Soil dynamics deals with the behavior of soils subjected to changing loads over time, such as during earthquakes. The properties of soils in the top 20-30 meters below ground significantly influence how earthquake shaking propagates upward. While soil mechanics considers static loads, soil dynamics analyzes dynamic loads that vary over time, requiring consideration of properties like hysteretic behavior. Applications include machine foundations, geotechnical earthquake engineering, construction vibrations, subsurface characterization using seismic methods, offshore structures, traffic vibrations, and vibration control. Dynamic loads can be periodic, non-periodic, deterministic, non-deterministic, cyclic, or random like earthquake shaking.
Introduction
Geostatic Stresses
Boussinesq’s Equation
Vertical Stresses Under A Circular Area
Vertical Stresses Under A Rectangular Area
Equation Point Load Method
Newmark’s Influence Chart
Regarding Types of Foundation, Methods, Uses of different types of foundation at different soil properties. Methods of construction of different types of foundation, Codal Provisions etc.
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
Introduction
Geostatic Stresses
Boussinesq’s Equation
Vertical Stresses Under A Circular Area
Vertical Stresses Under A Rectangular Area
Equation Point Load Method
Newmark’s Influence Chart
Regarding Types of Foundation, Methods, Uses of different types of foundation at different soil properties. Methods of construction of different types of foundation, Codal Provisions etc.
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
DERIVATION OF EQUATION TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS
Download vedio link
https://youtu.be/imy61hU0_yo
Get power point presentation n soil liquefaction. Get handwritten notes of any subject and any university at LectureNotes.in.
Visit the website: https://lecturenotes.in/
liquefaction, its causes,mechanism and liquefaction potential mappings. Liquefaction analysis and measure of mitigation . along with susceptibility map of Kathmandu valley, Nepal and conclusion.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
DERIVATION OF EQUATION TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS
Download vedio link
https://youtu.be/imy61hU0_yo
Get power point presentation n soil liquefaction. Get handwritten notes of any subject and any university at LectureNotes.in.
Visit the website: https://lecturenotes.in/
liquefaction, its causes,mechanism and liquefaction potential mappings. Liquefaction analysis and measure of mitigation . along with susceptibility map of Kathmandu valley, Nepal and conclusion.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Seismic Microzonation - Principles and MethodologyIJERA Editor
The string of earthquake in India has created a serious problem for engineers and administrators and even for
people also. Metro cities and other big cities in India have experienced severe earthquake hazard problem. This is
same for Himalayan region and even peninsular shield. On 26 jan 2001 , one of the greatest India has ever
experienced strikes in Kachchh , a region of Gujrat . Magnitude of this earthquake was 7.7 (MW) .This earthquake
spread a huge damage which was almost a radius of 400 Kms. This earthquake damaged major cities of Gujrat like
Ahmedabad , Bhavnagar , Surat. No one can say no for same threat for Delhi , national capital of India from local
and probable catastrophic earthquake due to central himalaya . There are many more other Indian cities which are
sitting in thick sedimentry basins along Indo-Gangetic plane and Brahmaputra valley . They have also the same
threat. To reduce the seismic hazard, it is now important to define a correct response in terms of peak ground
acceleration and spectral amplification . Both are highly dependent on local site conditions and also dependent on
source characterization of future expected earthquakes . Microzonation studies are now important for a detailed
ground motion modelling for urban and semi-urban cities of India. This paper presents an overview of seismic
microzonation . Steps required and methodology used for seismic microzoation is also discussed here.
Importance of geotechnical engineering knowledge to civil engineers.pdfankit482504
Importance of geotechnical engineering knowledge to civil engineers:-
In today\'s environmental challenges due to climatic changes and global increase in population
the knowledge of geotechnical engineering is a boon for the civil engineers.The knowledge helps
engineers in minimizing natural hazards :-
1) By Landslide stabilization.
2) Flood Protection.
