The document summarizes a study characterizing soils at Angacha Research Station in Ethiopia. Soil samples were collected from horizons in a soil pit and analyzed in the lab. The soil was found to be an Alfisol with a clay loam texture. It has good fertility with medium organic carbon content that decreases with depth. The soil has properties making it well suited for agriculture, including a subsurface clay accumulation and relatively high base status. Soil characterization provides information needed to determine best management practices to maintain fertility.
Variability in the physicochemical properties of soils of different land uses form from the same lithology was studied. Soil samples were collected from surface (0 â 20 cm) and subsurface (20 â 40 cm) depths from three land use namely fallow land, continuous cultivated land and mechanic village land. The soils were air dried, sieved with 2 mm sieve and subjected to routine laboratory analysis. Results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant treatment means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 0.05 probability level. Relationship between selected soil properties were determined using correlation analysis. Results showed that the textures of the studied soils were not affected by land use practices. Bulk density increased with increase in depth with fallow land recoding the lowest values of 0.86 g/cm3 (0.-20 cm depth) and 1.06 g/cm3 (20 â 40 cm depth). Land use types significantly (P = 0.05) affected soil chemical properties such as soil pH, soil organic carbon, total N, available P and exchangeable cations with the highest values recorded in fallow land, followed by palm plantation and the least was continuous cultivated land. There were slight variations among soil properties in the three land use types studied. Significant positive and negative correlations existed and some soil properties. Good soil management practices such as organic fertilization, zero tillage and mulching is recommended especially in continuous cultivated lands.
Effect application of sea sand, coconut and banana coir on the growth and yie...NurdinUng
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The research was aimed to study effect application of sea sand (SS), coconut coir (CC) and banana coir (BC) on the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted at Ustic Endoaquert soil. The pot experiment was carried out using a factorial design with 3 factors. The first factor was SS consisted of three levels i.e.: 0%, 25%, and 50%. The second and third factors were CC and BC, each consisted of three levels i.e.: 0, 10, and 20 Mg ha-1. Application of SS and BC significantly increased leaf length where the highest increasing percentage was 16.47% which was achieved at 25% SS application. Their effect on leaf numbers and tiller numbers were relatively not similar pattern where leaf number only increased about 65.52% by BC application, while tiller numbers only increased about 10.77% by SS application. Furthermore, the application of CC and BC significantly increased panicle numbers to 29.53% and 29.05%, respectively compared to control. All ameliorants significantly increased panicle numbers, but the best was CC with the increasing up to 46.49% at 20 Mg ha-1 CC compared to SS or BC application. However, only coconut coir significantly increased the rice grain numbers.
Variability in the physicochemical properties of soils of different land uses form from the same lithology was studied. Soil samples were collected from surface (0 â 20 cm) and subsurface (20 â 40 cm) depths from three land use namely fallow land, continuous cultivated land and mechanic village land. The soils were air dried, sieved with 2 mm sieve and subjected to routine laboratory analysis. Results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant treatment means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 0.05 probability level. Relationship between selected soil properties were determined using correlation analysis. Results showed that the textures of the studied soils were not affected by land use practices. Bulk density increased with increase in depth with fallow land recoding the lowest values of 0.86 g/cm3 (0.-20 cm depth) and 1.06 g/cm3 (20 â 40 cm depth). Land use types significantly (P = 0.05) affected soil chemical properties such as soil pH, soil organic carbon, total N, available P and exchangeable cations with the highest values recorded in fallow land, followed by palm plantation and the least was continuous cultivated land. There were slight variations among soil properties in the three land use types studied. Significant positive and negative correlations existed and some soil properties. Good soil management practices such as organic fertilization, zero tillage and mulching is recommended especially in continuous cultivated lands.
Effect application of sea sand, coconut and banana coir on the growth and yie...NurdinUng
Â
The research was aimed to study effect application of sea sand (SS), coconut coir (CC) and banana coir (BC) on the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted at Ustic Endoaquert soil. The pot experiment was carried out using a factorial design with 3 factors. The first factor was SS consisted of three levels i.e.: 0%, 25%, and 50%. The second and third factors were CC and BC, each consisted of three levels i.e.: 0, 10, and 20 Mg ha-1. Application of SS and BC significantly increased leaf length where the highest increasing percentage was 16.47% which was achieved at 25% SS application. Their effect on leaf numbers and tiller numbers were relatively not similar pattern where leaf number only increased about 65.52% by BC application, while tiller numbers only increased about 10.77% by SS application. Furthermore, the application of CC and BC significantly increased panicle numbers to 29.53% and 29.05%, respectively compared to control. All ameliorants significantly increased panicle numbers, but the best was CC with the increasing up to 46.49% at 20 Mg ha-1 CC compared to SS or BC application. However, only coconut coir significantly increased the rice grain numbers.
forms and distribution of potassium along a toposequence on basaltic soils of...IJEAB
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The study was conducted in Vom, Jos Plateau state in the Southern Guinea Savanna zone of Nigeria to accentuate the forms of potassium distribution associated with topographic positions. The study area lies between longitudes 080 45â 01â and 80 47â 56ââ E, latitudes 90 43â 17ââ and 90 45â 15ââ N, with an elevation of about 1270m above sea level. A stratified purposive sampling procedure was adapted, where four landscape positions were identified using Global Positioning System (GPS). The crest, upper slope, middle, and lower slope positions were identified, each representing changes in geomorphology. Two pedons were georeferenced at each topographic position, where they were sunk and described. Result show that the forms of K varied with topographic positions. Potassium distribution varied from surface to subsurface in different topographic positions. Water soluble K was higher at crest surface (0.0569 cmolkg-1) and decreased with soil profile depth. Exchangeable K has highest value of 0.1317 and 0.1308 cmol/kg-1 at both lower slope positions in general. Non exchangeable K values where higher at all surfaces than the subsurfaces of topographic positions. HCl soluble K values were higher at lower and upper slopes surface, moderately at middle and least at crest slope positions. Total K values were higher at upper slope subsurface, middle, and lower slope surface with low variations at the crest positions. However, the distribution of the K forms did not shown a well â defined trend with respect to topographic positions.
Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas reg...Silvana Torri
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Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2011. Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas region, Argentina. In: Environmental Management: Systems, Sustainability and Current Issues.Editor: H. C. Dupont, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788,ISBN: 978-1-61324-733-4.pag. 221-236, 336 p
Soil - Plant Nutrient Correlation Analysis of Maize Varieties at the Guinea S...IJEABJ
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Field trials were conducted during the rainy season of 2008 and 2009 at the Institute for Agricultural Research farm in Samaru (110 11â N, 70 38âE) within the northern Guinea savanna ecological zone of Nigeria to evaluate correlation relationships among soil, yield and yield quality of maize varieties. The objectives of the study are to correlate among soil, grain yield and grain composition. The treatments consisted of four rates of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, 100 and 150kgNha-1), two rates of micronutrients (0, cocktail mixtures) Cu, Fe, Zn, B and Mo and four maize varieties SAMMAZ 14, SUSUMA (QPM), SAMMAZ 11 and SAMMAZ 12 (normal maize) which gave a total of thirty-two (32) treatments. There was basal application of 60kgha-1P and 60kgha-1K. These treatments were tested in a randomized complete block design with three replications with a total of 96 plots respectively. The fertilizer treatments were factorially combined. Significant correlations were obtained between grain parameters and other yield parameters such as Stover (r= 0.669, P < 0.05); 1000grain weight (r= 0.617, P < 0.05); crude proteins (r= 0.364, P< 0.05) and total nitrogen in grain (r =0.993, P < 0.05). Grain yield also increased as soil pH (r =0.26, P < 0.01); TN (r =0.19, P < 0.01); Calcium (r =0.17, P <0.05); Zn (r =0.24, P < 0.01); Cu (r =0.31, P < 0.01) and B (r =0.49, P <0.05) increased while it decreased as crude protein (-0.39, P<0.05) of the grain decreased.
