This document summarizes a study that evaluated the correlation relationships among soil properties, yield, and quality of four maize varieties in northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria. Field trials were conducted over two years with different fertilizer and micronutrient treatments. Significant positive correlations were found between grain yield and parameters like stover yield, 1000 grain weight, and total nitrogen in grain. Grain yield also increased with higher soil pH, nitrogen, calcium, zinc, copper and boron levels. Crude protein in grain decreased with increasing grain yield but was positively correlated with soil organic carbon, pH and exchangeable acidity.
Impact of Agricultural Management on Quality of Soil, Carbon Storage and Carb...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The aim of this study was to characterize the carbon storage - Ec (Mg ha-1), carbon stratification ratio, carbon management index (CMI) in various systems use and management: a) Native forest (NF), b) improved pasture of Tanzania grass (TIP), c) degraded pasture of Tanzania grass (DP), d) hay area (H) with Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria sp) and e) Corn crop conventionally cultivated for 10 years (CTC). The experiment was conducted at Institute of Animal Science, at Sertaozinho, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates. The Ec, in Mg ha-1, adjusted variations in soil density, related to changes in land use were for native forest (112.9), improved pasture (81.6), system of conventional maize (78.2), field of hay (75.1) and degraded pasture (66.5). The highest values of carbon stratification (SR) were the forest (1.98), and lower in degraded pasture and conventional maize (1.10) - are considered poor in quality, while the improved pasture (1.28) and the area of hay (1.23 ) of media quality and while the forest considered great quality. For the different systems of use and management, low CMI values indicate a loss of soil quality related to native forest (100%), the values obtained in improved pasture (58%) indicate that there is potential for advances in the soil quality, adjusting grazing management and fertilization of annual replacement.
Utilization of Marginal Soils with Application of Phosphorus and Ethephon for...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Abundance of marginal soils is among the major constraint to achieve high yield for crop production due to unsuitable physical and chemical properties of the soils. Commonly, farmers would manage the marginal soil by adding soil amendment, compost and fertilizer which increase the cost of production. Alternatively, application of fertilizer together with plant growth regulator (PGR) during crop management can be practiced to utilize the marginal soil effectively. The aim of this experiment was to determine effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer and PGR namely ethephon on growth performance of sweet corn grown in three marginal soils namely Rasau, Kuah and Dampar. The treatments were arranged as factorial randomized complete block design with four rates of P fertilizer and standard rate of ethephon replicated four times. The results indicated that the physical properties of the marginal soils vary which Rasau dan Kuah series have low content of silt (10.30% and 36.10%), respectively and clay (9.40% and 11.86%) while Dampar series has low sand content (21%). Consequently, Dampar series depicted highest soil moisture content (18.80%) compared to Rasau and Kuah with high content of silt and clay at 42.43% and 36.43%, respectively. At tasseling stage, where application of P fertilizer with combination of ethephon at 0 and 15 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference between soil series on root length, total biomass wet and dry weight but exception for total biomass dry weight at 0 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1. Moreover, at 45 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference among soil series on leaf number and total biomass dry weight whereas at highest P rate of 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 only root length and root volume were affected. Most of the results were observed highest on Rasau soil series which contain highest sand particle instead of silt and clay compared to Kuah and Dampar series. However, the addition of ethephon and several P rates did not affect plant height among soil series. The results suggest that, the marginal soil can be utilized for sweet corn production by addition of combined P fertilizer at low rate and PGR.
The document describes a field experiment conducted in Mozambique to evaluate the response of soybean crops to different rates of phosphorus fertilizer. The highest rates of phosphorus (60 kg P2O5 ha-1) led to the tallest plants, highest biomass and grain yields, most pods, and largest seeds. Moderate rates (20-40 kg P2O5 ha-1) optimized some growth parameters. The study demonstrates that phosphorus fertilization can improve soybean yields in the acidic soils of Mozambique's Angónia region.
The document summarizes a study on the effects of different land use systems on soil quality parameters in a clayey Ferralsol in the Amazon Basin. Three key findings are:
1) Flocculation indexes indicate that most clay particles are flocculated across land use systems, maintaining the soil's structure.
2) Liming reduced aluminum levels and increased calcium, magnesium, and pH, causing temporary clay particle deflocculation near the soil surface.
3) Monitoring chemical parameters and flocculation indexes can indicate stability of the soil structure, an important factor for sustainable land use in clayey Ferralsols.
Nutrient Uptake, Growth and Yield of Wheat as affected by Manganese ApplicationNualgi.org
This paper discusses tests undertaken on Wheat in South Asia, reviewing current problems with low yields and how Micronutrients play an essential role for good yields.
Long term effect of integrated nutrient management on soil properties and ava...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— To study the long term effect of integrated nutrient management on soil properties and available nutrients, surface and subsurface soil samples were drawn from the long-term field experiment (LTFE) which is in progress on a Typic Hapludalfs at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India since Rabi, 1972. The rotation followed was maize-wheat and the treatments included various combinations of N, P, K, Zn, lime, hand weeding and farm yard manure. Results from the study showed that integrated nutrient management over the years resulted in improvement in the soil properties as well as status of available nutrients in the soil at both the depths. Continuous application of urea as a source of N has resulted in acidification of soils (pH 4.3) while lime application increased the pH to 6.2 in the surface soil and 6.0 in subsurface soil. The treatment 100 % NPK + FYM resulted in 66 per cent increase in soil organic carbon content over initial value. Similar effects were recorded on cation exchange capacity and available nutrients. It can be concluded from the study that integrated nutrient management is essential to maintain soil health.
Growth and yield of rice plant by the applications of river sand, coconut and...NurdinUng
The research aimed to study effect the application of river sand (RS), coconut coir (CC), and banana coir (BC) on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Ustic Endoaquert. The research was carried out in a green house using 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design. The RS factor consists of three treatment levels which were 0% RS, 25% RS, and 50% RS. Meanwhile, the CC and BC consist of three treatment levels, where each level were 0 Mg ha-1, 10 Mg ha-1 and 20 Mg ha-1. The results showed that RS, CC and BC applications did not have significant effect on plant height. On the other hand, all ameliorant applications had significantly increase leaf length and the highest percentage increasing was in BC (13.49%). The leaf numbers and tiller numbers had relatively similar pattern, except BC that had significantly increased leaf numbers by 77.69% and amount of tiller numbers by 49.45%. Furthermore, for yield components, RS, CC and BC applications had significant increased panicle numbers by 37.76%. It was only RS and BC that increased panicle lenght and the best increasing of 26.82% on RS. Meanwhile, the BC application only increased the rice grain numbers.
This document summarizes the findings of a 16-year field experiment comparing the effects of no-tillage with straw cover (NTSC) and traditional tillage with straw removal (TTSR) on soil properties in a winter wheat cropping system on the Loess Plateau in China. The study found that NTSC increased soil organic matter by 21.7% and total nitrogen by 51% in the top 10 cm of soil, and available phosphorus by 97.3% in the top 5 cm, compared to TTSR. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were also 135.3% and 104.4% higher under NTSC. Winter wheat yields were approximately 15.5% greater with NTSC. The results
Impact of Agricultural Management on Quality of Soil, Carbon Storage and Carb...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The aim of this study was to characterize the carbon storage - Ec (Mg ha-1), carbon stratification ratio, carbon management index (CMI) in various systems use and management: a) Native forest (NF), b) improved pasture of Tanzania grass (TIP), c) degraded pasture of Tanzania grass (DP), d) hay area (H) with Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria sp) and e) Corn crop conventionally cultivated for 10 years (CTC). The experiment was conducted at Institute of Animal Science, at Sertaozinho, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates. The Ec, in Mg ha-1, adjusted variations in soil density, related to changes in land use were for native forest (112.9), improved pasture (81.6), system of conventional maize (78.2), field of hay (75.1) and degraded pasture (66.5). The highest values of carbon stratification (SR) were the forest (1.98), and lower in degraded pasture and conventional maize (1.10) - are considered poor in quality, while the improved pasture (1.28) and the area of hay (1.23 ) of media quality and while the forest considered great quality. For the different systems of use and management, low CMI values indicate a loss of soil quality related to native forest (100%), the values obtained in improved pasture (58%) indicate that there is potential for advances in the soil quality, adjusting grazing management and fertilization of annual replacement.
Utilization of Marginal Soils with Application of Phosphorus and Ethephon for...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Abundance of marginal soils is among the major constraint to achieve high yield for crop production due to unsuitable physical and chemical properties of the soils. Commonly, farmers would manage the marginal soil by adding soil amendment, compost and fertilizer which increase the cost of production. Alternatively, application of fertilizer together with plant growth regulator (PGR) during crop management can be practiced to utilize the marginal soil effectively. The aim of this experiment was to determine effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer and PGR namely ethephon on growth performance of sweet corn grown in three marginal soils namely Rasau, Kuah and Dampar. The treatments were arranged as factorial randomized complete block design with four rates of P fertilizer and standard rate of ethephon replicated four times. The results indicated that the physical properties of the marginal soils vary which Rasau dan Kuah series have low content of silt (10.30% and 36.10%), respectively and clay (9.40% and 11.86%) while Dampar series has low sand content (21%). Consequently, Dampar series depicted highest soil moisture content (18.80%) compared to Rasau and Kuah with high content of silt and clay at 42.43% and 36.43%, respectively. At tasseling stage, where application of P fertilizer with combination of ethephon at 0 and 15 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference between soil series on root length, total biomass wet and dry weight but exception for total biomass dry weight at 0 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1. Moreover, at 45 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 there were significant difference among soil series on leaf number and total biomass dry weight whereas at highest P rate of 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha-1 only root length and root volume were affected. Most of the results were observed highest on Rasau soil series which contain highest sand particle instead of silt and clay compared to Kuah and Dampar series. However, the addition of ethephon and several P rates did not affect plant height among soil series. The results suggest that, the marginal soil can be utilized for sweet corn production by addition of combined P fertilizer at low rate and PGR.
The document describes a field experiment conducted in Mozambique to evaluate the response of soybean crops to different rates of phosphorus fertilizer. The highest rates of phosphorus (60 kg P2O5 ha-1) led to the tallest plants, highest biomass and grain yields, most pods, and largest seeds. Moderate rates (20-40 kg P2O5 ha-1) optimized some growth parameters. The study demonstrates that phosphorus fertilization can improve soybean yields in the acidic soils of Mozambique's Angónia region.
The document summarizes a study on the effects of different land use systems on soil quality parameters in a clayey Ferralsol in the Amazon Basin. Three key findings are:
1) Flocculation indexes indicate that most clay particles are flocculated across land use systems, maintaining the soil's structure.
2) Liming reduced aluminum levels and increased calcium, magnesium, and pH, causing temporary clay particle deflocculation near the soil surface.
3) Monitoring chemical parameters and flocculation indexes can indicate stability of the soil structure, an important factor for sustainable land use in clayey Ferralsols.
Nutrient Uptake, Growth and Yield of Wheat as affected by Manganese ApplicationNualgi.org
This paper discusses tests undertaken on Wheat in South Asia, reviewing current problems with low yields and how Micronutrients play an essential role for good yields.
Long term effect of integrated nutrient management on soil properties and ava...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— To study the long term effect of integrated nutrient management on soil properties and available nutrients, surface and subsurface soil samples were drawn from the long-term field experiment (LTFE) which is in progress on a Typic Hapludalfs at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, CSK HPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India since Rabi, 1972. The rotation followed was maize-wheat and the treatments included various combinations of N, P, K, Zn, lime, hand weeding and farm yard manure. Results from the study showed that integrated nutrient management over the years resulted in improvement in the soil properties as well as status of available nutrients in the soil at both the depths. Continuous application of urea as a source of N has resulted in acidification of soils (pH 4.3) while lime application increased the pH to 6.2 in the surface soil and 6.0 in subsurface soil. The treatment 100 % NPK + FYM resulted in 66 per cent increase in soil organic carbon content over initial value. Similar effects were recorded on cation exchange capacity and available nutrients. It can be concluded from the study that integrated nutrient management is essential to maintain soil health.