3) Avalanche and mud flow protection.
4) Design of earthquake resistant structures etc.
In former centuries drinking water was often contaminated with full of bacterias causing terrible
epidemics like cholera,typhoid,fever etc. causing death of millions of populations.It is the merit
of geotechnical engineering which saved millions of life than medicine by providing the means
of supply of clean drinking water and for proper disposal of liquid and solid waste. The first
public Vienna drinking water system, for instance, was constructed in the year 1870-1873, and it
has been supplying the population with 470 million litres of high quality water per day ever
since.The total length of the pipes from the headwaters region in the mountains to the
reservoirsin Vienna is 3,100 km.
It was through dams, not gold that california became the equivalent of the world\'s seventh
richest country.Dams have turned the arid central valley into an agricultural supermarket to the
world.
Concept of Geotechnical engineering & application in construction
Geotechnical engineering is the branch of civil engineering concerned with the engineering
behavior of earth materials. Geotechnical engineering is important in civil engineering, but also
has applications in military, mining, petroleum and other engineering disciplines that are
concerned with construction occurring on the surface or within the ground. Geotechnical
engineering uses principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics to investigate subsurface
conditions and materials; determine the relevant physical/mechanical and chemical properties of
these materials; evaluate stability of natural slopes and man-made soil deposits; assess risks
posed by site conditions; design earthworks and structure foundations; and monitor site
conditions, earthwork and foundation construction.
A typical geotechnical engineering project begins with a review of project needs to define the
required material properties. Then follows a site investigation of soil, rock, fault distribution and
bedrock properties on and below an area of interest to determine their engineering properties
including how they will interact with, on or in a proposed construction. Site investigations are
needed to gain an understanding of the area in or on which the engineering will take place.
Investigations can include the assessment of the risk to humans, property and the environment
from natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, sinkholes, soil liquefaction, debris flows
and rock falls.
An engineer then determines and designs the type of foundations, earthworks, and/or pavement
sub grades required for t.
Rocks mechanics and its application in mining geology.
It aims at enhancing the mining process and higher yielding by reducing the chance of failures by providing information about the rocks of the mining area.
Post Earthquack Slope Stability Analysis of Rubble Mound BreakwaterIJERA Editor
Rubble mound breakwaters are structures built mainly of quarried rock. Generally armourstone or artificial concrete armour units are used for the outer armour layer,which should protect the structure againist wave attack. Armour stones and concrete armoure unites in this outer layer are usually placed with care to obtain effective interlocking and consequently better stability
VARIATION OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF MID-RISE RC BUILDINGS DUE TO SOIL STRUCTURE ...IAEME Publication
The seismic design of RC buildings requires determining the expected base shear, lateral drift at each story level and internal forces of the structural elements. In the analysis, it is common for the structural engineers to consider a fixed base structure which means that the foundations and the underlying soil are assumed to be infinitely rigid. This assumption is not proper since the underlying soil in the near field often consists of soft soil layers that possess different properties and may behave nonlinearly leading to drastic variation of the seismic motion before hitting the structure foundation. In addition, the mutual interaction between the structure, its foundation and the underlying soil during the vibrations can substantially alter the structure response. This response variation depends on the structure characteristics, the soil properties and the nature of the seismic excitation. Consequently, an accurate assessment of inertial forces and displacements in structures requires a rational treatment of soil structure interaction (SSI) effects.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
2. SOIL DYNAMICS
Introduction:
SOIL Dynamics deals with the engineering
behaviour of soils subjected to time varying loads and
loads applied very rapidly.
How soil responds to earthquakes comes in the
domain of Soil Dynamics. 20 to 30 m of soil below ground
surface significantly influences the damage patterns of
structures during an earthquake. The nature of soils in
this zone has a crucial influence on some important
parameters of ground shaking that finally travels up to
ground surface. This phenomenon is popularly known as
soil amplification.