Impact of Land Use Systems and Parent Materials on Soil Quality Indicators in...BRNSS Publication Hub
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A study on the impact of parent materials and land use on soil quality indicators in soils of Akwa Ibom State was conducted. The aim was to evaluate the impact of parent materials and land use systems on soil quality indicators. Three parent materials (coastal plain sand, sandstone/shale, and beach ridge sand) and three land use types (cultivated land, fallow land of 3â5 years, and oil palm plantation) were selected for the study. In each land use type per parent material, six composite soil samples were collected from the representative location within the three land use types using soil auger within 0â30 cm soil depth. Undisturbed core samples were also collected for bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity determinations. A total of 52 soil samples were generated for laboratory analysis. Results showed that among the parent materials, coastal plain sand soil had the highest silt + clay fraction, organic matter, total N, available P, and exchangeable K, followed by sandstone/shale while beach ridge sand soil had the least. Among the land use types, oil palm plantation had the highest silt + clay fraction, organic matter, exchangeable Ca and K, followed by fallow land while cultivated land had the least. The combination of parent material and land use indicated that cultivated, fallow and oil palm plantation of coastal plain sand soils had the highest water and nutrient holding capacity, high rooting volume, good aeration status, less erosion threat, higher exchange sites, more available nutrients for plant uptake, more biological activity, etc., followed by sandstone/shale while beach ridge sand had the least in the study area. The application of more organic and less inorganic fertilizers will improve the soil quality of the study area.
Investigation of Soil Status in Degraded Soils from Tantalum Mining in Gatumb...Premier Publishers
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Different soil properties from Gatumba Mining Area were assessed to characterize them and contribute in setting up practices for soil restoration. The present study was conducted to assess the soil status in degraded soils from tantalum mining in Gatumba. Nine soil profiles which were prepared in 2009 during dry season were sharpened and soils from all visible horizons were sampled. Soil analysis was performed in the soil laboratory at National University of Rwanda. Results showed that the active soil pH was lower in technosol developed on schist (4.8) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite dump (5.61) and ranged from slightly acid (5.61) to acidic (4.73). Acid saturation was lower in strongly disturbed fluvisol (3.4%) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite (10.78%) while base saturation was lower in cambic-fluvisol (37.5%) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite (89.3%). However, a significant difference (p=0.012) only observed in base saturation between soil profiles. In general, soils affected by mining had low base saturation and higher acid saturation than unaffected. Therefore, recommendation of more soluble amendment such as lime and dolomite would improve the soil pH and provide macronutrients like Ca2+ and Mg2+.
A study was conducted at a sawah site in Ghana to examine the relationship between landscape
position and some selected soil properties with the aim of generating adequate data for modeling
landscape relationships and to aid both researchers and farmers in taking critical management
decisions. Soil properties namely total porosity, moisture content, infiltration rates, hydraulic
conductivity, sand content, silt content, clay content, gravel concentration, bulk density, soil pH, total
nitrogen, soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity were collected and analysed. Data were
collected at the foot slopes, middle slopes and at the upper slopes from four major landuses (maize, oil
palm, natural vegetation and plantain) in the study area. Simple statistical parameters such as mean
and standard deviation were used to analyse the data. Moisture content, total porosity, soil pH, organic
matter and carbon and total nitrogen increased downslope whilst sand content, clay content, bulk
density occurred at upper slopes decreased downslope. Management practices appeared to have
influenced infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity and silt content.
Zn distribution in soils amended with different kinds of sewage sludgeSilvana Torri
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Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2008 b. Zn distribution in soils amended with different kinds of sewage sludge. Journal of Environmental Management (Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 88: 1571-1579. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.07.026 ISSN: 0301-4797.
Study on spatial variability of Soils using GISIJERA Editor
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Spatial variability of soil properties within or among agricultural fields is inherent in nature due to geologic and pedologic soil forming factors, but some of the variability may be induced by tillage and other management practices due to human activities. Determining such soil variability is important for precise agriculture and management of natural resources. Hence, it is important to study the extent of surface spatial variability for efficient input management and to achieve higher yield. In this regard, the spatial variability study was conducted in Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture & Research Institute, Karaikal for which 77 geo referenced soil samples were collected from the East farm (A, B, C, D, E and F blocks) and analysed for the soil properties like pH, EC, Organic Carbon, Available Nitrogen (N), Available Phosphorus (P2O5), Available Potassium (K2O) using standard procedures. With the available data the spatial maps of basic soil properties were prepared from which the properties are known in unsampled areas and with this map through linkage, spatial variability maps can be generated for other properties
Variability of some physicochemical properties on Lithosequence in Funtua, Northwestern, Nigeria were studied to determine the extent of variation in physical and chemical properties within and between soils developed on basement complexes, loess over basement complexes and loess parent materials. Variability was more pronounced in chemical than in physical properties. Particle density (CV = 0.23%) and exchangeable sodium percentage (CV = 2.23) were the least variable physicochemical properties. Physicochemical properties with highest variability are Si/C ratio (CV =88.29%) and AP (CV = 149%). Less variability (CV †15%) irrespective of soils were recorded in particle density, bulk density and pH, and therefore required similar management for all the soils. Silt, AWHC, CEC, CEC clay and base saturation were consistently moderately variable (CV: >15 †35%). Silt/clay ratio, K, OC, TN, AP and AS were consistently highly variable CV > 35%). Large proportion of properties of the soils were highly variable in all the soils with 10 (42%) of physicochemical properties of soils on BC, 9 (38%) on LBC and 13 (54%) on LS. The highly variable status was attributed to difference in land use types, management and cultural practices occurring within the study area. Properties significantly influenced by Lithosequence include available water holding capacity, magnesium, potassium, CEC and TEA. They were significantly highest in soils on loess and contributed to variation in pattern of nutrient and exchangeable bases retention.
Dynamics of Cd, Cu and Pb added to soil through different kinds of sewage sludgeSilvana Torri
Â
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2008 a. Dynamics of Cd, Cu and Pb added to soil through different kinds of sewage sludge. Waste Management (Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 28: 821-832. ISSN: 0956-053X. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.020.
Castle Doctrine: Its Origins and Impacts on U.S. HomeownersAndy Carswell
Â
Laws involving the "Castle Doctrine" for home owners, or the ability to protect oneself from outside intruders, have been broadened in recent years to provide protections and extend gun rights in areas outside the home. This presentation is a brief introduction to the concept with reference to some high-profile cases.
Cover Art: Drake Dunaway
What's your story? Storytelling tips for fiction writingNichole McGill
Â
Have you ever written half a manuscript or script only to find yourself asking, "What story am I writing anyway?" This presentation summarizes a few effective ways to rediscover the true story that you are writing.
This presentation is based a workshop I gave in 2008 sponsored by the City of Ottawa. The Ottawa Independent Writers asked me to adapt it for their Annual General Meeting.
forms and distribution of potassium along a toposequence on basaltic soils of...IJEAB
Â
The study was conducted in Vom, Jos Plateau state in the Southern Guinea Savanna zone of Nigeria to accentuate the forms of potassium distribution associated with topographic positions. The study area lies between longitudes 080 45â 01â and 80 47â 56ââ E, latitudes 90 43â 17ââ and 90 45â 15ââ N, with an elevation of about 1270m above sea level. A stratified purposive sampling procedure was adapted, where four landscape positions were identified using Global Positioning System (GPS). The crest, upper slope, middle, and lower slope positions were identified, each representing changes in geomorphology. Two pedons were georeferenced at each topographic position, where they were sunk and described. Result show that the forms of K varied with topographic positions. Potassium distribution varied from surface to subsurface in different topographic positions. Water soluble K was higher at crest surface (0.0569 cmolkg-1) and decreased with soil profile depth. Exchangeable K has highest value of 0.1317 and 0.1308 cmol/kg-1 at both lower slope positions in general. Non exchangeable K values where higher at all surfaces than the subsurfaces of topographic positions. HCl soluble K values were higher at lower and upper slopes surface, moderately at middle and least at crest slope positions. Total K values were higher at upper slope subsurface, middle, and lower slope surface with low variations at the crest positions. However, the distribution of the K forms did not shown a well â defined trend with respect to topographic positions.
Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas reg...Silvana Torri
Â
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2011. Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas region, Argentina. In: Environmental Management: Systems, Sustainability and Current Issues.Editor: H. C. Dupont, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788,ISBN: 978-1-61324-733-4.pag. 221-236, 336 p
Soil - Plant Nutrient Correlation Analysis of Maize Varieties at the Guinea S...IJEABJ
Â
Field trials were conducted during the rainy season of 2008 and 2009 at the Institute for Agricultural Research farm in Samaru (110 11â N, 70 38âE) within the northern Guinea savanna ecological zone of Nigeria to evaluate correlation relationships among soil, yield and yield quality of maize varieties. The objectives of the study are to correlate among soil, grain yield and grain composition. The treatments consisted of four rates of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 50, 100 and 150kgNha-1), two rates of micronutrients (0, cocktail mixtures) Cu, Fe, Zn, B and Mo and four maize varieties SAMMAZ 14, SUSUMA (QPM), SAMMAZ 11 and SAMMAZ 12 (normal maize) which gave a total of thirty-two (32) treatments. There was basal application of 60kgha-1P and 60kgha-1K. These treatments were tested in a randomized complete block design with three replications with a total of 96 plots respectively. The fertilizer treatments were factorially combined. Significant correlations were obtained between grain parameters and other yield parameters such as Stover (r= 0.669, P < 0.05); 1000grain weight (r= 0.617, P < 0.05); crude proteins (r= 0.364, P< 0.05) and total nitrogen in grain (r =0.993, P < 0.05). Grain yield also increased as soil pH (r =0.26, P < 0.01); TN (r =0.19, P < 0.01); Calcium (r =0.17, P <0.05); Zn (r =0.24, P < 0.01); Cu (r =0.31, P < 0.01) and B (r =0.49, P <0.05) increased while it decreased as crude protein (-0.39, P<0.05) of the grain decreased.
Impact of Land Use Systems and Parent Materials on Soil Quality Indicators in...BRNSS Publication Hub
Â
A study on the impact of parent materials and land use on soil quality indicators in soils of Akwa Ibom State was conducted. The aim was to evaluate the impact of parent materials and land use systems on soil quality indicators. Three parent materials (coastal plain sand, sandstone/shale, and beach ridge sand) and three land use types (cultivated land, fallow land of 3â5 years, and oil palm plantation) were selected for the study. In each land use type per parent material, six composite soil samples were collected from the representative location within the three land use types using soil auger within 0â30 cm soil depth. Undisturbed core samples were also collected for bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity determinations. A total of 52 soil samples were generated for laboratory analysis. Results showed that among the parent materials, coastal plain sand soil had the highest silt + clay fraction, organic matter, total N, available P, and exchangeable K, followed by sandstone/shale while beach ridge sand soil had the least. Among the land use types, oil palm plantation had the highest silt + clay fraction, organic matter, exchangeable Ca and K, followed by fallow land while cultivated land had the least. The combination of parent material and land use indicated that cultivated, fallow and oil palm plantation of coastal plain sand soils had the highest water and nutrient holding capacity, high rooting volume, good aeration status, less erosion threat, higher exchange sites, more available nutrients for plant uptake, more biological activity, etc., followed by sandstone/shale while beach ridge sand had the least in the study area. The application of more organic and less inorganic fertilizers will improve the soil quality of the study area.
Investigation of Soil Status in Degraded Soils from Tantalum Mining in Gatumb...Premier Publishers
Â
Different soil properties from Gatumba Mining Area were assessed to characterize them and contribute in setting up practices for soil restoration. The present study was conducted to assess the soil status in degraded soils from tantalum mining in Gatumba. Nine soil profiles which were prepared in 2009 during dry season were sharpened and soils from all visible horizons were sampled. Soil analysis was performed in the soil laboratory at National University of Rwanda. Results showed that the active soil pH was lower in technosol developed on schist (4.8) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite dump (5.61) and ranged from slightly acid (5.61) to acidic (4.73). Acid saturation was lower in strongly disturbed fluvisol (3.4%) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite (10.78%) while base saturation was lower in cambic-fluvisol (37.5%) and higher in technosol composed by pegmatite (89.3%). However, a significant difference (p=0.012) only observed in base saturation between soil profiles. In general, soils affected by mining had low base saturation and higher acid saturation than unaffected. Therefore, recommendation of more soluble amendment such as lime and dolomite would improve the soil pH and provide macronutrients like Ca2+ and Mg2+.
A study was conducted at a sawah site in Ghana to examine the relationship between landscape
position and some selected soil properties with the aim of generating adequate data for modeling
landscape relationships and to aid both researchers and farmers in taking critical management
decisions. Soil properties namely total porosity, moisture content, infiltration rates, hydraulic
conductivity, sand content, silt content, clay content, gravel concentration, bulk density, soil pH, total
nitrogen, soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity were collected and analysed. Data were
collected at the foot slopes, middle slopes and at the upper slopes from four major landuses (maize, oil
palm, natural vegetation and plantain) in the study area. Simple statistical parameters such as mean
and standard deviation were used to analyse the data. Moisture content, total porosity, soil pH, organic
matter and carbon and total nitrogen increased downslope whilst sand content, clay content, bulk
density occurred at upper slopes decreased downslope. Management practices appeared to have
influenced infiltration rate, hydraulic conductivity and silt content.
Zn distribution in soils amended with different kinds of sewage sludgeSilvana Torri
Â
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2008 b. Zn distribution in soils amended with different kinds of sewage sludge. Journal of Environmental Management (Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 88: 1571-1579. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.07.026 ISSN: 0301-4797.
Study on spatial variability of Soils using GISIJERA Editor
Â
Spatial variability of soil properties within or among agricultural fields is inherent in nature due to geologic and pedologic soil forming factors, but some of the variability may be induced by tillage and other management practices due to human activities. Determining such soil variability is important for precise agriculture and management of natural resources. Hence, it is important to study the extent of surface spatial variability for efficient input management and to achieve higher yield. In this regard, the spatial variability study was conducted in Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture & Research Institute, Karaikal for which 77 geo referenced soil samples were collected from the East farm (A, B, C, D, E and F blocks) and analysed for the soil properties like pH, EC, Organic Carbon, Available Nitrogen (N), Available Phosphorus (P2O5), Available Potassium (K2O) using standard procedures. With the available data the spatial maps of basic soil properties were prepared from which the properties are known in unsampled areas and with this map through linkage, spatial variability maps can be generated for other properties
Variability of some physicochemical properties on Lithosequence in Funtua, Northwestern, Nigeria were studied to determine the extent of variation in physical and chemical properties within and between soils developed on basement complexes, loess over basement complexes and loess parent materials. Variability was more pronounced in chemical than in physical properties. Particle density (CV = 0.23%) and exchangeable sodium percentage (CV = 2.23) were the least variable physicochemical properties. Physicochemical properties with highest variability are Si/C ratio (CV =88.29%) and AP (CV = 149%). Less variability (CV †15%) irrespective of soils were recorded in particle density, bulk density and pH, and therefore required similar management for all the soils. Silt, AWHC, CEC, CEC clay and base saturation were consistently moderately variable (CV: >15 †35%). Silt/clay ratio, K, OC, TN, AP and AS were consistently highly variable CV > 35%). Large proportion of properties of the soils were highly variable in all the soils with 10 (42%) of physicochemical properties of soils on BC, 9 (38%) on LBC and 13 (54%) on LS. The highly variable status was attributed to difference in land use types, management and cultural practices occurring within the study area. Properties significantly influenced by Lithosequence include available water holding capacity, magnesium, potassium, CEC and TEA. They were significantly highest in soils on loess and contributed to variation in pattern of nutrient and exchangeable bases retention.