Growth and yield of rice plant by the applications of river sand, coconut and...NurdinUng
The research aimed to study effect the application of river sand (RS), coconut coir (CC), and banana coir (BC) on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Ustic Endoaquert. The research was carried out in a green house using 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design. The RS factor consists of three treatment levels which were 0% RS, 25% RS, and 50% RS. Meanwhile, the CC and BC consist of three treatment levels, where each level were 0 Mg ha-1, 10 Mg ha-1 and 20 Mg ha-1. The results showed that RS, CC and BC applications did not have significant effect on plant height. On the other hand, all ameliorant applications had significantly increase leaf length and the highest percentage increasing was in BC (13.49%). The leaf numbers and tiller numbers had relatively similar pattern, except BC that had significantly increased leaf numbers by 77.69% and amount of tiller numbers by 49.45%. Furthermore, for yield components, RS, CC and BC applications had significant increased panicle numbers by 37.76%. It was only RS and BC that increased panicle lenght and the best increasing of 26.82% on RS. Meanwhile, the BC application only increased the rice grain numbers.
This document summarizes the findings of a 16-year field experiment comparing the effects of no-tillage with straw cover (NTSC) and traditional tillage with straw removal (TTSR) on soil properties in a winter wheat cropping system on the Loess Plateau in China. The study found that NTSC increased soil organic matter by 21.7% and total nitrogen by 51% in the top 10 cm of soil, and available phosphorus by 97.3% in the top 5 cm, compared to TTSR. Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were also 135.3% and 104.4% higher under NTSC. Winter wheat yields were approximately 15.5% greater with NTSC. The results
Genetic Variability and Morphological Diversity of Open-Pollinated Maize (Zea...Premier Publishers
Farm experiment was conducted in summer of 2007 at the bank of the upper Zab river in Deraluk sub-district (43º.64'.48'' E) and (37º.85'.31'' N), Duhok province, Iraq. Ten varieties of maize were used to study the impact of K fertilization on growth, forage and grain yield of different maize genotypes and to make comparison among the given genotypes. Generally, there is no significant response of the genotypes to K fertilization. There was differentiation between the genotypes in most studied parameters, although the response was not significant, that’s mean existence of variation in efficiency of K uptake and utilization among the genotypes.
Dry matter accumulation in maize as influenced by rowAlexander Decker
1) A field experiment was conducted over 3 years in Nigeria to evaluate the effects of different row arrangements (1:1, 1:2, 2:1 maize to castor), nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80, 120 kg/ha), and phosphorus levels (13, 26, 39 kg/ha) on dry matter accumulation in maize.
2) Results showed that a 1:2 row arrangement increased plant height and leaf area index compared to other arrangements. Increasing nitrogen up to 120 kg/ha increased plant height, leaf area index, and total dry matter, except at some time periods. Increasing phosphorus increased some parameters but responses plateaued at 26 kg/ha.
3
Effect application of sea sand, coconut and banana coir on the growth and yie...NurdinUng
The research was aimed to study effect application of sea sand (SS), coconut coir (CC) and banana coir (BC) on the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted at Ustic Endoaquert soil. The pot experiment was carried out using a factorial design with 3 factors. The first factor was SS consisted of three levels i.e.: 0%, 25%, and 50%. The second and third factors were CC and BC, each consisted of three levels i.e.: 0, 10, and 20 Mg ha-1. Application of SS and BC significantly increased leaf length where the highest increasing percentage was 16.47% which was achieved at 25% SS application. Their effect on leaf numbers and tiller numbers were relatively not similar pattern where leaf number only increased about 65.52% by BC application, while tiller numbers only increased about 10.77% by SS application. Furthermore, the application of CC and BC significantly increased panicle numbers to 29.53% and 29.05%, respectively compared to control. All ameliorants significantly increased panicle numbers, but the best was CC with the increasing up to 46.49% at 20 Mg ha-1 CC compared to SS or BC application. However, only coconut coir significantly increased the rice grain numbers.
Influence of sokoto phosphate rock on some soil properties and the growth and...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the influence of Sokoto Phosphate Rock (SPR) on soil properties, growth, and yield of cowpea varieties in Sudan savanna of Nigeria. The study found that SPR application enhanced soil nutrient availability and the performance of cowpea varieties. SPR increased soil phosphorus, plant tissue phosphorus, soil nitrogen, and plant tissue nitrogen. SPR also increased plant height, number of branches, and dry matter yield of cowpea in a dose-dependent manner. The highest cowpea growth and yield was observed with the application of 75kg/ha of SPR. However, nutrient levels were not very high possibly due to the acidic soil conditions. Overall, the study
Characterization of soils at angacha district in southern ethiopiaAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study characterizing soils at Angacha Research Station in Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected from horizons in a soil pit and analyzed in the lab. The soil was found to be an Alfisol with a clay loam texture. It has good fertility with medium organic carbon content that decreases with depth. The soil has properties making it well suited for agriculture, including a subsurface clay accumulation and base saturation over 35%. Soil management should focus on maintaining organic carbon and nitrogen levels.
11.characterization of soils at angacha district in southern ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that characterized soils at the Angacha Research Station in southern Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected from horizons identified in a soil pit and analyzed in the lab. The results showed that the soil has good fertility status, with an organic carbon content of 1.56%. The soil type was identified as Alfisols. Organic carbon, total nitrogen, and potassium decreased with soil depth, while available phosphorus was consistent throughout horizons. Soil management practices should focus on maintaining and increasing organic carbon and nitrogen to optimize fertility.
11.[6 16]characterization of soils at angacha district in southern ethiopiaAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study characterizing soils at Angacha Research Station in Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected from horizons in a soil pit and analyzed in the lab. The soil was found to be an Alfisol with a clay loam texture. It has good fertility with medium organic carbon content that decreases with depth. The soil has properties making it well suited for agriculture, including a subsurface clay accumulation and relatively high base status. Soil characterization provides information needed to determine best management practices to maintain fertility.
Effect of organic and inorganic amendments for enhancing health of ravinous s...Harihar8
The experiment will be conducted in earthen pots ( medium size ) and the amendments will be applied to each pot as per treatment there will be 12 treatment in three replications and there will be 36 pots in all. The soil of ravines will be filled ( 7.5 kg ) will be incubated at field moisture content for one month to complete the soil reaction / decomposition. After one month the seeds (10) of testing crop (oat) will be placed and after harvest of the crop soil will be analyzed for different physio-chemical properties.
Determination of soil p for optimum durum wheat production in ada抋, akaki and...Alexander Decker
This study investigated soil test-based phosphorus recommendations for optimum durum wheat production in three locations in central Ethiopia over three years. Thirty-six farmers' fields were included, with six phosphorus rates tested in a randomized complete block design. Results varied by location and year. In the first year at one location, 34.49 kg P2O5/ha produced the highest 3.75 t/ha grain yield. In subsequent years, applications often did not increase or decreased yields compared to the control. Overall, the study found soil phosphorus levels and needs varied significantly between fields, and blanket recommendations were not appropriate. Regression equations were developed to map phosphorus levels and recommend rates tailored to individual fields.
11.determination of soil p for optimum durum wheat production in ada抋, akaki ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated soil test-based phosphorus recommendations for optimum durum wheat production in three locations in central Ethiopia over three years. Thirty-six farmers' fields were included, with six phosphorus rates tested in a randomized complete block design. Results varied by location and year. In the first year at one location, 34.49 kg P2O5/ha produced the highest 3.75 t/ha grain yield. In subsequent years, applications often did not increase yields compared to the control. Overall, the study found soil phosphorus levels and needs varied significantly between fields. Regression equations were developed to map soil phosphorus levels for individual fields and recommend phosphorus based on soil testing.
1) The document presents results from a study of soil properties in Malawi's Lake Chilwa basin where conservation agriculture is being introduced as a sustainable land use system. Soil samples from 176 fields across several regions were analyzed.
2) Results showed that the basin's soils are generally loamy sands or sands with bulk densities within ideal ranges except for loamy sands. Soil pH ranged from slightly acidic to alkaline while organic matter content was within normal levels but still low.
3) Conservation agriculture has the potential to improve soil structure, increase organic matter and carbon over time, and help farmers adapt to climate change by making soils more resilient to drought.
This study examined how soil nutrients and microbial biomass carbon varied with the stand age of Eucalyptus grandis plantation forests in Sri Lanka. The concentrations of major soil macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium) and microbial biomass carbon were measured in plantations ranging from 5 to 28 years old. Most nutrients declined with increasing stand age as trees absorbed nutrients, though calcium and magnesium rebounded after 20 years. Microbial biomass carbon initially increased then decreased with stand age. Nitrogen showed the strongest correlation with microbial biomass carbon. Understanding these relationships can help improve forest management practices and yields over successive rotations.
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield o...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination led to the greatest increases in soil fertility and barley production.
11.combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yiel...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic (NP or NPK) fertilizers led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers worked best for increasing soil fertility and barley production sustainably.
This document summarizes the key points about crop residue management. It begins with definitions of crop residue and discusses the importance of crop residues as a source of organic matter and plant nutrients. It then discusses different types of crop residues including field residues and process residues. The potential uses of crop residues are outlined, including as animal feed, household purposes, composting, biofuels, and improving soil properties. Methods of recycling crop residues like surface mulching, in-situ incorporation, and composting are described. Tables show the effects of different crop residue management practices on soil physical, chemical and biological properties.
Comparative Effect of Different Modes of Nitrogen Application on Mineral Nutr...AnuragSingh1049
During Kharif season of 2014-15, field experiment were conducted at two different locations (Bilwa and Nawabganj) of Tarai region near Bareilly district (U.P., North India). Split applications of nitrogen fertilizer gave significantly higher values of Ca and Fe than those of basal applications at both the sites. However, site Bilwa was found to be more conducive for var. Jaya in respect to almost all mineral nutrients. For the chosen variety, split applications of nitrogen responded well for the mineral status, as compared to the full basal application.
Residual sludge that results from the treatment of malt house effluents produced during the malting of barley in malt house (Argentina) was evaluated to determine its fertilising potential and capability for improving soil as a way to reuse or recycle this material. The Cabildo soil (Southwest of Buenos Aires Province), of the typic Argiustoll subgroup had a sandy clay-loam texture and was tested in this field experiments. This soil plots (4 m 2) were amended with equivalent malting sludges doses of 5, 15, and 25 Mg/ha. When biosolids, like malting sludges, are incorporated as an amendment, many micronutrients are provided. Chemical properties of the soil, particularly the pH, EC (Electrical Conductivity) and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), were improved. Dactylis glomerata L. were utilised as growing crop (forage) in this field test, productivity (Dry matter) and quality (protein %) gave results following 0,205 kg/m 2 and 11.94 % at control in comparison with 0,4 kg/m 2 and 15.15 % of amended soil. Calcium concentration in grasses was significantly different for control (4651 mg/kg-1) in comparison with high sludge dose (8907 mg/kg-1), the same trend was found with micronutrients like Copper and Molybdenum. This result from field test indicate that this residual sludge constitutes a suitable amendment for agricultural soils, increasing quality and productivity of Dactylis glomerata L and improving several soil properties.