3. SOIL DYNAMICS
Comparison: Soil Mechanics & Soil Dynamics
(i) In Soil Mechanics static loads are considered, that do not change
with time. For example, the stress and strain induced at a depth
below the ground surface due to construction of a dam are
constant. Equilibrium equations are used to determine them. In
Soil Dynamics applied loads vary with time. This implies that the
stress and strain induced in the soil are also functions of time.
The governing equations are thus those of wave propagation.
(ii) Because of the difference in the nature of applied loads we need to
consider soil parameters that are relevant for cyclic loading. These
include inelastic hysteretic behaviour of soils and at times the
increase in pore water pressure due to load repetitions.
4. SOIL DYNAMICS
Comparison: Soil Mechanics & Soil Dynamics
iii) In problems of Soil Mechanics, the magnitudes of loads being
applied a priori, i.e. loads are known and then analyze and design
is carried out. In Soil Dynamics, sometimes loads may not be
known as a priori. For example, the inertia forces generated during
earthquakes are dependent on the earthquake itself and their
magnitude becomes apparent only during the loading process.
(iv) In Soil Mechanics the basic interest is that vertical stresses
imposed do not exceed soil capacity and vertical displacements, i.e.
settlements are within permissible limits. In Soil Dynamics,
particularly during earthquakes, focus is on lateral movements and
attempt is to keep them within limits.
5. SOIL DYNAMICS
Similarities: Soil Mechanics & Soil Dynamics
i) Engineering behaviour of soils under static as well as dynamic
loading is a function of density, water content, confining stress,
stress history, drainage conditions, levels of strains etc. In case of
engineering behaviour of soils under dynamic loading, special
attention needs to be paid to the rate of loading and whether,
during shear, the soil dilates or suffers volume reduction. For
example, if the rate of loading is increased while conducting an
Unconfined Compression Strength test, typically the strength of the
soil increases which can be attributed to viscous effects. Similarly,
the pore water pressure developed during undrained tests can be
negative or positive depending on the density of soil.
ii) There are similarities also in designing. For example, a footing is
designed for a prescribed maximum settlement. A machine
foundation can be designed on similar lines for a prescribed
maximum amplitude of vibration.
6. SOIL DYNAMICS
For the Consulting Geotechnical Engineer to be able to
competently handle problems in Soil Dynamics requires that he/she
be able to understand the requirements of Mechanical Engineers and
be able to provide needed inputs to Structural Engineers. This calls for
a good knowledge of vibration theory and principles of wave
propagation as well as that of modem numerical/analytical
techniques.
7. SOIL DYNAMICS
APPLICATIONS:
1. Machine Foundations :
There are several types of machines such as reciprocating
machines, rotary machines, punch presses, shredders, forge hammers,
rollers, laser beam recorders, etc. that transmit time varying
(dynamic) loading to the underlying soil. Machines such as
reciprocating pumps and rotary machines transmit sinusoidal loading
where as machines such as punch presses, shredders and forge
hammers transmit impact type of loading to the underlying soil.
Dynamic forces from these machines induce vibrations in the
foundations and make it uncomfortable for the people working
around them. If the vibrations are excessive, they can cause damage to
the connecting piping or even the machine itself. Consulting
Geotechnical Engineer should make sure that the vibrations of the
designed foundation are within the prescribed limits as stipulated by
the manufacturer of the machine and also that they do not cause
distress to the surrounding structures. Also, appropriate remedial
measures for an existing foundation transmitting excessive vibrations
should be suggested.
8. SOIL DYNAMICS
APPLICATIONS:
2. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering:
Earthquakes can damage or destroy buildings, bridges,
towers, retaining walls, dams, water front structures, in fact, all man
made structures as well as naturally existing formations such as
slopes. The frequency of earthquake loading may
(i) match the natural frequency of existing structures and give rise to
resonance which manifests in inducing high displacement
amplitudes leading to damage,
(ii) induce large inertia forces in a structure leading to excessive lateral
forces, or
(iii) trigger liquefaction to take place in a saturated soil below the
foundation and lead to structural damage or collapse.