Dynamics of Cd, Cu and Pb added to soil through different kinds of sewage sludgeSilvana Torri
Â
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2008 a. Dynamics of Cd, Cu and Pb added to soil through different kinds of sewage sludge. Waste Management (Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), 28: 821-832. ISSN: 0956-053X. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.020.
Castle Doctrine: Its Origins and Impacts on U.S. HomeownersAndy Carswell
Â
Laws involving the "Castle Doctrine" for home owners, or the ability to protect oneself from outside intruders, have been broadened in recent years to provide protections and extend gun rights in areas outside the home. This presentation is a brief introduction to the concept with reference to some high-profile cases.
Cover Art: Drake Dunaway
What's your story? Storytelling tips for fiction writingNichole McGill
Â
Have you ever written half a manuscript or script only to find yourself asking, "What story am I writing anyway?" This presentation summarizes a few effective ways to rediscover the true story that you are writing.
This presentation is based a workshop I gave in 2008 sponsored by the City of Ottawa. The Ottawa Independent Writers asked me to adapt it for their Annual General Meeting.
This is an introduction about the MongoDB. It includes basic MongoQueries. Not a advance level of presentation but provide nice information for the starters
These are the slides of the talk I gave at the Cape Town Python User Group meetup, discussing two projects I've done for Media Monitoring Africa: Dexter and Wazi.
Dexter is available at https://github.com/code4sa/mma-dexter
Wazi is online at http://wazimap.co.za/
RunSignUp Go is a strategic effort to help bring race day together for race directors and timers. RunSignUp Go provides an open platform to connect the various parts of race day together. This means existing tools and technologies can be tied together, and there is choice and freedom to add and change vendors whether for registration, results, bib assignment, mobile, race scoring or chip timing technology.
In the first section of this Book, there is introduction of Classical Arabic (a more in-depth version of the language in comparison to the Modern Fus-ha Standard, Spoken Arabic aka MSA). I will explain the literary tools of Classical Arabic, with examples, and later near the end of this section, I will share a few gems of Classical Arabic language, to give you a feel of how the Classical Arabs expressed themselves through Poetry, and what powerful literary tools they used to convey their message to an equally praiseworthy literary audience. The second section will focus on discussing the subtleties of the Qurâanic text and its beauties, and will further give tips for students of Qurâanic and Arabic language to have the ability themselves to extract beautiful gems from the Qurâan
Our little Church is using a Chronological Bible Reading Schedule by Skip Andrews. It can be found here: http://www.churchofchristduluthga.org/
Each Sunday a lesson is given from some of that week's reading. This lesson covers Mar. 2-8.
ABSTRACT- Composite soil samples were collected from the rhizospheres of Gmelina arborea, Elaeis guineensis and Hevea brasiliensis plantations as well as the Rain Forest of over 20 years of age in Akampa L.G.A. at depths of 0-15 cm (surface soil) and 15-30 cm (sub surface soil), to examine the effects of land use and management practices on some physical, chemical and microbial properties of the soils. The soils were mainly sandy loam, strongly acid in reaction and generally low in available P, exchangeable Ca2+, K+ and Na+, but moderate in Mg2+ except for the surface soil in Elaeis guineensis plantation which was however, high in organic C (4.29 %), total N (0.37 %) and Mg (3.9 cmol kg-1). The soils regardless of the land use patterns were high in exchangeable acidity with Elaeis guineensis having the least values. Diverse species of microorganisms were isolated across the different plantations and rain forest, however, Elaeis guineensis recorded the highest microbial count. Land use altered the microbial population and also had an effect on the species composition of soil microbial communities. Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp and Mucor spp as well as Aspergillus niger were however, common across the study sites while other organisms were location specific suggesting vegetation and land use meddling. The effects of land use pattern were noted in the chemical and microbial alteration observed mostly in the top of rhizosphere soils. It is pertinent that good management practices such as liming, mulching as well as cover cropping be carried out to increase and maintain the fertility of the soils.
Key-words- Land use, Physicochemical and Microbial properties, Rain Forest, Rhizosphere
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.14
ABSTRACT- The physico-chemical properties of four lands use types in Akokwa of Ideato North, Imo State, Nigeria
were determined. The land use patterns were fallow land (FL), cassava continuously cultivated land (CL), Oil palm
plantation (OPL) and Yam plot (YL). Composite samples were collected from various depths (0 -15 cm, 15 â 30 cm,
30 â 45 cm) across these land use patterns and analyzed in the laboratory. Data generated were subjected to analysis of
variance. Results obtained showed significant difference (Pâ€0.05) in soil bulk density, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen
(TN), available phosphorus (Av. P) and ECEC across the four land use types. The bulk density value was highest at
30 â 45 cm depth by CL (1.93 g/cm3), followed by YL (1.89 g/cm3), OPL (1.70 g/cm3) and FL (1.68 g/cm3). The TN
content of the soil was highest in the FL at 0 â 15 cm depth (0.25%) while the lowest was found in the CL plot (0.03%).
The soil Av. P content was highest in the FL at 0 â 15 cm depth (9.63 mg/kg) while the lowest value was obtained in CL
plot (1.16 mg/kg). The values of OC at the depths of 0 â 15 cm, 15 â 30 cm and 30 â 45 cm in the FL (1.03%, 0.49%.
0.45%) were found to be significantly different (Pâ€0.05) from the CL (0.39%, 0.15%, 0.13%) land use type. Results
obtained showed that different land use types have varying effects on soil physical and chemical properties. The fallow
land had on the surface (0 â 15 cm) the highest content of soil chemical properties and lowest bulk density. Therefore,
farmers may periodically fallow their lands to build up organic matter, stabilize soil aggregates, improves nutrient cycles
for sustainable productivity.
Key-words- Land use, Soil chemical properties, Bulk density, Fallow land, Cassava land, Yam land, Oil palm land
Taking all these into account, it is important to increase the fertility of the soil from the erosion process in Ismayilli and to prevent the washing of fodder crops from perennial herbs. The cultivation of these plants in the mountainous regions protects the slopes from the terrible erosion process and provides the animals with a strong fodder. It is proved by the results of the research that restoration of fertility and ecological balance of erosion lands and the implementation of soil-agro-technical measures to increase productivity are of great importance. Due to the application of these measures, I, as a result of improving the water and physical properties of the affected land, prevent surface water flows. In addition, the results of the study have been proven by the fact that, for certain reason, erosion and erosion hazards are most likely to be taken over by the sowing of perennial herbs. Thus, perennial herbs, in particular, accumulate the nitrogen atmosphere of the legumes, enriches the soil with organic matter, accelerates the formation of water-resistant granular - topical structure and improves its water-physical properties, which in turn facilitates the rapid digestion of foodstuffs.
Studies on Soil Microbes of Tropical Moist Forest in Federal University Otuok...IJEAB
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Soil microbes vary according to forest stand and composition and this two governs soil condition. Rural farmers believe that moist or wet soil is not suitable for forest and agricultural production. This study investigated soil microbes in a tropical moist forest soil as well as the physico-chemical properties, on the backdrop that soil microbial population, organic carbon content, electrical conductivity, and acidity have been used as good indicators of soil fertility. Three forest stands were chosen viz; high forested area (site A), low forested area (site B), and cultivated area (site C) 5m x 5m sample plot sizes were mapped out from each selected site and one sample plot per selected area were randomly chosen for investigation. Soil samples were collected for analyses. Results shows that mean values for bacteria counts were not significantly different among the sites (p< 0.05). Mean values for fungi isolates were significantly different among the sites (p< 0.05), the mean values of bacteria counts for low forested soil and cultivated land were significantly different (p< 0.05) while site A was not. Mean values for the physico-chemical parameters investigated were not significantly different (p< 0.05) across the sites. The soil could sustain plantation forestry and crop production.