Variability in the physicochemical properties of soils of different land uses form from the same lithology was studied. Soil samples were collected from surface (0 – 20 cm) and subsurface (20 – 40 cm) depths from three land use namely fallow land, continuous cultivated land and mechanic village land. The soils were air dried, sieved with 2 mm sieve and subjected to routine laboratory analysis. Results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant treatment means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 0.05 probability level. Relationship between selected soil properties were determined using correlation analysis. Results showed that the textures of the studied soils were not affected by land use practices. Bulk density increased with increase in depth with fallow land recoding the lowest values of 0.86 g/cm3 (0.-20 cm depth) and 1.06 g/cm3 (20 – 40 cm depth). Land use types significantly (P = 0.05) affected soil chemical properties such as soil pH, soil organic carbon, total N, available P and exchangeable cations with the highest values recorded in fallow land, followed by palm plantation and the least was continuous cultivated land. There were slight variations among soil properties in the three land use types studied. Significant positive and negative correlations existed and some soil properties. Good soil management practices such as organic fertilization, zero tillage and mulching is recommended especially in continuous cultivated lands.
Urea-supergranules and phosphorus application increases irrigated rice yields...INNS PUBNET
Nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies are some of the main factors restricting irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity in Burkina Faso. Urea supergranules (USG) have been proven to increase rice yield but this increased productivity is likely to be constrained because P is becoming limiting in irrigated rice systems. Field experiments were carried out with rice variety Nerica 62N in Sourou valley in the wet season of 2012 and in the dry season of 2013. The effect of two sizes (1.8 and 2.7 g) of USG and five levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg P ha-1) were studied in a split plot design on rice yields. The use of USG 2.7 g did not significantly increase rice yields compare with USG 1.8 g in both seasons. P application significantly increased rice yields. The 1.8 g USG significantly increased the agronomic efficiency (AE) by 48.9% over the USG 2.7 g in the 2012 wet season while the increase in AE was 24.4% in the 2013 dry season. The best AE 42 kg kg-1 in 2012 and 25 kg kg-1 in 2013 were obtained with 50P and 30P. This study suggests that USG can be used by farmers in small rate (USG 1.8 g) to improve nitrogen use efficiency and the application of 30 kg P kg-1 seems to be adequate to increase yield in irrigated rice cropping system.
Determination of the Optimum Sulphur Fertilizer Rate for Groundnut Production...AI Publications
Laboratory studies and pot Experiments were carried out to determine the optimum sulphur (S)fertilizer rate for groundnut production in selected soils of Benue state using sorption indices. Surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected for sorption studies and pot experiments. The sorption study was carried out by shaking known concentrations of S (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 mgkg-1) with 5g soil sample. The suspension was filtered and the amount of S in solution determined. The amount of sulphatesorbed was estimated as the difference between equilibrium sulphate concentration and initial sulphate added. Data from the sorption study was fitted into the Langmuir and Freundlich sorption equations. Thereafter a pot experiment was carried out with six levels of solution sulphate concentration to determine the optimum S concentration for yield of groundnut and the amount of sulphur fertilizer required to achieve this concentration in the soil under study. Result show that both soils have the capacity to sorb sulphur. The sorption maxima, buffering capacity and binding energy of the soils under study are 70.66 mgkg-1, 15.81mg kg-1, 0.22 dm3 mg-1 and 117.84 mgkg1, 9.83 mg kg-1,0.08 dm3 kg-1 for Aliade and Daudu soils respectively.The highest yield in Aliade soil was obtained with 6 mg kg-1 S while 12 mg kg-1 S gave the highest yield in Daudu soil. Aliadeand Daudu soils would require 57.41 and 23.69 kg ha-1S respectively to maintain 12 mg/kg and 9mg/kg of S in the soil solution. Hence for groundnut production in Aliade soil, 57.41 kg S ha-1 is recommended while for the Daudu soil, 23.69 kg S ha-1 is recommended.
Development and rainfed paddy soils potency derived from lacustrine material ...NurdinUng
Rainfed paddy soils that are derived from lacustrine and include of E4 agroclimatic zone have many unique properties and potentially for paddy and corn plantations. This sreseach was aimed to: (1) study the soil development of
rainfed paddy soils derived from lacustrine and (2) evaluate rainfed paddy soils potency for paddy and corn in Paguyaman. Soil samples were taken from three profiles according to toposequent, and they were analyzed in laboratory. Data were analyzed with descriptive-quantitative analysis. Furthermore, assessment on rainfed paddy soils potency was conducted with land suitability analysis using parametric approach. Results indicate that all pedon had evolved with B horizons structurization. However, pedon located on the summit slope was more developed and intensely weathered than those of the shoulder and foot slopes.The main pedogenesis in all pedons were through
elluviation, illuviation, lessivage, pedoturbation, and gleization processes. The main factors of pedogenesis were climate, age (time) and topography factors. Therefore, P1 pedons are classified as Ustic Endoaquerts, fine, smectitic,
isohypertermic; P2 as Vertic Endoaquepts, fine, smectitic, isohypertermic; and P3 as Vertic Epiaquepts, fine, smectitic,
isohypertermic. Based on the potentials of the land, the highest of land suitability class (LSC) of land utilization type (LUT) local paddy was highly suitable (S1), while the lowest one was not suitable with nutrient availability as the limiting factor (Nna). The highest LCS of paddy-corn LUT was marginally suitable with water availability as the limiting factor (S3wa), while the lower LSC was not suitable with nutrient availabily as the limiting factor (Nna).
Intercropping of maize and climbing bean: fodder yield, quality and nutrient ...Innspub Net
This study examined the fodder yield, quality, and nutrient composition of silages from maize cultivated alone or intercropped with climbing bean in different spatial arrangements. Maize was grown alone or intercropped in arrangements of 1 row maize to 1 row bean, 1 row maize to 2 rows bean, or 2 rows maize to 1 row bean. The maize-bean intercrops had higher crude protein yields than maize alone due to contributions from the legume. After ensiling for 45 days, all intercropped silages had higher crude protein than maize silage alone. The 1 row maize to 2 rows bean intercrop silage had the highest levels of organic acids and ammonia-N among
Genetic Variability and Morphological Diversity of Open-Pollinated Maize (Zea...Premier Publishers
Farm experiment was conducted in summer of 2007 at the bank of the upper Zab river in Deraluk sub-district (43º.64'.48'' E) and (37º.85'.31'' N), Duhok province, Iraq. Ten varieties of maize were used to study the impact of K fertilization on growth, forage and grain yield of different maize genotypes and to make comparison among the given genotypes. Generally, there is no significant response of the genotypes to K fertilization. There was differentiation between the genotypes in most studied parameters, although the response was not significant, that’s mean existence of variation in efficiency of K uptake and utilization among the genotypes.
Dry matter accumulation in maize as influenced by rowAlexander Decker
1) A field experiment was conducted over 3 years in Nigeria to evaluate the effects of different row arrangements (1:1, 1:2, 2:1 maize to castor), nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80, 120 kg/ha), and phosphorus levels (13, 26, 39 kg/ha) on dry matter accumulation in maize.
2) Results showed that a 1:2 row arrangement increased plant height and leaf area index compared to other arrangements. Increasing nitrogen up to 120 kg/ha increased plant height, leaf area index, and total dry matter, except at some time periods. Increasing phosphorus increased some parameters but responses plateaued at 26 kg/ha.
3
Effect application of sea sand, coconut and banana coir on the growth and yie...NurdinUng
The research was aimed to study effect application of sea sand (SS), coconut coir (CC) and banana coir (BC) on the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted at Ustic Endoaquert soil. The pot experiment was carried out using a factorial design with 3 factors. The first factor was SS consisted of three levels i.e.: 0%, 25%, and 50%. The second and third factors were CC and BC, each consisted of three levels i.e.: 0, 10, and 20 Mg ha-1. Application of SS and BC significantly increased leaf length where the highest increasing percentage was 16.47% which was achieved at 25% SS application. Their effect on leaf numbers and tiller numbers were relatively not similar pattern where leaf number only increased about 65.52% by BC application, while tiller numbers only increased about 10.77% by SS application. Furthermore, the application of CC and BC significantly increased panicle numbers to 29.53% and 29.05%, respectively compared to control. All ameliorants significantly increased panicle numbers, but the best was CC with the increasing up to 46.49% at 20 Mg ha-1 CC compared to SS or BC application. However, only coconut coir significantly increased the rice grain numbers.
Influence of sokoto phosphate rock on some soil properties and the growth and...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the influence of Sokoto Phosphate Rock (SPR) on soil properties, growth, and yield of cowpea varieties in Sudan savanna of Nigeria. The study found that SPR application enhanced soil nutrient availability and the performance of cowpea varieties. SPR increased soil phosphorus, plant tissue phosphorus, soil nitrogen, and plant tissue nitrogen. SPR also increased plant height, number of branches, and dry matter yield of cowpea in a dose-dependent manner. The highest cowpea growth and yield was observed with the application of 75kg/ha of SPR. However, nutrient levels were not very high possibly due to the acidic soil conditions. Overall, the study
Characterization of soils at angacha district in southern ethiopiaAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study characterizing soils at Angacha Research Station in Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected from horizons in a soil pit and analyzed in the lab. The soil was found to be an Alfisol with a clay loam texture. It has good fertility with medium organic carbon content that decreases with depth. The soil has properties making it well suited for agriculture, including a subsurface clay accumulation and base saturation over 35%. Soil management should focus on maintaining organic carbon and nitrogen levels.
11.characterization of soils at angacha district in southern ethiopiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that characterized soils at the Angacha Research Station in southern Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected from horizons identified in a soil pit and analyzed in the lab. The results showed that the soil has good fertility status, with an organic carbon content of 1.56%. The soil type was identified as Alfisols. Organic carbon, total nitrogen, and potassium decreased with soil depth, while available phosphorus was consistent throughout horizons. Soil management practices should focus on maintaining and increasing organic carbon and nitrogen to optimize fertility.
11.[6 16]characterization of soils at angacha district in southern ethiopiaAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study characterizing soils at Angacha Research Station in Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected from horizons in a soil pit and analyzed in the lab. The soil was found to be an Alfisol with a clay loam texture. It has good fertility with medium organic carbon content that decreases with depth. The soil has properties making it well suited for agriculture, including a subsurface clay accumulation and relatively high base status. Soil characterization provides information needed to determine best management practices to maintain fertility.
Effect of organic and inorganic amendments for enhancing health of ravinous s...Harihar8
The experiment will be conducted in earthen pots ( medium size ) and the amendments will be applied to each pot as per treatment there will be 12 treatment in three replications and there will be 36 pots in all. The soil of ravines will be filled ( 7.5 kg ) will be incubated at field moisture content for one month to complete the soil reaction / decomposition. After one month the seeds (10) of testing crop (oat) will be placed and after harvest of the crop soil will be analyzed for different physio-chemical properties.
Determination of soil p for optimum durum wheat production in ada抋, akaki and...Alexander Decker
This study investigated soil test-based phosphorus recommendations for optimum durum wheat production in three locations in central Ethiopia over three years. Thirty-six farmers' fields were included, with six phosphorus rates tested in a randomized complete block design. Results varied by location and year. In the first year at one location, 34.49 kg P2O5/ha produced the highest 3.75 t/ha grain yield. In subsequent years, applications often did not increase or decreased yields compared to the control. Overall, the study found soil phosphorus levels and needs varied significantly between fields, and blanket recommendations were not appropriate. Regression equations were developed to map phosphorus levels and recommend rates tailored to individual fields.
11.determination of soil p for optimum durum wheat production in ada抋, akaki ...Alexander Decker
This study investigated soil test-based phosphorus recommendations for optimum durum wheat production in three locations in central Ethiopia over three years. Thirty-six farmers' fields were included, with six phosphorus rates tested in a randomized complete block design. Results varied by location and year. In the first year at one location, 34.49 kg P2O5/ha produced the highest 3.75 t/ha grain yield. In subsequent years, applications often did not increase yields compared to the control. Overall, the study found soil phosphorus levels and needs varied significantly between fields. Regression equations were developed to map soil phosphorus levels for individual fields and recommend phosphorus based on soil testing.