Consulting Geotechnical Engineers have an important role to
play in providing valuable input for seismic hazard mitigation such as:
(i) the natural period of the underlying soil,
(ii) the design ground motion for structures,
(iii) dynamic soil properties for soil-structure interaction studies, etc
9. SOIL DYNAMICS
APPLICATIONS:
3. Construction Vibrations:
Several processes employed during Civil Engineering
construction such as dynamic compaction, vibratory compaction,
blast densification of sand, pile driving, mechanical trenching,
explosive demolition, etc. set off vibrations in the ground and these
vibrations propagate through the surrounding soil to adjacent
structures and may cause either damage or cosmetic cracking.
Guidelines are now being developed using knowledge of the
dynamic behaviour of soils along with response spectra of
ground motions recorded during the above said activities. These
guidelines are for such diverse activities as
(i) determining safe distances from the source of vibration,
(ii) organizing proper sequencing of blasts,
(iii) estimating the thickness of the lift and number of passes of the
roller for compaction etc
10. SOIL DYNAMICS
APPLICATIONS:
4. Nondestructive Characterization of subsurface:
Nondestructive methods like seismic reflection, seismic
refraction and spectral analysis of surface waves are increasingly being
used to characterize subsurface geology and some times even the
pavement systems. These methods use seismic waves and their
propagation characteristics through underlying materials to establish
the shear wave velocity, thickness and Poission's Ratio of the
subsurface layers. These methods also give an indication of the depth
to the bed rock and the ground water table. These methods are not
substitutes for drilling, sampling and testing. Properly planned and
executed, they can optimize exploration programmes by maximizing
the rate of ground coverage and minimizing the drilling requirements.
Many principles of wave propagation through soils are applicable to
seismic methods and a sound knowledge of attenuation of seismic
energy along ray paths, reflection and transmission of seismic wave
along boundaries in a layered medium, etc. are required for proper
interpretation of results.
11. SOIL DYNAMICS
APPLICATIONS:
5. Offshore structures:
Offshore structures are subjected to alternating
lateral forces and time varying vertical forces due to passage of
waves. The period and height of waves also vary. These varying
loads are transmitted to the foundations in the seabed and then to
the soil below the seabed. The cyclic loading may induce high pore
water pressures leading to stability problems and excessive
settlements. Many floating offshore platforms have connecting
pipes and the stability of these pipes also becomes an issue. These
problems are typically dealt within the framework of not just soil-
structure interaction but soil-structure-fluid interaction and is one
of the most challenging design problems encountered in
professional practice
12. SOIL DYNAMICS
APPLICATIONS:
6. Traffic and rail induced vibrations:
With the increase in speed of trains and vehicles, traffic
induced vibrations have to be taken account of in designing tracks
and pavements. The vibrations are also becoming not only an
environmental concern but also a concern for the Consulting
Geotechnical Engineer from another viewpoint. The micro-
vibrations induced by the transit of trains or vehicles may not result
in the collapse of nearby buildings, they, however, can cause the
malfunctioning of sensitive/ delicate instruments located in these
buildings and cause disturbance to the people living along the track
lines. Here also, the subsoil acts as a medium of wave transmission
from the source to the neighboring structures. A good
understanding of cyclic behaviour of subsoil is required in addition
to several other parameters such as speed of the train, type of the
train, building foundation, distance to the building from the
track etc. for a proper design so as to reduce the vibrations reaching
the building and to mitigate their effect.