Vegetation diversity on coal mine spoil heapshow important is the texture of ...EdytaSierka
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Biologia, 2019
The relationship between the size of the particle fractions of the soil substrate and the diversity of the spontaneously developing vegetation was investigated on coal mine spoil heaps in Upper Silesia (Southern Poland). The analyses were based on 2567 research plots of developed spontaneous vegetation and their associated soil substrate samples collected from 112 coal mine spoil heaps. For each research plot the prevailing particle size fraction was determined (stones, gravel, sand, silt), the species composition and abundance was recorded and the species richness (S), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (HâČ), Simpson (C) and Evenness (E) indices were used to determine species diversity. From a total of 119 research plots (in all particle size fraction categories), the values of 15 physicochemical properties (pH, electrical conductivity, water holding capacity, moisture, carbon content, total N, available P, Mg and exchange cations Ca, Mg, K, Na, fine particles (%), gravel (%), stone (%)) were obtained to asses their impact on the floristic composition of vegetation patches using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Additionally, functional traits of the dominant species of each vegetation patch (life forms, life strategies and socio-ecological groups), were selected to analyse their relation to substrate texture. It was shown that the highest species richness and the highest values for Shannon-Wiener diversity index, as well as Simpson and Evenness indices, were obtained in plots formed on stones. Moreover, the greatest variation in the participation of species representing different habitats, life forms, and life strategies was found on gravelly substrates. Contrary to our expectations, the vegetation diversity (in terms of both species and their functional traits) was not highest in habitats with a high composition of fine size particles.
Abstractâ This study was conducted in Gunugo watershed at Wolayitta zone to assess the amount of some soil chemical properties affected by traditional agroforestry practices and along different elevation gradients. The dominant agroforestry practices (homegarden, parkland and woodlot), and three elevation gradients (upper, middle and lower) were used to collect soil samples. One composite sample was taken from each sampling point from each soil depths, under three agroforestry practices and three elevation gradient with three replications to have a total of 54 soil samples at 20 x 20 m plot. Then the selected soil chemical properties among agroforestry practices and along elevation gradient was determined at p<0.05. The EC, pH and CEC of the top soil was significantly higher on homegarden than parkland and woodlot while EC, pH and total nitrogen of the sub soil were significantly higher on homegarden than parkland and woodlot. Further, only the top soil EC and CEC were significantly higher on lower elevation than upper and middle elevation and there was no significant difference in sub soil chemical parameters among elevation levels. In relation to this, most of the soil chemical properties show as the study area is being degraded. Therefore, are recommended for sustainable soil chemical property management. Hence, homegarden is suggested as a better agroforestry practice for rehabilitation of the area in a sustainable manner through enhanced accumulation of total nitrogen, good EC and CEC at all elevation gradients.
Variability in the physicochemical properties of soils of different land uses form from the same lithology was studied. Soil samples were collected from surface (0 â 20 cm) and subsurface (20 â 40 cm) depths from three land use namely fallow land, continuous cultivated land and mechanic village land. The soils were air dried, sieved with 2 mm sieve and subjected to routine laboratory analysis. Results obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant treatment means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 0.05 probability level. Relationship between selected soil properties were determined using correlation analysis. Results showed that the textures of the studied soils were not affected by land use practices. Bulk density increased with increase in depth with fallow land recoding the lowest values of 0.86 g/cm3 (0.-20 cm depth) and 1.06 g/cm3 (20 â 40 cm depth). Land use types significantly (P = 0.05) affected soil chemical properties such as soil pH, soil organic carbon, total N, available P and exchangeable cations with the highest values recorded in fallow land, followed by palm plantation and the least was continuous cultivated land. There were slight variations among soil properties in the three land use types studied. Significant positive and negative correlations existed and some soil properties. Good soil management practices such as organic fertilization, zero tillage and mulching is recommended especially in continuous cultivated lands.
PhD research presentation at the workshop of the Climate Food and Farming Network, Dec. 2-4 at Aarhus University, Foulum. The Climate Food and Farming Network is an initiative of Copenhagen U., Aarhus U., and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.
Effect of Lime and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Acid Soil Properties and Sorghum ...Premier Publishers
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Acidic soils limit the production potential of sorghum crop because of low availability of basic cations and excess of hydrogen (H+) and aluminium (Al3+) in exchangeable forms at Assosa. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of acid soil properties and sorghum to lime and Phosphorus fertilizer around Assosa area during 2012-2015 cropping seasons. Five levels of lime (0, 1.88, 3.76, 5.64 and 7.52 t ha-1) and four levels of P (0, 23, 46 and 69 kg ha-1) laid out in randomised complete block design with three replications.Analysis of variance revealed that the interaction effect of lime and phosphorus fertilizer significantly (Pâ€0.05) affected head weight, straw and grain yield of sorghum. The highest grain yield of sorghum was obtained from 5.65 t lime ha-1with application of 23, 46 and 69 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 7.54 t lime ha-1with application of 0, 23 and 46 kg P2O5 ha-1 treatments. The partial budget analysis also indicted that 1.88 t lime ha-1 along with 23 kg P2O5 ha-1 gives higher net benefits. Therefore, the management of P- deïŹcient acid soils of Assosa area requires combined applications 1.88 t lime ha-1with application of 23 kg P2O5 ha-1.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
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In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Â
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
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Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
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Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
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Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
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The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. Whatâs changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
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After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more âmechanicalâ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object Calisthenics
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11.[6 16]characterization of soils at angacha district in southern ethiopia
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
Characterization of Soils at Angacha District in Southern
Ethiopia
Abay Ayalew1* , Sheleme Beyene2
1. Natural Resource Management Research, Southern Agricultural Research Institute, Hawassa,
Ethiopia
2. School of Plant and Horticulture Science, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
*Email of the corresponding author: simretaba@yahoo.com
Abstract
The study was conducted at Angacha Research Station in Kembata Tembaro Zone of Southern
Ethiopia to characterize the soils of the research station. A pedon with 2 m x 2 m x 1.5 m volume was
opened and horizons were described in situ. Samples were collected from all identified horizons for
laboratory analysis. The physico-chemical characteristics of the soil showed that the soil has good soil
fertility status but organic carbon (OC) content was medium (1.56%). The soil type of the research
station was identified to be Alfisols. Organic carbon (OC), total N, and K contents of the soil,
ranging between 0.5 and 1.56%, 0.06 and 0.25%, and 0.19 and 0.37 Cmol (+) kg-1, respectively, and
decrease with depth, whereas the available P content is the same (40 ppm) throughout the horizons.
Therefore, it is concluded that soil fertility management practices based on the findings should focus
on maintaining and increasing OC and N content of the soil and monitoring for balances among
nutrients.
Key words: Argillic, Alfisols, Soil characterization
Introduction
Soil can be characterized by its structure, color, consistence, texture, and abundance of roots,
rocks, and carbonates. These characteristics allow scientists to interpret how the ecosystem
functions and make recommendations for soil use that have a minimal impact on the ecosystem.
For example, soil characterization data can help determine whether a garden should be planted or
a school should be built. Soil characterization data can help scientists predict the likelihood of
flooding and drought. It can help them to determine the types of vegetation and land use best
suited to a location (Globe, 2005).
Characterization of soils is fundamental to all soil studies, as it is an important tool for soil
classification, which is done based on soil properties. Soil characterization also helps to document soil
properties at research sites, which is essential for the successful transfer of research results to other
locations (Buol et al., 2003). Therefore, it is important to characterize the soil of the research site and
further investigate the soil type although the soil of the area is broadly said to be Ultisols (Ministry of
Agriculture, 1995).