1) The document presents results from a study of soil properties in Malawi's Lake Chilwa basin where conservation agriculture is being introduced as a sustainable land use system. Soil samples from 176 fields across several regions were analyzed.
2) Results showed that the basin's soils are generally loamy sands or sands with bulk densities within ideal ranges except for loamy sands. Soil pH ranged from slightly acidic to alkaline while organic matter content was within normal levels but still low.
3) Conservation agriculture has the potential to improve soil structure, increase organic matter and carbon over time, and help farmers adapt to climate change by making soils more resilient to drought.
This study examined how soil nutrients and microbial biomass carbon varied with the stand age of Eucalyptus grandis plantation forests in Sri Lanka. The concentrations of major soil macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium) and microbial biomass carbon were measured in plantations ranging from 5 to 28 years old. Most nutrients declined with increasing stand age as trees absorbed nutrients, though calcium and magnesium rebounded after 20 years. Microbial biomass carbon initially increased then decreased with stand age. Nitrogen showed the strongest correlation with microbial biomass carbon. Understanding these relationships can help improve forest management practices and yields over successive rotations.
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yield o...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic fertilizers (NP or NPK) led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination led to the greatest increases in soil fertility and barley production.
11.combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers to increase yiel...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties and barley yield in Ethiopia.
2) It found that applying both organic (farm yard manure) and inorganic (NP or NPK) fertilizers led to the highest barley production, yielding over 49 quintals per hectare.
3) Applying only inorganic fertilizers or only organic fertilizers also increased yields compared to the control of no fertilizers, but the combination of both organic and inorganic fertilizers worked best for increasing soil fertility and barley production sustainably.
This document summarizes the key points about crop residue management. It begins with definitions of crop residue and discusses the importance of crop residues as a source of organic matter and plant nutrients. It then discusses different types of crop residues including field residues and process residues. The potential uses of crop residues are outlined, including as animal feed, household purposes, composting, biofuels, and improving soil properties. Methods of recycling crop residues like surface mulching, in-situ incorporation, and composting are described. Tables show the effects of different crop residue management practices on soil physical, chemical and biological properties.
Comparative Effect of Different Modes of Nitrogen Application on Mineral Nutr...AnuragSingh1049
During Kharif season of 2014-15, field experiment were conducted at two different locations (Bilwa and Nawabganj) of Tarai region near Bareilly district (U.P., North India). Split applications of nitrogen fertilizer gave significantly higher values of Ca and Fe than those of basal applications at both the sites. However, site Bilwa was found to be more conducive for var. Jaya in respect to almost all mineral nutrients. For the chosen variety, split applications of nitrogen responded well for the mineral status, as compared to the full basal application.
Residual sludge that results from the treatment of malt house effluents produced during the malting of barley in malt house (Argentina) was evaluated to determine its fertilising potential and capability for improving soil as a way to reuse or recycle this material. The Cabildo soil (Southwest of Buenos Aires Province), of the typic Argiustoll subgroup had a sandy clay-loam texture and was tested in this field experiments. This soil plots (4 m 2) were amended with equivalent malting sludges doses of 5, 15, and 25 Mg/ha. When biosolids, like malting sludges, are incorporated as an amendment, many micronutrients are provided. Chemical properties of the soil, particularly the pH, EC (Electrical Conductivity) and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), were improved. Dactylis glomerata L. were utilised as growing crop (forage) in this field test, productivity (Dry matter) and quality (protein %) gave results following 0,205 kg/m 2 and 11.94 % at control in comparison with 0,4 kg/m 2 and 15.15 % of amended soil. Calcium concentration in grasses was significantly different for control (4651 mg/kg-1) in comparison with high sludge dose (8907 mg/kg-1), the same trend was found with micronutrients like Copper and Molybdenum. This result from field test indicate that this residual sludge constitutes a suitable amendment for agricultural soils, increasing quality and productivity of Dactylis glomerata L and improving several soil properties.
Variability in the physicochemical properties of soils of different land uses form from the same lithology was studied. Soil samples were collected from surface (0 – 20 cm) and subsurface (20 – 40 cm) depths from three land use namely fallow land, continuous cultivated land and mechanic village land. The soils were air dried, sieved with 2 mm sieve and subjected to routine laboratory analysis. Results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant treatment means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 0.05 probability level. Relationship between selected soil properties were determined using correlation analysis. Results showed that the textures of the studied soils were not affected by land use practices. Bulk density increased with increase in depth with fallow land recoding the lowest values of 0.86 g/cm3 (0.-20 cm depth) and 1.06 g/cm3 (20 – 40 cm depth). Land use types significantly (P = 0.05) affected soil chemical properties such as soil pH, soil organic carbon, total N, available P and exchangeable cations with the highest values recorded in fallow land, followed by palm plantation and the least was continuous cultivated land. There were slight variations among soil properties in the three land use types studied. Significant positive and negative correlations existed and some soil properties. Good soil management practices such as organic fertilization, zero tillage and mulching is recommended especially in continuous cultivated lands.
Urea-supergranules and phosphorus application increases irrigated rice yields...INNS PUBNET
Nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies are some of the main factors restricting irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity in Burkina Faso. Urea supergranules (USG) have been proven to increase rice yield but this increased productivity is likely to be constrained because P is becoming limiting in irrigated rice systems. Field experiments were carried out with rice variety Nerica 62N in Sourou valley in the wet season of 2012 and in the dry season of 2013. The effect of two sizes (1.8 and 2.7 g) of USG and five levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg P ha-1) were studied in a split plot design on rice yields. The use of USG 2.7 g did not significantly increase rice yields compare with USG 1.8 g in both seasons. P application significantly increased rice yields. The 1.8 g USG significantly increased the agronomic efficiency (AE) by 48.9% over the USG 2.7 g in the 2012 wet season while the increase in AE was 24.4% in the 2013 dry season. The best AE 42 kg kg-1 in 2012 and 25 kg kg-1 in 2013 were obtained with 50P and 30P. This study suggests that USG can be used by farmers in small rate (USG 1.8 g) to improve nitrogen use efficiency and the application of 30 kg P kg-1 seems to be adequate to increase yield in irrigated rice cropping system.
Determination of the Optimum Sulphur Fertilizer Rate for Groundnut Production...AI Publications
Laboratory studies and pot Experiments were carried out to determine the optimum sulphur (S)fertilizer rate for groundnut production in selected soils of Benue state using sorption indices. Surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected for sorption studies and pot experiments. The sorption study was carried out by shaking known concentrations of S (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 mgkg-1) with 5g soil sample. The suspension was filtered and the amount of S in solution determined. The amount of sulphatesorbed was estimated as the difference between equilibrium sulphate concentration and initial sulphate added. Data from the sorption study was fitted into the Langmuir and Freundlich sorption equations. Thereafter a pot experiment was carried out with six levels of solution sulphate concentration to determine the optimum S concentration for yield of groundnut and the amount of sulphur fertilizer required to achieve this concentration in the soil under study. Result show that both soils have the capacity to sorb sulphur. The sorption maxima, buffering capacity and binding energy of the soils under study are 70.66 mgkg-1, 15.81mg kg-1, 0.22 dm3 mg-1 and 117.84 mgkg1, 9.83 mg kg-1,0.08 dm3 kg-1 for Aliade and Daudu soils respectively.The highest yield in Aliade soil was obtained with 6 mg kg-1 S while 12 mg kg-1 S gave the highest yield in Daudu soil. Aliadeand Daudu soils would require 57.41 and 23.69 kg ha-1S respectively to maintain 12 mg/kg and 9mg/kg of S in the soil solution. Hence for groundnut production in Aliade soil, 57.41 kg S ha-1 is recommended while for the Daudu soil, 23.69 kg S ha-1 is recommended.
Development and rainfed paddy soils potency derived from lacustrine material ...NurdinUng
Rainfed paddy soils that are derived from lacustrine and include of E4 agroclimatic zone have many unique properties and potentially for paddy and corn plantations. This sreseach was aimed to: (1) study the soil development of
rainfed paddy soils derived from lacustrine and (2) evaluate rainfed paddy soils potency for paddy and corn in Paguyaman. Soil samples were taken from three profiles according to toposequent, and they were analyzed in laboratory. Data were analyzed with descriptive-quantitative analysis. Furthermore, assessment on rainfed paddy soils potency was conducted with land suitability analysis using parametric approach. Results indicate that all pedon had evolved with B horizons structurization. However, pedon located on the summit slope was more developed and intensely weathered than those of the shoulder and foot slopes.The main pedogenesis in all pedons were through
elluviation, illuviation, lessivage, pedoturbation, and gleization processes. The main factors of pedogenesis were climate, age (time) and topography factors. Therefore, P1 pedons are classified as Ustic Endoaquerts, fine, smectitic,
isohypertermic; P2 as Vertic Endoaquepts, fine, smectitic, isohypertermic; and P3 as Vertic Epiaquepts, fine, smectitic,
isohypertermic. Based on the potentials of the land, the highest of land suitability class (LSC) of land utilization type (LUT) local paddy was highly suitable (S1), while the lowest one was not suitable with nutrient availability as the limiting factor (Nna). The highest LCS of paddy-corn LUT was marginally suitable with water availability as the limiting factor (S3wa), while the lower LSC was not suitable with nutrient availabily as the limiting factor (Nna).
Intercropping of maize and climbing bean: fodder yield, quality and nutrient ...Innspub Net
This study examined the fodder yield, quality, and nutrient composition of silages from maize cultivated alone or intercropped with climbing bean in different spatial arrangements. Maize was grown alone or intercropped in arrangements of 1 row maize to 1 row bean, 1 row maize to 2 rows bean, or 2 rows maize to 1 row bean. The maize-bean intercrops had higher crude protein yields than maize alone due to contributions from the legume. After ensiling for 45 days, all intercropped silages had higher crude protein than maize silage alone. The 1 row maize to 2 rows bean intercrop silage had the highest levels of organic acids and ammonia-N among
Assessment of Zinc and Copper Status of Fadama Soils In Borgu Local Governmen...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The document summarizes a study that assessed the zinc and copper levels in fadama soils from three extension blocks in Borgu Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from farms across the blocks and analyzed for various properties. The results showed the soils had a sandy loam texture with slightly acidic to neutral pH. Zinc and copper levels were very low across all locations but did not differ significantly. This suggests soil amendments are needed to increase the availability of zinc and copper and support optimal crop yields for farmers.
11.response of maize (zea mays l) yield and yield components to rates of appl...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of phosphorus fertilizer rates on maize yield and yield components in two locations in Kogi State, Nigeria. Seven phosphorus rates ranging from 0 to 120 kg/ha were applied. Across both locations and years, phosphorus application significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem girth, cob weight, and grain yield compared to the control. The highest cob weights and grain yields were obtained from application rates of 100-120 kg/ha. Specifically, 100 kg/ha of P was found to provide optimum maize yields of 5.40 and 5.51 tons/ha in the Anyigba soils over two years. In the Ofere soils, the optimum yield of
11.[36 45]response of maize (zea mays l) yield and yield components to rates ...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of different phosphorus fertilizer rates on maize yield and yield components in two locations in Kogi State, Nigeria. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with seven phosphorus rates (0-120 kg/ha) applied to maize. Results showed that phosphorus application significantly increased plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem girth, cob weight, and grain yield compared to the control in both locations. The highest cob weights and optimum grain yields were obtained from 100-120 kg P/ha. Based on the results, 100-120 kg P/ha is recommended for maize cultivation in the soils studied.
A comparative study on the response of six maize hybrids: two
hybrids each from the 1980s (8321-21 and 8425-8), 1990s (9801-11 and 9803-2)
and 2000s (0103-11 and 0103-15) to sub-optimal and optimal nitrogen fertilization
was conducted in Oke-Oyi, Nigeria. The trials were set up in a split plot with three
nitrogen levels (0, 30 and 90 kg N ha-1) as a main plot and six hybrids as sub-plots.
