hot water a day at 60 ˚C. Hot water of 100 litre
capacity at 60 ˚C approximate can be delivered by a single
collector system of 2 m² area. The solar water heating systems
are
generally provided with auxiliary backup in the insulated hot
storage tank for the rainy and heavily overcast cloudy days [7].
34. Here we can see solar flat-plate collectors used for
heating buildings.
Figure 6.1 Flat plate collectors used for heating buildings [8].
35. B) Commercial applications
Commercial applications include laundromats, car washes,
military laundry facilities and eating establishments. Solar water
heating systems are most likely to be cost effective for facilities
with water heating systems that are expensive to operate, or with
operations such as laundries or kitchens that require large
quantities of hot water.
And unglazed liquid collectors are commonly used to heat
water for swimming pools. Because these collectors need not
withstand high temperatures, they can use lessexpensive
materials such as plastic or rubber. They also do not require
freeze-proofing because swimming pools are generally used only
in warm weather or can be drained easily during cold weather
[2].
36. Here we can see solar flat-plate collectors used for
heating swimming pools.
Figure 6.2 Flat-plate collectors used for heating swimming pools [9].
37. 7) CONCLUSION
Flat-plate collectors which are used for water heating,
are long lasting, and also in long term they are cheaper
than other water heating systems.However,they requires
large areas if high energy output is a requirement.
Than solar energy is free if we do not include the initial
cost for installation and the maintenance.
Finally; bessides these we should remember by using
solar energy we can protect nature.
38. REFERENCES
[1] Jan F. Kreider, Charles J. Hoogendoorn,
Frank Kreith “ Solar Design “ Hemisphere
Publishing Corporation, (1989), pp. 44-55.
[2] http://www.flasolar.com
[3] http://www.solarnetrix.com
[4] http://www.solstice.crest.org
[5] http://www.rredc.nrel.gov
[6] Duffie, J. A. and Beckman, W. A. , 1991. Solar
Engineering of Thermal Processes , John Wiley and
Sons Inc., New York, pp.250-290 .
[7] http://www.iredaltd.com
[8] http://www.ips-solar.com
[9] http://www.northeastpoolstore.com