Most soils have a distinct profile, which is a vertical section of soil through all its horizons and
extends up to the parent materials or it is sequence of horizontal layers (Pidwirny, 2007). Generally,
these horizons result from the processes of chemical weathering, eluviations, illuviation, and organic
decomposition. A study of soil profile is important both from the standpoint of soil formation and
soil development (pedology) and crop husbandry (edaphology) since it reveals the surface and the
subsurface characteristics and qualities, namely depth, texture, structure, drainage conditions and
6
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
soil-moisture relationships. In deep soils the soil profile may be studied up to one meter and a quarter
and in others up to the parent material. The layers (horizons) in the soil profile which vary in thickness
may be distinguished from the morphological characteristics which include colour, texture, structure,
etc. Generally, the profile consists of 3 mineral horizons 'A', 'B' and 'C'.
The 'A' horizon may consist of sub-horizons richer in organic matter intimately mixed with
mineral matter. The 'B' horizon is below the'A' horizon showing dominant features of
concentration of clay, iron, aluminum of humus alone or in combination. The C horizon is
composed of weathered parent material.
Soils widely vary in their characteristics and properties. In order to establish the
interrelationship between their characteristics they require to be classified. Understanding
the properties of the soils is important in respect of the optimum use they can be put to and
for their best management requirements. It helps to group together such soils as have
comparable characteristics so that the knowledge regarding them is presented in a
systematic manner. To classify soils and group them together in a meaningful manner
different systems of soil classification have been used from time to time. The modern
system of classification "Soil Taxonomy", which has six categories: order, sub-order, great
group, sub-group, family and series, developed by the USDA has been recommended for
adoption all over the world. According to this system of soil classification, soils are
classified in to Entisols, Inceptisols, Alfisols, Vertisols, Ultisols, Oxisols, Aridisols,
Histosols, Gelisols, Andisols, Molisols.
Alfisols are widely used for agriculture because of its natural fertility, location in humid
and sub humid regions, and responsiveness to good management. The central concept of
Alfisols is that of forest soils, which occupy relatively stable landscape positions and thus
have a subsurface zone of clay accumulation (Buol et al., 2003).
Five prerequisites are met by soils of Alfisol-dominated landscapes: (1) accumulation of enough layer
lattice clay (of any species) in the sub soil (often a Bt horizon) to form argillic (Buol et al., 2003;
Landon, 1984; Young, 1976; Bridges, 1970), kandic, or natric horizons, (2) relatively high base
(calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium) status, with base saturation by sum of cations greater
than 35% in the lower part of or below the argillic or kandic horizon and usually increasing with depth,
(3) contrasting soil horizons, which under deciduous forest include O, A, E, and Bt, with the
possibility in various ecosystems of the presence of natric, petrocalcic, duripan, and fragipan horizons,
and plinthite, (4) favorable moisture regimes (aquic, cryic, udic, ustic, and xeric soil moisture regimes),
with water available to mesophytic plants more than half the year or for three consecutive months in a
warm season; and (5) relatively little accumulation of organic matter in mineral soil horizons (most
organic matter is naturally cycled in the O horizon), particularly in cultivated areas (Buol et al., 2003).
Alfisols are used for cultivated crops, winter (hardy) hayland, pasture, range, and forest. The relatively
high base saturation of most pedons and the presence of large reserves of plant nutrients in the more
highly base-saturated C horizon indicate the native fertility of these soils (Buol et al., 2003). Alfisols
are perhaps one of the most intensively utilized body of soils in Ethiopia where the subsistence sector
places much dependence on native fertility and rainfall. They have good physical and chemical
characteristics and are found in those regions that are climatically favorable. As in other soils, nitrogen
is probably more often deficient here than any other essential element. Under normal cropping
conditions and soil management, immobilization and mineralization tend to balance each other in
magnitude to render the system in equilibrium. Because organic matter is not maintained, its formation
and decomposition with subsequent mineralization does not determine the parallel gains and losses of
soil nitrogen and other nutrients (Mesfin, 1998).
7
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
In order to know the soil fertility status and accordingly determine the best management,
characterization of the soil at the site is required. This study was therefore initiated with the objective
to characterize and classify the soil of Angacha research station.
Materials and Methods
Description of the Study Site
The study was conducted at Angacha research station, which is located in Southern Nations
Nationalities and People's Regional State (SNNPRS), Kembata Tembaro Administrative Zone. It is
located at about 260 km South of Addis Ababa and 2 km south to Angacha town, found at 70 03â N and
380 29â E and altitude 2381m asl. The mean annual rainfall is 1656 mm with a bimodal pattern that
extend from February to September. The peak rainy months are April, July, August and September
(Table 5a). The mean annual maximum temperature is 24 0C and monthly values range between 23
and 24 0C (Table 5b). The mean annual minimum temperature is 14 0C and monthly values range
between 13 and 14 0C (Table 5c). The coldest months are June and August, whereas February is the
hottest month (Table 5a).
Soil Characterization and Sampling
A 2 m x 2 m x 1.5m soil pit was excavated at a representative spot in the Research station. The soil
profile was described in situ following guidelines for soil description (FAO, 1990).
Soil samples were collected from every identified horizon of the profile and surface soil (0-30cm).
Laboratory Analyses
All Laboratory analyses were done following the procedures in laboratory manual prepared by
Sahlemedhin and Taye (2000). The soil samples were air-dried and ground to pass a 2-mm sieve and
0.5 mm sieve (for total N) before analysis. Soil texture was determined by Bouyoucos hydrometer
method. The pH and electrical conductivity of the soils were measured in water (1: 2.5 soil: water
ratio). Organic carbon content of the soil was determined following the wet combustion method of
Walkley and Black. Total nitrogen content of the soil was determined by wet-oxidation (wet digestion)
procedure of Kjeldahl method. The available phosphorus content of the soil was determined by Bray II
method. Exchangeable cations and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil were determined
following the 1 N ammonium acetate (pH 7) method. The exchangeable K and Na in the extract were
measured by flame photometer. Calcium and magnesium were measured using EDTA titration method.
The available potassium was determined by Morgan's extraction solution and potassium in the extract
was measured by flame photometer. Exchangeable acidity of the soil was determined by leaching
exchangeable hydrogen and aluminum ions from the soil samples by 1 N potassium chloride solution.
8
4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
Results and Discussion
Physico-chemical Properties and Classification of Soils of Angacha Research Station
The soil of the Research Station that covers an average of 5 ha is well drained and permeable that
occurs on land of 6% slope (Table 4). The color of the surface soil is light reddish brown when dry and
dark reddish brown when moist. The color changed to grayish with depth (Table 1). Its organic carbon
(OC) content ranged between 0.5 and 1.56% and decreases with depth (Table 2). The moist color
value and chroma, OC content and percent base saturation (PBS) meet Mollic epipedon criteria. The
results of the particle size analysis indicated that the textural classes of the soil of the research station
are clay loam at upper horizons and silty loam at Bt2 horizon (Table 2). This could be probably due to
clay migration within the profile. Clay content in the soil ranged from 30 to 42% and increased with
depth. These Bt1 and Bt2 horizons are more than 30 cm thick and have apparent cation exchange
capacity (CEC7) values of 40 and 31 cmol kg-1 clay, respectively. The Bt horizons contained 38 and 42
percent clay, which are more than 1.2 times as much clay as the A horizon above. The soil is very deep
(>150 cm) and has an angular blocky structure with good porosity and clear textural boundary. Based
on these features and the clay films (argillans) detected in these horizons, the sub surface horizons are
termed as argillic.
The base saturation percentage (BSP) is greater than 50% by ammonium acetate at pH 7 throughout
the profile. According to Buol et al. (2003), the 50% base saturation determined by the ammonium
acetate method (CEC7) is roughly equivalent to 35% base saturation by sum of cations mathod
(CEC8.2). Thus, the argillic horizons had base saturation greater than 35%. The profile has an A and Bt
horizons with accumulation of enough clay in the Bt horizons. There is also relatively high base status
in the argillic horizon. Besides these, the organic carbon (OC) content in the mineral horizons is
relatively low. The properties qualify the soil as an order of Alfisol of the soil Taxonomy with a
suborder and great group of Udalfs and Hapludalfs, respectively. The equivalent FAO/Unesco soil
classification is Haplic Luvisol. Alfisols are widely used for agriculture because of its natural fertility,
location in humid and sub humid regions, and responsiveness to good management. The central
concept of Alfisols is that of forest soils that occupies relatively stable landscape positions and thus
has a subsurface zone of clay accumulation (Buol et al., 2003).