Significant interactions were observed between hybrid and N level for all
characters, with increasing in variation as the level of N decreased. Mean grain
yield reductions across eras were 73.8% at no-N and 32.6% at low-N, and those of
optimal-N fertilization were 34.3% and 15.7% for 1980s and 1990s genotypes
respectively. Depending on N treatment, grain yield varied from 0.67 to 4.89 t ha-1.
Kernel number was most severely reduced by N stress, but had positive and highly
significant (p≤0.01) correlation with grain yield at all N levels. Genetic gains in
grain yield were 42% (between 1980 and 2000 eras) and 9% (between 1990 and
2000 eras) under optimal-N fertilization. The two modern hybrids of 2000 era
(0103-11 and 0103-15) were outstanding for all the agronomic traits and leaf
chlorophyll concentration at all N levels. Improving traits associated with fertilizer
N response could accelerate rate of genetic gains in maize yields.
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
Response of late season maize soybean intercropping to nitrogen in the humid ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the response of late season maize/soybean intercropping to nitrogen fertilizer in southern Nigeria. The study investigated different nitrogen rates (0-100 kg/ha) and crop arrangements (sole and mixed cropping) on maize and soybean yield. The results showed that nitrogen fertilization increased yields for both crops in both sole and mixed systems. Applying 100 kg/ha nitrogen to maize increased various yield components by 15-153% compared to no nitrogen. For soybean, 100 kg/ha nitrogen increased yield components by 14-120% over no nitrogen. Optimum soybean yield was obtained at 50 kg/ha nitrogen. Intercropping maize and soy
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.14
ABSTRACT- The physico-chemical properties of four lands use types in Akokwa of Ideato North, Imo State, Nigeria
were determined. The land use patterns were fallow land (FL), cassava continuously cultivated land (CL), Oil palm
plantation (OPL) and Yam plot (YL). Composite samples were collected from various depths (0 -15 cm, 15 – 30 cm,
30 – 45 cm) across these land use patterns and analyzed in the laboratory. Data generated were subjected to analysis of
variance. Results obtained showed significant difference (P≤0.05) in soil bulk density, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen
(TN), available phosphorus (Av. P) and ECEC across the four land use types. The bulk density value was highest at
30 – 45 cm depth by CL (1.93 g/cm3), followed by YL (1.89 g/cm3), OPL (1.70 g/cm3) and FL (1.68 g/cm3). The TN
content of the soil was highest in the FL at 0 – 15 cm depth (0.25%) while the lowest was found in the CL plot (0.03%).
The soil Av. P content was highest in the FL at 0 – 15 cm depth (9.63 mg/kg) while the lowest value was obtained in CL
plot (1.16 mg/kg). The values of OC at the depths of 0 – 15 cm, 15 – 30 cm and 30 – 45 cm in the FL (1.03%, 0.49%.
0.45%) were found to be significantly different (P≤0.05) from the CL (0.39%, 0.15%, 0.13%) land use type. Results
obtained showed that different land use types have varying effects on soil physical and chemical properties. The fallow
land had on the surface (0 – 15 cm) the highest content of soil chemical properties and lowest bulk density. Therefore,
farmers may periodically fallow their lands to build up organic matter, stabilize soil aggregates, improves nutrient cycles
for sustainable productivity.
Key-words- Land use, Soil chemical properties, Bulk density, Fallow land, Cassava land, Yam land, Oil palm land
Using agronomic biofortification to boost zinc, selenium,.pdfIqbalHussain913371
This study investigated the biofortification of zinc, selenium, and iodine in food crops grown on soils in China's Loess Plateau region, which is typically deficient in these micronutrients. Field trials were conducted applying fertilizers of selenium, zinc, and iodine individually and in combination to the soil and as foliar sprays on winter wheat. The results showed that soil-applied selenium increased selenium concentrations in wheat, maize, soybean, potato, cabbage, and canola to target levels. Foliar selenium and zinc also effectively boosted levels of these nutrients in wheat grain. Soil zinc only increased levels in cabbage and canola, while foliar zinc was effective for wheat. Soil
Agro –industrial effluents and agricultural wastes effects on soil chemical p...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes the effects of various agro-industrial effluents and agricultural wastes on soil chemical properties and yield of okra plants. Soil treated with poultry manure showed increases in organic matter, pH, and total nitrogen compared to soils treated with palm oil mill effluent, cassava mill effluent, or sawdust. While the industrial effluents had little effect on okra yield, application of poultry manure resulted in better improvement of soil fertility and higher okra yields than the other treatments.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
This study investigated the effects of different liming rates on maize and bean yields in strongly acidic tea-growing soils in Kenya. The soils had pH values below 5, indicating aluminum toxicity and deficiencies in important nutrients. Liming raised the soil pH and increased both maize and bean yields significantly compared to the unlimed control. The maximum yields for both crops were achieved at a liming rate of 6 t/ha, which raised the soil pH to around 5.5. Higher liming rates did not further increase yields and started to decrease them, possibly due to nutrient imbalances. The results show that liming is an effective and inexpensive way to reclaim strongly acidic tea soils and improve food crop production.
This study evaluated the effects of applying biochar to an Ultisol soil in Abakaliki, Nigeria on soil properties, carbon storage, and maize yield. Biochar was applied at rates of 0, 5, 10, and 15 t/ha. The soil had low organic matter, nutrients, and pH prior to the experiment. Results showed that applying biochar significantly increased soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable bases, and carbon storage compared to the control. These increases were higher with greater biochar application rates. Maize height and grain yield were also significantly improved by biochar additions compared to the control. The study concludes that biochar is effective at increasing soil productivity and carbon storage
Impact of the use of inorganic fertilizers to the soils of the ebonyi state a...Alexander Decker
The study assessed the impact of long-term inorganic fertilizer use on soils in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Soil samples from 15 farms with over 20 years of inorganic fertilizer application were analyzed. The results showed that the soils were very strongly to strongly acidic, with very high exchangeable acidity. Nutrient levels like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were moderate to low. Long-term inorganic fertilizer use contributed to soil acidification and nutrient depletion. It was recommended to apply lime and use organic manures along with inorganic fertilizers to correct soil fertility issues and improve agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner.
Liming effects on yield and yield attributes of nitrogen fertilized and brady...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of lime, bradyrhizobia inoculation, and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and yield attributes of soybean grown in acidic soil in Ethiopia. The main findings were:
1) Pod number, seed yield, seeds per pod, and hundred seed weight were significantly increased when lime and bradyrhizobia were used together, but nitrogen fertilizer did not significantly affect most yield attributes.
2) The highest seed yield was obtained with the combined application of lime, bradyrhizobia, and nitrogen fertilizer.
3) Using lime and bradyrhizobia together produced yields similar to applying nitrogen fertilizer,
Integrated application of compost and inorganic fertilizers for production of...Alexander Decker
This study evaluated the effects of different application rates of compost and inorganic fertilizers on potato production in southern Ethiopia. Compost was prepared on-site using available materials and incorporated into soil 30 days before planting. Four levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer and four levels of compost were applied to potato plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The highest potato yields were obtained with application of the recommended rates of 111 kg N and 39 kg P per hectare without compost. However, applying 10 tons of compost per hectare with 73.4 kg N and 26 kg P also resulted in substantial yield increases. The results indicate that integrated use of compost and inorganic fertilizers can boost potato yields
Variability in the physicochemical properties of soils of different land uses form from the same lithology was studied. Soil samples were collected from surface (0 – 20 cm) and subsurface (20 – 40 cm) depths from three land use namely fallow land, continuous cultivated land and mechanic village land. The soils were air dried, sieved with 2 mm sieve and subjected to routine laboratory analysis. Results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant treatment means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 0.05 probability level. Relationship between selected soil properties were determined using correlation analysis. Results showed that the textures of the studied soils were not affected by land use practices. Bulk density increased with increase in depth with fallow land recoding the lowest values of 0.86 g/cm3 (0.-20 cm depth) and 1.06 g/cm3 (20 – 40 cm depth). Land use types significantly (P = 0.05) affected soil chemical properties such as soil pH, soil organic carbon, total N, available P and exchangeable cations with the highest values recorded in fallow land, followed by palm plantation and the least was continuous cultivated land. There were slight variations among soil properties in the three land use types studied. Significant positive and negative correlations existed and some soil properties. Good soil management practices such as organic fertilization, zero tillage and mulching is recommended especially in continuous cultivated lands.
Similar to Soil - Plant Nutrient Correlation Analysis of Maize Varieties at the Guinea Savannah (20)
Observation for spoilage in fish and beef in a daily simulated local market s...IJEABJ
The degree of spoilage of fish and beef in a daily simulated market style of southwest, Nigeria was determined by Trimethylamine (TMA) levels in each sample using the standard pictrate technique. 100g of each of the three different parts of a bull (liver, meaty and fatty tissues) and fresh African cat fish (Clarias gariepinus) (liver, meaty portion and head) were purchased twice a week for five weeks from the abattoir and Oja-Oba market in Akure respectively. The samples were subjected to ambient temperature and their degree of spoilage was assessed after 3 hours, 6 hours and 9 hours of purchase. The results showed that, there was no significant difference (P≥ 0.05) in the effect of time (hours) on TMA concentration in different parts of the fish and bull samples, though, the mean concentration of TMA in the fish samples increased with time. However, the degree of spoilage is slower in the bull compared to the fish samples but higher in the late evening (9 hours). Hence, buying and selling of beef in the late evening should be discouraged to avoid consumption of unwholesome meat with high TMA concentrations, while fish should be stored-frozen and sold in deep freezers.
Eroding Fabrics of Communal Land Ownership in Papua New GuineaIJEABJ
This document summarizes a research paper about the erosion of communal land ownership in Papua New Guinea. The research analyzed perceptions of 120 landowner households from two clans concerning the breakdown of communal land ownership. Key findings included:
1) Communal land ownership is recognized by PNG law but in practice ownership has shifted to individuals, families, and sub-clans within major clans.
2) The existing weak land administration system and incompatible laws have contributed to tearing apart connections between clan members and dismantling communal ownership.
3) To address this, the research calls for strengthening land administration functions and reviewing laws to improve the land system and address challenges of communal ownership breaking down.
Agricultural Restructuring in Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Economic Analysis of R...IJEABJ
The study examined the economic analysis of sesame production compliant withagricultural restructuring plan in rural areas of Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Conditional non-probability sampling technique was employed to select 90 respondents who have produced sesame rotationally on rice field in summer-autumn crop season. Primary data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics including percentage, frequency and farm budget model. Gross Margin analysis was used to estimate cost, returns sesame production in the study area. The study revealed that the average cost, revenue, gross margins of production per hectare was 17.60, 37.38 and 20.56 million VND, respectively.Moreover,the average rate of returnsalsoindicated that with every 1,000 VND invested to sesame production, a farmer made a profit of 1,390 VND. As a result, it can be concluded that sesame farming is profitable in the context of agricultural restructuring strategy from rice to other crops in Mekong Delta region. It is recommended that smallholders should take initiative in participation in sesame cooperatives and ‘big field’ model to be more beneficial to inputs price, harvested machine and formal credit in the beginning of each season.
Seasonal Phenology of Reptiles in a Mediterranean Environment (“Castel di Gui...IJEABJ
The present work reports the seasonal phenology of the reptiles of the "Castel di Guido" Natural Park near Rome (Northern Latium, Italy). During field observations, between September 2014 and July 2016, transects were carried out along the ecotones of the park, in order to describe the period of seasonal activity of the reptiles present. The area is characterized by Mediterranean mesothermal climate. In the Mediterranean area, reptiles have a broader annual activity range than other European regions, greatly reducing winter latency. Reptile activities start very early, in some case it is possible to observe the snake Hierophis viridiflavus and lizards, such as Podarcis muralis and Podarcis siculus, in thermoregulation activity in the middle of winter. The mild climate that is recorded on average in autumn favors the activity in the period between September and December; Zamenis longissimus is observed regularly in October. Testudo hermanni mates regularly in autumn and it is active until the first decade of December. The research shows that during the winter period reptiles can be observed in activity; for some species, Chalcides chalcides, Podarcis sp., Hierophis viridiflavus, this seems to be a remarkable datum that broad considerably the annual phenology reported in the literature.