13. SOIL DYNAMICS
APPLICATIONS:
7. Other problems:
There are several other problems that require a knowledge of
Soil Dynamics for their solution. Few problems are as follows:
(i) vibration isolation and screening so as to reduce or minimize the
vibrations transmitted to foundation/building,
(ii) force transmission so as to reduce the force transmitted to the
subsoil,
(iii) seismic protection of buildings, and
(iv) control and reduction of structural vibrations
14. SOIL DYNAMICS
APPLICATIONS:
7. Other problems:
There are several other problems that require a knowledge of
Soil Dynamics for their solution. Few problems are as follows:
(i) vibration isolation and screening so as to reduce or minimize the
vibrations transmitted to foundation/building,
(ii) force transmission so as to reduce the force transmitted to the
subsoil,
(iii) seismic protection of buildings, and
(iv) control and reduction of structural vibrations
15. SOIL DYNAMICS
Nature and Type of Dynamic Loading on Soils:
Dynamic loads vary in their magnitude, direction, or position
with time. The type of dynamic loading in soil or the foundation of a
structure depends on the nature of the source producing it.
1. Periodic dynamic load: It varies in magnitude with time and repeats
itself at regular intervals, for example, operation of a reciprocating or a
rotary machine.
2. Nonperiodic dynamic loads: These do not show any periodicity, for
example, wind loading on a building.
3. Deterministic loads: These are those loads that can be specified as
definite functions of time, irrespective of whether the time variation is
regular or irregular, for example, the harmonic load imposed by
unbalanced rotating machinery.
4. Nondeterministic loads: These are those loads that can not be described
as definite functions of time because of their inherent uncertainty in
their magnitude and form of variation with time, for example,
earthquake loads
5. Cyclic loads: These are those loads which exhibit a degree of regularity
both in its magnitude and frequency
16. SOIL DYNAMICS
Nature and Type of Dynamic Loading on Soils:
The operation of a reciprocating or a rotary machine typically
produces a dynamic load pattern. This dynamic load is more or less
sinusoidal in nature and may be idealized.
17. SOIL DYNAMICS
Nature and Type of Dynamic Loading on Soils:
The impact of a hammer on a foundation produces a
transient loading condition in soil, as shown in Figure (a). The load
typically increases with time up to a maximum value at time t = t1 and
drops to zero after that. A typical loading pattern (vertical
acceleration) due to a pile-driving operation is shown in (b).
18. SOIL DYNAMICS
Nature and Type of Dynamic Loading on Soils:
Pure dynamic loads do not occur in nature and are always a
combination of static and dynamic loads.
19. SOIL DYNAMICS
Nature and Type of Dynamic Loading on Soils:
Dynamic loading associated with an earthquake is random in
nature. A load that varies in a highly irregular fashion with time is
sometimes referred to as a random load. Figure shows the
accelerogram of the E1 Centro, California, earthquake of May 18, 1940
20. SOIL DYNAMICS
Nature and Type of Dynamic Loading on Soils:
For consideration of land-based structures, earthquakes are
the important source of dynamic loading on soils. This is due to the
damage-causing potential of strong motion earthquakes and the fact
that they represent an unpredictable and uncontrolled phenomenon
in nature. The ground motion due to an earthquake may lead to
permanent settlement and tilting of footings and, thus, the structures
supported by them. Soils may liquefy, leading to buildings sinking
and lighter structures such as septic tanks floating up . The damage
caused by an earthquake depends on the energy released at its source.
For offshore structures, the dynamic load due to storm waves
generally represents the significant load. However, in some situations
the most severe loading conditions may occur due to the combined
action of storm waves and earthquakes loading. In some cases the
offshore structure must be analyzed for the waves and earthquake
load acting independently of each other
21. SOIL DYNAMICS
Type of Problems related toDynamic Loading on Soils:
In general, the problems involving dynamic loading of soils
can be divided in to two categories:
1. Problems involving small strain amplitude response e.g.
foundations of machines, which usually have low strain amplitude
of the order of 0.0001 to 0.001 %
2. Problems involving large strain amplitude response e.g. strong
motion earthquakes, blasts and nuclear explosions , which can
develop large strian amplitude of the order of 0.01 to 0.1 %