The pH of the soil is moderately acidic (Herrera, 2005) with values ranging between 6 and 6.62. This
pH value indicates that there is no toxicity of aluminum, manganese and hydrogen; rather cations such
as K, Ca and Mg are abundant (Fall, 1998). The pH values increased with soil depth because less H+-
ions are released from decreased organic matter decomposition, which is caused by decreased organic
matter content with depth and this is in agreement with Buol et al. (2003). The electrical conductivity
of the soil ranged between 0.05 in Bt1 horizon and 0.16 dS m-1 in Bt2 horizon indicating that it has no
salinity problem (McWilliams, 2003). Higher concentrations of bases (K, Ca and Mg) are observed
in the surface horizon meeting one of the requirements of Alfisols (Buol et al., 2003).
The total N content of the soil ranged between 0.06% in Bt2 horizon and 0.25% in A horizon (Table 2).
Its content decreased with depth due to decreased organic matter content down the profile that is in
agreement with Buol et al. (20003). The C: N ratio of the soil ranged between 6.24 at the A horizon
and 10.8 at theBt2 horizon.
According to Landon (1991), the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil is medium ranging
between 12.88 and 18.08 cmol (+) kg-1 of soil. The value decreases with depth. This range of CEC
indicates that the dominant clay mineral of the soil is illite as Buol et al. (2003) indicated the CEC
range for soil dominated by this clay mineral to be between 10 and 40 cmol(+) kg-1 of soil. Alfisol is
one of the soil orders in which this mineral is an important constituent of clays (Tan, 1993).
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5. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
According to this author, K+ ions exert electrostatic bond in the interlayer of illite and link the unit
layers together not to expand up on addition of water. As a result of this, illite is potassium reservoir
(Landon, 1991) and known to be potassium rich (Keene et al., 2004). The exchangeable potassium
of the soil ranged between 0.19 and 0.37 cmol (+) kg-1 of soil. The value decreased from 0.37 cmol (+)
kg-1 of soil at A horizon to 0.19 cmol (+) kg-1 of soil at Bt1 horizon but started to increase at Bt2
horizon. The soil has low available potassium (Landon, 1991), which is similar throughout the profile
being in agreement with Foth (1990). The low availability might be attributed to fixation.
The exchangeable sodium content of the soil is 0.4 cmol (+) kg-1 of soil throughout the profile. The
exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) ranged between 3.9 and 8.3, which indicates that the soil
has no sodicity problem (Herrera, 2005). Higher ESP values were obtained at bottom horizons than the
upper one, which could be attributed to adsorption of Ca and Mg at the soil surface. The exchangeable
acidity is also low ranging between 0.02 at A horizon and 0.10 cmol (+) kg-1 of soil at Bt2 horizon. The
soil has no exchangeable aluminum throughout the profile and hence acquired its exchangeable acidity
only from the exchangeable H.
The analysis of soil sampled collected from the surface soil (0-30cm) indicated that the pH and C:N
ratio of the soil is lower than the sub surface soil. Total nitrogen, organic carbon, exchangeable bases
(K, Ca, and Mg), CEC, available P, and available K are higher in the surface soil than in the sub soil.
This showed that more nutrients are concentrated in the surface soil than in the sub soil of the
experimental area implying the agricultural crops grown on this soil can access nutrients in their
rooting depth. Particularly P and K are by far higher in the surface soil than in the sub soil. Generally
the soil is fertile satisfying one of the requirements of Alfisols (Buol et al., 2003). Nitrogen is also
higher although the difference between the surface soil and the sub soil is not as wide as the difference
in the case of P and K. The analysis indicated that the P and K are very implying the soil does not
respond to application of P and K fertilizers. Although the nitrogen content of the soil is higher in the
surface soil than in the sub soil, the rating is lower implying the soil can highly respond to application
of N fertilizers. The organic carbon (OC) content of the surface soil is 1.6% (Table 3). Herrera (2005)
classified OC as very low (<0.6%), low (0.6-1.16%), moderate (1.16-1.74%) and high (>1.74).
According to this classification, the OC content of the experimental soil is moderate. The pH is in the
range in which most nutrients are available to plants so the soil of the experimental area is good for
crop production. Therefore, agricultural practice should involve application of N fertilizer and
maintenance of other nutrients including organic carbon.
Conclusion
The soil of Angacha Research Station has good soil fertility status and pH range, where nutrients are
easily available for satisfactory crop production. However, total nitrogen is low and soil organic matter
content is medium. Therefore, soil fertility management practices should focus on maintaining and
increasing OC and N content of the soil and monitoring for balances among nutrients.
References
Bridges, E.M. (1970), âWorld Soilsâ, Cambridge University press.
Buol, S.W., R.J. Southard, R.C. Graham, P.A. McDaniel (2003), âSoil Genesis and Classificationâ.
Fall, M. AB. (1998), âKnow Your Soil Test Reportâ, Agribriefs Agronomic News Items No. 3.
Foth, H.D. (1990), âFundamentals of Soil Scienceâ, Fifth edition, John Willey and Sons New
York, Chichaster, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore.
Globe (2005), âSoil Characterization Protocolâ.
Herrera, E. (2005), âSoil Test Interpretationsâ, Guide A â 122. College of Agriculture and Home
Economics, New Mexico State University.
Keene, A., M.D. Meville and C.T. Bennet (2004), âUsing Potassium Potentials to examine
10
6. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
nutrient availability in an acid soils and scapeâ, northern Australia, Macdonald.
Landon, J.R. (1984), âBooker Tropical Soil Manualâ, A handbook for soil Survey and
agricultural land evaluation in the tropics and sub tropics, Booker Agriculture International
Limited.
Landon, J.R. (1991), âBooker Tropical Soil Manualâ, A handbook for soil Survey and
agricultural land evaluation in the tropics and sub tropics. Longman Scientific and Technical,
New York.
McWilliams, D. (2003), âSoil Salinity and Sodicity limits Efficient Plant Growth and Water
Useâ, Guide A â 140.
Mesfin Abebe (1998), âNature and Management of Ethiopian Soilsâ, Alemaya University of
Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Ministry of Agriculture (1995), âLand Use systems and Soil conditions of Ethiopiaâ, Land Use
study and Rural Technology Promotion department, Addis Ababa.
Pidwirny, M. (2007). âIntroduction to soilâ, University of British, Columbia, Okanagan.
Sahlemedhin Serstu and Taye Bekele (2000), âProcedures for Soil and Plant Analysisâ,
Technical Paper No. 74.
Tan, K.H. (1993), âPrinciples of Soil Chemistryâ, Second edition. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New
York, Basal, Hong Kong.
Young, A. (1976), âTropical Soil surveyâ, Cambridge University press, London, New York,
New Rochalle, Melboure, Syney.
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7. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
Table 1. Selected Morphological Properties of the Soil Profile at Angacha Agricultural Research
Station
Horizon Depth Color Texture
symbol (cm) (Feel Structure Consistency Boundary
Dry Moist method) Dry Moist Wet
A 0-69 5YR6/3 5YR3/2 Clay Loam Angular blocky Slightly hard Friable Ssvp Clear weavy
Bt1 69-96 5YR6/2 5YR3/2 Clay Loam Angular blocky Slightly hard Friable ssvp Clear weavy
Bt2 96-150+ 5YR7/2 5YR4/2 Clay Loam Angular blocky Slightly hard Friable ssvp Clear weavy
Ssvp-slightly sticky-very plastic
Ssvp- slightly sticky-very plastic
Ssvp- slightly sticky-very plastic
Table 2. Selected Physicochemical Properties of the Soil Profile at Angacha Agricultural Research
Station
Particle Tex pH EC N OC C/N Exchangeable bases EA BSP ESP Av Av.