Evaluation of four plants compost teas against fungi responsible for Corn dam...IJEABJ
Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals in Côte d'Ivoire. However, Corn seeds and seedlings are susceptible to infection by a number of soilborne fungi which caused seeds decay before or after germination. The objective of this study is to evaluate the suppressive effect of Four plants compost teas (Chromolaena odorata, Ricinus communis, Nicotiana tabacum, Azadiracta indica) on Corn damping off. In vitro assays showed a most suppressive effect of C. odorata and R. communis compost teas on mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi. Results of in vivo trials showed significant reduction of Corn seedlings diseases incidence and high seed germination percent after treatment with C. odorata, R. communis and A. indica compost teas. No efficiency effect was noted with N. tabacum compost tea. This study demonstrated the usefulness of compost tea as an efficient biological tool for the control of fungi responsible of corn damping-off.
Microbiological Quality of Kunnu-Zaki Drinks Sold in Some selected Towns in O...IJEABJ
The microbiological quality of freshly processed and hawked kunnu-zaki drinks, a common Nigerian non-alcoholic beverage was investigated in some selected towns in Osun State, South Western Nigeria. A total of nine (9) towns were assessed. Kunnu-zaki drinks were purchased from these towns on twelve different occasions for a period of six month. The samples were microbiologically analyzed using standard methods. pH values ranged from 3.09 - 4.21 in East and West senatorial district. The TTA of the samples ranged from 0.32 - 0.49 in Central and East senatorial district. All the screened drink samples had varying levels of bacterial contamination ranging from 4.2 x 103 to 15.0 x 103 CFU/ml, 4.1 x 104 to 9.6 x 104 CFU/ml and 3.5 x 105 to 9.0 x 105 CFU/ml for total bacteria, coliform and E. coli count respectively. Total coliform count on MPN ranged from 3 MPN/ml to 93 MPN/ml. 77.78% of the total sampled drinks (n=108) that is (84/108) had bacteria and fungi count. While all the drinks sampled had total coliform count on MPN exceeding the recommended safe level of zero organisms detectable per 100ml. Seven (7) bacteria species were isolated from the kunnu-zaki drink sampled. The bacteria isolated were Escherichia coli, Bacillus species, Staphylococcus species, Pseudomonas species, Streptococcus specie, Enterobacter species, and Klebsiella species. Fungal count ranged from 3.3 x 106 to 8.0 x 106 CFU/ml respectively. Four (4) fungi were also isolated which include Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicilium italicum, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. It can therefore be concluded that the presence of these isolated organisms in kunnu-zaki samples analyzed in Osun State could serve as indicator for the need to promote awareness about the possible health hazards that could arise due to the unhygienic ways of handling and processing of the beverage.
Seaweed Cultivation Techniques Gracillariaverrucosa in Pond Ujungpangkah Dist...IJEABJ
Seaweed is one of the sea cultivation commodities that are easy to be cultivated and have a good market prospect in improving coastal community empowerment. Moreover, the technology used to cultivate seaweed is also simple and inexpensive so it is suitable and easily adapted by coastal communities.Type of seaweed that has been cultivated in brackish water isGracilaria sp.One of the methods used for seaweed cultivation Gracilaria verrucosa is the broadcast method or spread.This method provides an increase in the growth length from 5 cm to 5.8 cm for 42 days and the weight of Gracilaria verrucosa seaweed from 10 grams to 14.1 gr for 42 days. This growth was influenced by ambient temperature including temperature 28-33 º C, salinity 5-17 ppt and degree of acidity (pH) 5-8.
Effect of Aloe Vera wastes on physico-chemical properties and microbiological...IJEABJ
The aim of the present study was to explore the potential for using aloe vera wastes as amendment for soil to improve its fertility. Soil was exposed to four concentrations of aloin (rich in HAP) for 0, 7, 14 and 28 days. Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed: soil Ph, organic matter (OM), nitrogen, phosphorus, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The activity of seven enzymes implicated in the C, N and S cycles were measured. Microbial Biomass was determined by the method of substrate induced respiration. BiologEcoplates (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA) were used to estimate soil microbial functional diversity. Our findings suggested a decrease on phosphorus and nitrogen content and an increase on CEC after aloin addition. Also, a decrease on microbial biomass and enzymes activities was observed, except for FDA. Ecoplates results demonstrate a decrease on microbial activities depending on the incubation time. Moreover, our results indicated that bacterial communities of the tested soils have more affinity to consume substrates as Amino acids and polymers. Our results should be carefully considered in view of the agriculture waists reuse for a sustainable agriculture
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...IJEABJ
Chitosan play an important role as an antifungal against Botrytis cinerea and the effect was a concentration dependent. The obtained results of in vitro experiment demonstrated that chitosan (4%) decreased radial growth of B. cinereato 2 %. Invivo the severity of infection reduced from 59.8 and 100.0 to 9.7, 33.8 and 40.1 in first, second and third week’s storage periods at 13C, respectively. Also, chitosan coating (4%) significantly caused an increase in fruit firmness whereas TSS was decreased with an increase by increasing in storage time. However,Vitamin C gave fluctuated results by increasing storage time. Gamma irradiation at 2.5 KGy reduced severity (%) of infected fruits from 55.5, 100 and 100 to 31.7, 45.9 and 49.9 and in healthy fruits severity (%) reduced from 48.9, 100 and 100 to 23.3, 25.1 and 29.1 in different storage periods 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Similarly, chitosan as well as gamma irradiation combination induced a significant increase of peroxidase enzyme (POD) activity. Induced changes in surface morphology and damage of cell structure caused by using chitosan shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also, gamma irradiation causes changes in hyphea structure and in surface morphology but combination of gamma irradiation with chitosan was more effective in altering fungus morphology and cell structure damage and no spore forming. This providing the efficiency of combination on reducing disease severity (%) of strawberry.
Biofumigation: A Potential Aspect for Suppression of Plant-Parasitic NematodesIJEABJ
This document discusses biofumigation as a potential method for suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes. It begins by explaining that plant-parasitic nematodes cause large economic losses worldwide and that chemical nematicides are commonly used but have negative environmental impacts. It then describes how biofumigation uses glucosinolate compounds produced by some plants, like mustards, which break down to form volatile isothiocyanates that can suppress nematodes and other soil pathogens. Several factors that influence the biofumigation process and its effectiveness are discussed, including the plant variety used, soil temperature, depth, and microbes. The document concludes by stating that biofumigation shows potential as part of an integrated pest
Influence of short- and long-term administration of Melengestrol acetate on e...IJEABJ
In Egypt, research focusing on estrous synchronization in small ruminants based on Melengestrol acetate (MGA) supplementation, particularly in nulliparous ewes, is still lacking. The present work aimed to evaluate effect of long-term and short-term administration of melengestrol acetate (MGA) treatments on estrus synchronization and reproductive performance of nulliparous Barki Ewes. This study was performed in Siwa Oasis Research Station (Tegzerty Experimental Farm for animal production), belonged to Desert Research Center, Egypt. Forty five nulliparous Barki ewes with age ranging from 15.5 to 16.5 months, and 38 ± 0.23 kg average live body weight were assigned to one of three groups: (1) control (C, n = 15); (2) long-term treatment with MGA (n = 15, 0.22 mg/ewe/d for 14 days) and (3) short-term treatment with MGA (n = 15, 0.22 mg/ewe/d for 7 days). At the end of MGA treatment (14 or 7 d) all treated ewes were injected by 600 IU PMSG intramuscularly. The results showed that, ewes treated with MGA exhibited highest (P<0.05) estrus response rate (100%) in short term-MGA, followed by long term-MGA (93.33%), whereas the lowest was observed in control group (80%). Conception rates after natural mating were 85.71% and 93.33% for long term and short term MGA treated ewes, respectively. However, it recorded 100% in the control group. Fertility rate was significantly the highest (P<0.05) in short term-MGA (93.33%) than other groups (73.33%). There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in terms of lambing rate and prolificacy among the control and treated ewes. In the meantime, mean values of serum estradiol 17-β were lower (P≤0.01) in long-term treated ewes compared to those of short-term treated ones (27.20±1.78, 32.67±1.27pg/ml), respectively, while the lowest (P<0.05) level was recorded in the control ewes (13.01±1.31 pg/ml). Furthermore, overall mean values of serum progesterone in the control group (1.32 ± 0.09 ng/ml) was higher (P<0.05) than those of long- and short-term MGA treated groups (1.01 ± 0.13, 0.92 ± 0.11, ng/ml), respectively. It is concluded that reproductive efficiency of nulliparous Barki ewes could be improved by short-term supplementation with MGA.
Determinant of Non-Organic Farming in Enrekang District of South SulawesiIJEABJ
This document discusses a study on the determinants of non-organic farming in Enrekang District, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study used Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) analysis to identify the persistent determinants. The results found three key determinants: 1) availability of facilities and infrastructure for organic farming; 2) ease and practical application of production facilities like fertilizers and pesticides; and 3) easy market access for non-organic products. The study aims to provide information to help policymaking around organic farming development.
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Se...IJEABJ
Seriphidium herba-album (syn. Artemisia herba-alba) is a medicinal, aromatic, greenish-silver herb. It is used widely in folk medicine for treatment of diarrhea, abdominal cramps and in the healing of external wounds. It's also used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, neurological disorders as epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and jaundice. In this study we assessed the protocol for callus induction, maturation of somatic embryogenesis, frequency of germination and conversion into plantlets for leaf explants of Seriphidium herba-album using different concentrations of PGRs. Highest induction frequencies of embryogenic calli occurred after 35 days on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP. Optimum MS medium for higher frequency of matured somatic embryos was recorded using 5.0 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA and somatic embryos also induced young in vitro grown plantlets when cultured in the medium containing GA3 and kinetin. Hence, attempts to induce direct somatic embryogenesis have been achieved up to embryo regeneration and maturation.
Effect of Carom Seed Oil on the Antimicrobial, Physicochemical and Mechanical...IJEABJ
Packaging material is necessary in the preservation process. Edible films containing essential oils can be incorporated into the conventional food packaging systems with a dual purpose, edible and natural preservative, that can maintain quality, extend the shelf life and reduce the risk of pathogen growth specifically in unprocessed or minimally processed foods like fruits and vegetables. In present study, pumpkin-arrowroot starch based edible film incorporated with carom seed oil at 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were prepared and studied for the antimicrobial properties. Film with 1.5% Carom seed oil showed exceedingly good antimicrobial activities against E. coli, Staphylococcus and Aspergillus. The films were further studied for physical, mechanical and water vapour transmission properties. The results indicated that the film with 1.5% carom seed oil did not alter the mechanical properties of the film significantly, compared to control film and is ideal for coating to extend the shelf life of food products.
First Report of ethnobotanical studies of tehsil Noorpur Thal, District Khush...IJEABJ
The study is based on gathering of information by interviewing villagers, herbalists, hakims and farmers, following a preset list of questions followed by analysis of the data collected. Plant samples were gathered and their morphological characteristics described. Their various uses including medicinal uses, where reported were gathered. The present work is a significant contribution to the existing knowledge because ethno botany as a interdisciplinary science understanding of local social dynamics, institutions and different values attributed to resources. These values may be symbolic, religious or political for a given society, while same plant resources may represent only an economic value for our social group. Fuel wood needs are also met by collecting dried fodder branches, by products of crops and dried animal dung. It is recommended that botanical ganders of medicinal plants should be established. Data was analyzed at P(0.05 -5%).
