This document presents information from a student presentation on solar cells. It includes the names of the three presenters, an outline of topics to be covered, definitions of solar cells and how they work as solid-state electrical devices that convert light to electricity, descriptions of different photovoltaic technologies and applications, the components of solar systems, and materials used in various types of solar cells like monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and multi-junction cells.

1. University of Development Alternative
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Topic : Solar
Cell

2. Presenter
 Ananna Rashid Orchi - 011131033
 Mohammad Ali Khan - 011131035
 Kazi Muktadirul Haque - 011131034

3. Presentation Outline
 Solar Cell
 PV Technology
 PV System Applications
 Components of solar system
 Solar cell materials

4. It is a electrical device that converts the energy of
light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic
effect.
It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a
device whose electrical characteristics, such as
current, voltage, or resistance, vary when exposed
to light.
SOLAR CELL

5. Solar is a Photovolatic Cell

6. A solar cell is a solid-state electrical device (p-n junction) that converts
the energy of light directly into electricity (DC) using the photovoltaic
effect.
Two differently contaminated semiconductor layers are combined,
then a so-called p-n-junction results on the boundary of the layers.
N-type
P-type
Solar Cell is a solid-state electrical Device
n-type semiconductor
p- type
semiconductor
p-n junction
layer

7. Solar intertie photovoltaic (PV) systems are not particularly
complex.
First there are panels, which collect the sunlight and turn it into
electricity.
The DC signals are fed into an inverter, which converts the DC
into grid-compatible AC power.
Various switch boxes are included for safety reasons, and the
whole thing is connected via wires and conduit.

8. Solar modules use light energy (photons) from the sun to
generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect.
The majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline
silicon cells or thin-film cells based on cadmium telluride
or silicon.
The structural (load carrying) member of a module can
either be the top layer or the back layer. Most solar
modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are available,
based on thin-film cells.

9. PV Technology
Two primary types of PV technologies available commercially
are crystalline silicon and thin film.
In crystalline-silicon technologies, individual PV cells are cut
from large single crystals or from ingots of crystalline silicon.
In thin-film PV technologies, the PV material is deposited on
glass or thin metal that mechanically supports the cell or module.

10. PV System Applications
◦ Water pumping
◦ for small-scale remote irrigation, stock watering,
residential uses, remote villages, and marine sump
pumps;
◦ Lighting
◦ for residential needs, bill-boards, security, highway
signs, streets and parking lots, pathways, recreational
vehicles, remote villages and schools, and marine
navigational buoys;
◦ Communications

11. ◦ by remote relay stations, emergency radios,
orbiting satellites, and cellular telephones;
◦ Refrigeration
for medical and recreational uses;
◦ Corrosion protection
for pipelines and docks, petroleum and water
wells, and underground tanks;
◦ Utility grids
that produce utility or commercial-scale electricity;
and

12. ◦ Household appliances
such as ventilation fans, swamp coolers,
televisions, blenders, stereos, and other
appliances.

13. Components of solar system
The components of the Solar System are
the Sun, Jupiter, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Saturn,
Uranus and Neptune, moons, and space rocks.

14. Solar cell materials
◦ Industrial cells are made of
◦ monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon,
amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium
selenide/sulfide or GaAs-based multijunction.

15. ◦ Monocrystalline silicon (c-Si)
◦ —often made using the Czochralski process.
Single-crystal wafer cells tend to be expensive,
and because they are cut from cylindrical ingots,
do not completely cover a square solar cell
module without a substantial waste of refined
silicon.
◦ Polycrystalline silicon, or multicrystalline silicon,
◦ —made from cast square ingots—large blocks of
molten silicon carefully cooled and solidified.
Poly-Si cells are less expensive and less efficient
than single monos.

17. ◦Ribbon silicon
◦ is a type of polycrystalline silicon—it is formed by
drawing flat thin films from molten silicon and
results in a polycrystalline structure. These cells
have lower efficiencies and costs than poly-Si
due to a great reduction in silicon waste
◦ Mono-like-multi silicon (MLM)
—This form was developed in the 2000s and
introduced commercially

18. Multijunction cells
◦ Multijunction cells were originally developed for
special applications such as satellites and spac
◦ Multijunction cells consist of multiple thin films, each
essentially a solar cell in its own right
◦ A triple-junction cell, for example, may consist of the
semiconductors: GaAs, Ge, and GaInP
◦ GaAs based multijunction devices are the most
efficient solar cells to date. In 15 October 2012, triple
junction metamorphic cell reached a record high of
44%.

19. ◦ Tandem solar cells based on monolithic, series
connected, gallium indium phosphide (GaInP), gallium
arsenide (GaAs), and germanium (Ge) p–n junctions, are
increasing sales, despite cost pressures.
◦ Those materials include gallium (4N, 6N and 7N Ga),
arsenic (4N, 6N and 7N) and germanium, pyrolitic boron
nitride (pBN) crucibles for growing crystals, and boron
oxide, these products are critical to the entire substrate
manufacturing industry.
◦ Triple-junction GaAs solar cells were used as the power
source of the Dutch four-time World Solar Challenge
winners