Dept size tura (H2 (dS (%) (%) (cmol(+) kg-1) cmol( (%) (%) P K
h l O) m-1) +) m mg/
distribution (%) Cla kg-1 g/ kg
(cm) ss kg
Cla Na K Ca Mg CEC
Sa Silt y
nd
0- 34 36 30 CL 6.46 0.051 0.25 1.56 6.24 0.4 0.37 12.0 1.5 18.08 0.015 78.9 3.91 40 94
69
69- 24 38 CL 6.62 0.049 0.11 0.5 4.55 0.4 0.19 10.6 1.4 15.24 0.099 82.6 8.33 40 94
38
96
96- 16 42 42 SL 6.56 0.16 0.06 0.65 10.8 0.4 0.28 8.3 1.4 12.88 0.023 80.6 6.76 40 94
150+
CL- Clay Loam, SL- Silty Loam, EC-Electrical conductivity, OC- Organic carbon, C/N- Carbon to Nitrogen
ratio, EA- Exchangeable acidity, BSP- Base saturation percentage, ESP- Exchangeable sodium percentage,
Avl. P- Available phosphorus, Av. K- Available potassium.
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ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
Table 3. Selected Physicochemical Properties of the Topsoil (0-30 cm) before planting
Texture (%) pH EC N OC C/N Exchangeable bases EA Avl.P Av.K
(H2O) (dS/m) (%) (%) cmol(+) Kg-1 cmol(+) (mg/kg) cmol
-1
Sand Silt cla Na K Ca CEC Kg (+) Kg-1
y Class Mg
24 40 36 CL 6.0 0.09 0.26 1.6 6.14 0.3 0.84 12.8 1.7 22.6 0.07 65 1.0
Table 4. Description of the Soil Profile
Date 05/09/2005
Research Centre: Areka Agricultural Research Centre
Location: 2 kms to South of Angacha town, N7o 03' 043'', E38o 29' 407''
Author: Abay Ayalew
Slope(%):6%
Elevation (m asl): 2381
Surrounding landform: plain
Physiographic position: Lower part
Micro topography: No micro relief
Land use/cover: Barley, Beans, Peas, Potato, and Wheat
Parent Material: Basalt
Moisture condition: Moist
Drainage: well drained
Permeability: permeable
Erosion: a) at site: None
b) Surrounding: none
Horizon Description
A 0 - 69 cm light reddish brown (5YR 6/3) dry and dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2)
moist; clay loam; angular blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly
sticky - very plastic; many fine to medium pores; very few very
fine
roots; clear weavy boundary.
Bt1 69 - 96 cm pinkish gray (5YR 6/2) dry and dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2)
moist; clay loam; angular blocky; slightly hard, friable,
slightly
sticky - very plastic; many fine to medium pores; clear
weavy
boundary.
Bt2 96 - 150+ cm Pinkish gray (5YR 7/2) dry and dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2) moist;
abundant coarse prominent black mottles; clay loam;
angular blocky;
slightly hard, friable, sticky - very plastic; many fine to
medium pores.
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ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
Table 5. Climatic Data of Angacha
a) Mean monthly rainfall (mm)
Year Jan. Feb. Mar April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual
1995 0.0 82.4 150.2 427.2 84.0 na 265.6 303.6 125.2 3.8 7.5 66.6 1516.1
1996 69.5 na 169.4 268.8 216.4 na 80.0 202.3 189.2 21.0 55.9 0.0 1272.5
1997 0.0 5.5 90.8 282.4 162.9 84.5 64.2 181.1 161.9 263.4 165.3 41.3 1503.3
1998 92.5 60.9 118.9 161.1 181.2 162.2 131.2 143.7 111.5 176.5 41.4 0.0 1345.1
1999 56.3 na 10.8 51.9 135.5 na na na na 236.1 0.0 0.0 490.6
2000 na na na na na na 179.3 131.7 142.4 153.5 97.4 41.7 746.0
2001 0.0 2.5 240.2 267.5 201.9 234.0 322.8 175.7 232.8 268.3 443.8 18.1 2407.6
2002 59.3 27.5 84.7 118.2 161.8 203.7 301.7 364.6 279.9 0.0 0.0 67.1 1668.5
2003 20.7 59.0 177.8 286.2 241.1 245.2 266.2 274.1 251.3 40.4 22.0 38.5 1922.5
2004 138 63.5 211.4 218.7 24.0 64.5 236.3 249.6 312.2 152.5 19.0 24.5 1714.2
Mean 48.8 43.04 139.4 231.3 156.5 159.7 205.3 225.2 200.7 131.55 85.23 29.8 1656.1
na - data not available
b) Mean maximum temperature (co)
Year Jan Feb Marc Apri Ma Jun Jul Aug Sept Nov Oct Dec Mea
. . h l y e y . . . . . n
1995 25.6 25.5 25.0 25.0 24.9 na 25.2 25.2 24.7 24.5 26.0 24.7 25.12
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Vol 2, No.1, 2012
1996 24.4 na 24.3 24.5 25.1 na 24.8 24.9 25.2 24.7 24.8 24.6 24.7
1997 24.4 24.9 24.6 24.1 24.7 24.4 24.5 23.2 24.0 24.0 24.0 25.0 24.3
1998 24.3 23.9 24.7 24.7 24.1 24.0 23.5 23.4 23.2 23.0 23.6 23.3 23.8
1999 23.6 na 24.4 24.3 23.9 23.3 22.7 22.8 na 23.2 24.7 24.5 23.7
2000 na na na na na na 23.2 22.6 22.0 22.0 22.7 23.7 22.7
2001 24.2 23.8 22.6 22.1 22.0 22.6 23.1 22.7 23.0 23.0 24.1 24.3 23.1
2002 23.2 23.6 23.6 22.8 23.3 23.5 22.7 23.4 23.1 24.5 24.6 23.9 23.5
2003 24.3 24.5 23.6 22.9 23.1 22.8 22.6 22.6 23.1 24.0 24.0 23.9 23.5
2004 23.1 23.9 23.3 23.0 24.1 24.0 23.3 22.3 22.0 23.5 24.9 24.5 23.5
Mea 24.1 24.3 24.0 23.7 23.9 23.4 23.5 23.4 23.3 23.6 24.3 24.2 23.8
n
na - data not available
c) Mean minimum temperature (co)
Year Jan Feb Marc Apri Ma Jun Jul Aug Sept Nov Oct Dec Mea
. . h l y e y . . . . . n
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ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
1995 16.3 15.5 14.9 15.3 15.3 na 15.2 15.7 15.4 14.3 14.6 14.7 15.2
1996 14.4 na 14.9 14.7 15.3 na 15.5 14.4 14.9 15.2 14.7 15.0 14.9
1997 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.0 15.0 13.1 12.9 11.8 11.4 11.7 12.0 13.2 13.6
1998 12.5 12.5 12.6 12.8 13.4 12.6 12.3 12.2 12.5 12.3 13.1 na 12.6
1999 12.2 na na 13.9 13.7 13.2 12.7 12.3 na 12.3 14.3 14.6 13.1
2000 na na na na na na 13.3 12.4 12.0 11.8 12.9 12.7 12.5
2001 14.2 14.3 12.4 12.3 12.7 12.2 12.8 13.2 12.9 13.1 14.8 14.0 13.2
2002 12.9 13.9 13.5 13.2 13.7 13.5 13.1 13.4 13.1 14.7 14.7 14.0 13.6
2003 13.8 14.1 13.4 12.9 13.0 12.8 12.6 13.1 13.6 14.6 14.0 13.2 13.4
2004 13.0 13.5 12.5 12.9 14.0 13.6 12.6 12.0 12.0 13.5 14.6 14.4 13.2
Mea 13.7 14.2 13.7 13.7 14.1 13.0 13.3 13.0 13.1 13.4 14.0 14.0 13.6
n
na - data not available
16
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