Performance of EcoSan Toilets at Majumbasita in Dar Es Salaam – TanzaniaIJEABJ
This document summarizes a study on the performance of Ecological Sanitation (ECOSAN) toilets in Majumbasita, Tanzania. Samples of faecal sludge and urine were collected from 10 ECOSAN toilets and analyzed. The results showed that faecal sludge had a high pH between 8.3-10.3 due to ash addition, temperatures of 27-31 degrees C, and COD, TS and VS levels within reported ranges. Ascaris eggs were efficiently removed when pH was above 10. Ammonium, TKN, phosphorus and potassium levels in faecal sludge were between specified ranges. Urine samples had TKN, phosphorus and potassium levels within
Effect of Spacing and Poultry Manure Rates on Growth, Yield and Quality of Ca...IJEABJ
This study investigated the effects of poultry manure rates and crop spacing on the growth, yield, and quality of cayenne pepper in the southern rainforest of Nigeria. The experiment utilized a 3x3 factorial design with three poultry manure rates (0, 10, 20 tons/ha) and three spacings (50cm x 50cm, 100cm x 50cm, 100cm x 100cm). Results showed that closer spacing and higher manure rates increased plant height, leaf number, fruit yield, and vitamin/lycopene content. The 50cm x 50cm spacing with 20 tons/ha manure produced the tallest plants with the most fruits and highest yield. This treatment combination is
Antioxidant activity, photosynthetic rate, and Spectral mass in bean Plants (...IJEABJ
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of various defense activators (jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, Trichoderma asperellum, and Bacillus pumilus) on antioxidant activity, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and metabolic profile in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The study found that jasmonic acid and T. asperellum increased antioxidant enzyme activity, photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance in the plants. Mass spectrometry analysis also revealed a greater number and quantity of metabolites/masses in the T. asperellum treated plants compared to the other treatments. The results suggest that some defense activators can
A Survey on the Pteridophyte Flora of the 18 Selected Sacred Groves in Chalav...IJEABJ
An exploratory survey conducted on Pteridophytic flora in the 18 selected sacred groves of Chalavara Grama panchayath, Ottapalamtaluk, Palakkad district, Kerala lead to the collection of 26 species of pteridophytes coming under 20 genera and 14 families. Among them, 02 families belongs to class Lycopsida, 01 family belongs to class Psilotopsida and remaining belongs to class Polypodiopsida. Out of 26 species 21 species are terrestrial, 3 species are epiphytes and 2 species are aquatic.
Effect of Compost Extract Fortified with Tempe on Chili Mosaic Virus DiseaseIJEABJ
Mosaic disease caused by multiple infections of viruses in one of the most devastating virus diseases of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) in Indonesia. Improving plant resistance by treatment with exogenous bioactive compounds is promisingly developed for plant protection in organic chili production. We demonstrated the suppressive effects of a fermented water extract of compost fortified with over-fermented tempe (TCE) on mosaic disease and its aphid vector. TCE was applied weekly by foliar spraying at 0.2 and 2.0 % on potted Capsicum growing in field. The result showed that treated plant sprayed with TNF preparation exhibited a significantly slower disease progression as represented by a lower area under disease progress curve compared to control plant. Disease suppression was obtained at concentration as low as 0.2%. TCE-treated plants were significantly less colonized by Aphis gossypii than control plant.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Soil - Plant Nutrient Correlation Analysis of Maize Varieties at the Guinea Savannah
1. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug- 2018
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.4.2 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1160
Soil - Plant Nutrient Correlation Analysis of
Maize Varieties at the Guinea Savannah
Olowookere B. T., Oyerinde G.T
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Abuja.
Email: ganiyuoyerinde@yahoo.com
Abstract—Field trials were conducted during the rainy
season of 2008 and 2009 at the Institute for Agricultural
Research farm in Samaru (110
11’
N, 70
38’
E) within the
northern Guinea savanna ecological zone of Nigeria to
evaluate correlation relationships among soil, yield and
yield quality of maize varieties. The objectives of the study
are to correlate among soil, grain yield and grain
composition. The treatments consisted of four rates of
nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, 100 and 150kgNha-1
), two rates
of micronutrients (0, cocktail mixtures) Cu, Fe, Zn, B and
Mo and four maize varieties SAMMAZ 14, SUSUMA
(QPM), SAMMAZ 11 and SAMMAZ 12 (normal maize)
which gave a total of thirty-two (32) treatments. There was
basal application of 60kgha-1
P and 60kgha-1
K. These
treatments were tested in a randomized complete block
design with three replications with a total of 96 plots
respectively. The fertilizer treatments were factorially
combined. Significant correlationswere obtained between
grain parameters and other yield parameters such as
Stover (r= 0.669, P < 0.05); 1000grain weight (r= 0.617,
P < 0.05); crude proteins (r= 0.364, P< 0.05) and total
nitrogen in grain (r =0.993, P < 0.05). Grain yield also
increased as soil pH (r =0.26, P < 0.01); TN (r =0.19, P <
0.01); Calcium (r =0.17, P <0.05); Zn (r =0.24, P <
0.01); Cu (r =0.31, P < 0.01) and B (r =0.49, P <0.05)
increased while it decreased as crude protein (-0.39,
P<0.05) of the grain decreased.
Keywords—correlation, maize, Northern Guinea
Savannah, quality protein, soil nutrient.
I. INTRODUCTION
The soil of the Northern Guinea Savanna which stretches
from Latitude 7o – 12oN is characterized by the sub-humid
climate covering well over 50% of the land area. The
Savanna soils are highly weathered, coarse textured, low in
organic matter content (2.0-10.0gkg-1) and cation exchange
capacity (6.0-10.0cmolkg-1). They are generally acidic and
poorly buffered with respect to most nutrients (Jones and
Wild, 1975; Balasubramanian and Nnadi 1980; Kang and
Wilson, 1987). The annual rainfall ranges from 800mm-
1900 mm (Uyovbisere and Lombin, 1991). They are
generally low in total nitrogen (N), values range from 0.8
to 2.9 gkg-1, with a mean of 0.5 gkg-1(Jones and Wild,
1975). This low value is closely linked with low organic
matter content of the soils. Total phosphorus (P) is also
generally low too with values ranging from 13 to 630 ppm,
but a range of about 100 to 400ppm have been reported in
the savannah soils (Mokwunye, 1974).
Improving nutritional quality of agricultural crops is a
noble goal, which is important in cereal crops where plants
have poor nutritional quality (Vassal, 2006). The
nutritional well-being and health of all people are known
to be vital prerequisites for the development of societies
(Prasanna et al., 2001). Maize is gaining popularity in the
Northern Guinea Savanna zone of Nigeria. In fact, it is
replacing the traditional cereals, millet and sorghum
(Onwueme and Sinha, 1991). Whatever the type of maize,
they all require heavy fertilizer application for optimum
yield (Awotundun, 2005). For mineral fertilizer, a rate of
100-150 kg N, 40-50 P2O5 and 80-100 kgK2O ha-1has been
recommended for maize in the savanna zone (Onyinbeet
al., 2006) while, FPDD (2002) recommended 120 kg N, 60
kg P2O5, and 60 kg K2O.
Maize is progressively assuming the position as the major
crop of the sub-humid and semi-arid savanna with respect
to economic prospects for the farmers. It is a staple food
crop in the ecological zone. A study was carried out to
evaluate correlation relationships among soil, yield and
yield quality of four varieties of maize in a northern
Guinea savanna of Nigeria.
Objectives of the Study are:
Evaluate relationship between the grain yield and
other yield parameters.
Correlate the soil nutrients with plant composition
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field trials were carried out during the cropping season
of 2008 and 2009 in Samaru, Zaria at the Northern Guinea
Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria. Samaru is located at
longitude 11o 11' N, latitude 7 o 38' E at 686m above sea
level. The region has an annual rainfall average of about
1060mm (Owonubi et al.,1991). The soil is classified as
Alfisol in the USDA Soil classification system
(www.nrcs.usda.gov).
2. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug- 2018
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/3.4.2 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1161
The site was divided into three blocks each, consisting 32
plots, giving a total of 96 plots and each plot measuring 12
m2. There were 4 ridges in a plot, 3m long at 0.75m x
0.25m spacing. The experiment was laid out in a
randomized complete block design with three replications
and treatment was factorially combined. The maize planted
were two quality protein maize (QPM) – Sammaz 14 and
Susoma and two normal maize varieties – Sammaz 12 and
Sammaz 11. Three maize seeds were sown in drills and
thinned to one per stand. Weeding was done in each year
with the use of hand-hoe.
Nitrogen was applied in 2 split doses at two weeks after
planting (2WAP) and four weeks after planting (4WAP) at
the rate of (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha-1) with Urea (46 %).
Basal application of phosphorus and potassium were
applied as 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 as single super phosphate (SSP),
and 60 kg K2O ha-1potash (MOP), (60%) respectively. The
cocktail micronutrient mixtures of Fe, Zn, B, Mo, and Cu
were applied at the rate of 22.85gha-1). The P, K, and
micronutrients were all applied 2 weeks after planting
immediately after thinning to one plant per stand.
Field observations were made in each plot. The response
of maize varieties to the various treatments were
evaluated, evaluation between grain yield and other yield
parameters, grain composition and soil nutrients were
studied.
Statistical Analysis
All data collected was subjected to statistical analysis
using SAS statistical computer software (SAS, 2005). The
correlation between grain yield, grain parameters and some
soil chemical properties were established.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The first paragraph under each heading or subheading
should be flush left, and subsequent paragraphs should
have a five-space indentation. A colon is inserted before an
equation is presented, but there is no punctuation
following the equation. All equations are numbered and
referred to in the text solely by a number enclosed in a
round bracket (i.e., (3) reads as "equation 3"). Ensure that
any miscellaneous numbering system you use in your
paper cannot be confused with a reference [4] or an
equation (3) designation.
Characterization of the soils usedfor the study
The soils used for the field trials were characterized for
their physical and chemical properties as shown in Table 1.
Table.1: Physico-chemical properties of the soil used for the study
Parameters Field Study (2008) Field Study
(2009)
0-20 (cm) 0-20 (cm)
Sand (gkg-1) 540 530
Silt (gkg-1) 330 350
Clay (gkg-1) 130 120
Textural class Sandy-loam Sandy-loam
pHH20 1:2.5 5.8 5.7
pHCaCl2 1:2.5 5.3 5.4
Organic carbon (gkg-1) 5.4 5.2
Total nitrogen (gkg-1) 0.1 0.1
Available P (mgkg-1) 8.9 7.6
Exchangeable acidity (cmolkg-1) 0.4 0.6
Exchangeable bases (cmolkg-1)
Calcium 3.6 3.1
Magnesium 1.3 1.4
Sodium 0.5 0.4
Potassium 0.3 0.3
Effective CEC (cmolkg-1) 5.7 5.1
Micronutrients (mgkg-1)
Extractable Zinc 18 10
Extractable Iron 55 52
Extractable Copper 0.6 0.6
Extractable Molybdenum 12 11
Extractable Boron 0.2 0.1
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Soil characteristics and geology
Soils of the experimental sites have been classified as
Typic Haplustalf an Alfisol in the USDA Soil
Classification system and it is developed in deeply
weathered pre-Cambrian, basement complex rock overlain
by aeolian drift materials of varying thickness (;
Ogunwole, 2000). The soils were sandy loam in texture
and low in clay contents (125gkg-1) in the combinedfield
soils respectively. Organic carbon contents of the soils
were 5.4gkg-1 and 5.2gkg-1 which were low for the soils
respectively. Some other workers have observed similar
level of organic carbon in savanna soils, which implied
low fertility status for the cultivated soil (Moberg and Esu,
1989).
The total nitrogen content of the soils is 0.1gkg-1. The low
level of total nitrogen in the soil could be attributed to low
organic matter contents of these typical savanna soils
(Jones and Wild, 1975). The available P content of the soil
was moderate with values of 8.9mgkg-1 and 7.6mgkg-1 for
the field soils. The exchangeable site was dominated by
calcium and magnesium as characteristic of savanna soils.
These cations are the most abundant in the
exchange complex of savanna soils. The K saturation of
field soils was 0.3%respectively. The sodium content was
generally low 0.5cmolkg-1and 0.4 cmolkg-1as may be
expected for good arable soil although Na contents were
higher than K in both soils. The higher Na content in the
cultivated soils relative to K must have been introduced in
fertilizer materials or other amendments employed over
time for crop production. The effective CEC values for the
soils were 5.7 and 5.1molkg-1 respectively. The
micronutrient values were found to be low to moderate in
the soils and have been recorded to be deficient in most
savanna soils (Lombin, 1985; Mulimaet al., 2015). These
soils were therefore low in natural fertility and their
productivity will decline quite rapidly under continuous
cultivation, which by implication requires to be fertilized
in order to sustain good crop yields (Lombin, 1987).
The combined relationships between grain yield and other
yield parameters were derived by simple correlation as
presented in Table 2. Grain yield was significantly related
with Stover yield and 1000 grain weight with r values of
0.67** and 0.62** respectively. The grain yield showed a
significant but negative (P< 0.05) correlation with protein
contents of the grain (r= -0.36**). There was a positive
relationship between the grain yield and Stover yield,
1000grain- weight and plant height indicating that all these
growth parameters increase or affects the grain yield of the
maize. This is expected as a vigorous plant would
invariably yield good harvest. The grain yield was
negatively correlated with the protein contents of the grain
which means the protein concentration in the grain
decreased as grain yield increases. This is in accordance
with Orit- Monasterio (2001) who reported same in his
work. The protein content of the grain was positively
influenced by the grain nitrogen. The lysine and
tryptophan contents of the maize were not significantly
affected by the grain yield which suggests that there was
no particular pattern of relationship established between
yield and quality. Lysine had a positive influence on the
tryptophan content of the grain which means that increase
in lysine content increases the tryptophan content of the
maize.
Table.2: Correlation coefficient (r) between agronomic parameters and some grain parameters
Grain
yield
Stover
yield
1000
grain
weight
Plant
Height
Total
Nitrogen
in grain
Crude
protein
Lysine Tryptophana
Grain yield 1.000
Stover yield 0.669** 1.000
1000 grain
weight
0.617** 0.627** 1.000
Plant Height 0.308 0.077 0.049 1.000
Total Nitrogen in
grain
-0.363** 0.017 0.004 0.032 1.000
Crude protein -0.364** 0.011 0.003 0.025 0.993** 1.000
Lysine 0.083 0.027 -0.009 -0.025 0.022 0.021 1.000
Tryptophan -0.131 0.034 -0.095 -0.056 0.081 0.088 0.480** 1.000
** = Significant at 5%
* = Significant at 1%
The correlation matrix between grain/plant nutrients and
soil parameters was shown in Table 3. The pH (r= 0.26*),
soil N (r=0.19*), zinc (r=0.24*), and copper (r=0.31*)
were positively correlated (P< 0.01) with the grain yield
while the grain yield was positively and highly
significantly correlated (P< 0.05) with boron (0.49**) and
calcium (0.17**) contents of the soil respectively. Crude
protein exhibited positive and significant correlation with
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organic carbon (r= 0.24**) content, exchangeable acidity
(r= 0.14*) and pH (r= 0.02*) of the soil while it was highly
significant but negatively correlated with boron (r= -
0.40**), copper (r= -0.45**) and sodium (r= -0.16*)
contents of the soil.
The crude protein was positively and significantly
correlated with exchangeable acidity (r=0.14*), soil pH (r=
0.19*) and organic carbon (r=0.24*) and negatively
correlated (P< 0.05) with sodium (r= -0.16*), boron (r= -
0.40**) and copper (r= -0.45**) contents of the soil.
Lysine content of the grain increased as tryptophan
contents and soil N increased with r values of 0.19** and
0.07* and decreased with exchangeable acidity (r= -
0.16**), sodium (-r=0.16**) and copper (r= -0.17**)
contents of the soil while tryptophan increased with soil N
(r= 0.15*) and decreased with exchangeable acidity (r= -
0.05*) and exchangeable copper (r= -0.23**).
The pH of the soil was highly and positively correlated (P<
0.05) with exchangeable acidity (r =0.30**) and available
phosphorus (r =0.30**) while it was positively correlated
(P< 0.01) with exchangeable sodium (r =0.17*),
extractable zinc (r=0.04*) and extractable boron (r
=0.16*).
It was also correlated negatively with organic carbon (r =-
0.14*) and exchangeable magnesium (r =-0.15*). The
exchangeable acidity was positively correlated with
available phosphorus (r =0.34**) and negatively correlated
with soil N (r =-0.22*), extractable copper (-0.15*) and
boron (r =-0.17*). Organic carbon content of the soil was
significantly (P<0.05) and positively correlated with
available phosphorus (r =0.20**) and significantly
correlated (P<0.01) with exchangeable potassium (r
=0.19*) but negatively correlated with extractable zinc (r
=-0.20**), copper (-0.14*) and boron (r =-0.17*). Soil N
was positively and significantly correlated with lysine (r
=0.07*) and tryptophan content (r =0.15*) of the soil with
a negative correlation with exchangeable acidity (r =-
0.22*) and extractable boron (r =-0.15*) content of the
soil. Available phosphorus of the soil was positively
correlated with exchangeable potassium (r=0.27*) and
negatively correlated with exchangeable calcium (r =-
0.25*). The exchangeable calcium was highly and
positively correlated with exchangeable magnesium (r
=0.80**). Magnesium was highly and significantly
correlated with boron (0.22**) and copper (0.14**) while
zinc was positively and highly significantly correlated (P<
0.05) with boron (0.29**) and copper (0.23**) as
presented on Table 3.
The grain yield increases as nitrogen content of the soil
increased and soil pH was favorable to support the growth
and yield of the maize since the pH of the soil was
moderately acidic. Micronutrients such as zinc and boron
supply from the soil also increased grain production since
they are constituent of protein synthesis. This is in
accordance with Osinameet al (1973) who reported that
low zinc in the soil have been found to reduce maize yield
in several parts of Africa. Anonymous (2009) inferred that
Zn fertilization in maize significantly improved plant
height, 100 grain weight and protein content of the maize.
The grain yield was negatively correlated with
exchangeable calcium. The soil pH increases with
exchangeable acidity, available phosphorus and boron
while it was negatively correlated with organic carbon,
exchangeable magnesium and extractable zinc. The
availability of zinc decreases as soil pH increased which
implies that at low pH (moderately acidic), there was
availability of micronutrients and macronutrients such as
Zn, B, Cu, Ca and N contents in the soil and this also
implies that within allowable limits for conducive crop
performance, increase in soil pH, soil N, Ca, Zn, B and Cu
would increase grain yield. There was a negative and
significant relationship between the grain yield and the
protein content of the maize in that as grain yield increases
the protein content of the grain decreased. This infers that
the quantity of grain produced do not determine the quality
of the maize. Increased crude protein, exchangeable
acidity, pH and organic carbon contents of the soil and
uptake in sodium, magnesium, zinc, boron and copper
contents of the soil increased the content of grain N. The
crude protein content of the maize increases as the organic
carbon and pH contents of the soil increased with negative
correlation with Na, B and Cu. This shows that increase in
uptake of these nutrients from the soil will increase the
crude protein contents of the maize. Lysine and tryptophan
contents of the grain maize varieties are positively affected
by N, Na, Cu contents of the soil and exchangeable
acidity. This infers that the amino acids increase with soil
N and shows that all protein fractions in the grain are
reduced when N in the soil is limiting (Pixley and
Bjamason, 1993).
The increase in soil pH demonstrates a strong association
with phosphorus, sodium, zinc and boron contents of the
soil while availability of zinc decreases as soil pH
increases. Organic carbon and magnesium contents of the
soil increased as soil pH decreases. This infers that pH of
the soil was favorable to support the growth and yield of
the maize since the pH of the soil was moderately acid
while increase in acidity of the soil increase phosphorus
contents of the soil. Increase in nitrogen, boron and copper
contents of the soil takes place at decrease soil acidity.
Phosphorus is positively and significantly correlated with
potassium and negatively correlated with calcium. This
indicated that increase in phosphorus increases the
potassium content and decreased the calcium content of
the soil. This is called calcium induced P. K interacts with
P and together they can interact with other nutrients in soil.
5. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-3, Issue-4, Jul-Aug- 2018
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Table.3: Coefficient (r) between grain yield, other yield parameters and some chemical properties of the soil
G. yld TNg CP Lys Tryp pH Exacidity OC TNsoil AvP K Na Ca Mg Zn B Cu
G. yld 1.00
TNg -0.36** 1.00
CP -0.36** 0.99** 1.00
Lys -0.06 0.02 0.21 1.00
Tryp 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.19** 1.00
Ph 0.26* 0.20* 0.19* -0.07 -0.08 1.00
Exacidity -0.11 0.14* 0.14* -.16** -.05* 0.30** 1.00
OC -0.04 0.24** 0.24** 0.02 -0.02 -
0.14**
-0.16 1.00
TNsoil 0.19* 0.05 0.07 0.07* 0.15* -0.05 -0.22* 0.12 1.00
AvP 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.09 -0.01 0.30** 0.34** 0.20** -0.01 1.00
K -0.11 -0.05 -0.04 -0.04 0.13 -0.02 0.12 0.19* --0.05 0.27* 1.00
Na 0.18 -0.16* -0.16* -
0.16**
-0.08 0.17* -0.21 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.15* 1.00
Ca 0.17** 0.01 0.01 -0.08 -0.00 -0.19 -0.06 -0.04 0.05 -
0.25*
0.14 0.05 1.00
Mg 0.04 -0.14* -0.15 -0.08 -0.03 -0.15* -0.12 -0.04 0.10 -0.24 0.10 0.03 0.80** 1.00
Zn 0.24* -
0.38**
-0.37 0.17 0.25 0.04* -0.04 -0.20* 0.04 -0.05 0.10 0.15 0.04 0.10 1.00
B 0.49** -
0.41**
-
0.40**
-0.02 -0.10 0.16* -0.17* -0.17* -0.15* -0.09 0.03 -
0.01
0.11 0.22** 0.29** 1.00
Cu 0.31* -
0.44**
-
0.45**
-0.16* -
0.23*
0.09 -0.15* -0.14* -0.07 -0.10 -0.03 0.10 0.03 0.14* 0.23** 0.38 1.00
** = Significant at 5%
* = Significant at 1%
KEY G. yld–Grain yield TNg—Total nitrogen in grain CP—Crude protein Lys--Lysine Tryp—Tryptophan pH—pH soil Exacidity OC—Organic Carbon
TNsoilAvP—Available phosphorus Exch K Exch Na Exch.Ca Exch Mg Extrac Zn Extrac B Extrac Cu
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IV. CONCLUSION
The correlation analysis showed that all the yield
parameters influenced grain yield positively and the grain
yield increased as soil pH, total nitrogen, calcium, zinc,
copper and boron contents of the soil increased. However,
crude protein contents decreased with increase in grain
yield indicating some elements of dilution of nutrients
taken up as yield increased. Crude protein contents
increased as totals soil N, pH, and organic carbon contents
of the soil increased while lysine and tryptophan contents
of the maize increased with N and K contents of the soil
and was negative and significantly correlated with B and
exchangeable acidity of the soil.
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