The string of earthquake in India has created a serious problem for engineers and administrators and even for
people also. Metro cities and other big cities in India have experienced severe earthquake hazard problem. This is
same for Himalayan region and even peninsular shield. On 26 jan 2001 , one of the greatest India has ever
experienced strikes in Kachchh , a region of Gujrat . Magnitude of this earthquake was 7.7 (MW) .This earthquake
spread a huge damage which was almost a radius of 400 Kms. This earthquake damaged major cities of Gujrat like
Ahmedabad , Bhavnagar , Surat. No one can say no for same threat for Delhi , national capital of India from local
and probable catastrophic earthquake due to central himalaya . There are many more other Indian cities which are
sitting in thick sedimentry basins along Indo-Gangetic plane and Brahmaputra valley . They have also the same
threat. To reduce the seismic hazard, it is now important to define a correct response in terms of peak ground
acceleration and spectral amplification . Both are highly dependent on local site conditions and also dependent on
source characterization of future expected earthquakes . Microzonation studies are now important for a detailed
ground motion modelling for urban and semi-urban cities of India. This paper presents an overview of seismic
microzonation . Steps required and methodology used for seismic microzoation is also discussed here.
Geomatics Based Landslide Vulnerability Zonation Mapping - Parts Of Nilgiri D...IJERA Editor
Landslide includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rock falls, deep failure of slope, and shallow debris flows. Although gravity acting on an over steepened slope is the primary reason for a landslide. The Nilgiri Hills (Mountains) of Tamil Nadu, India are prone to landslides, which often result in considerable damage to private property, public infrastructure, and loss of life. The mapping of LVZ includes, the preparation of various thematic layers from different data sources, such as Survey of India topographic sheets, Satellite data, Geological Survey of India maps etc. These landslides are typically the result of the structural failure of thick laterite soils that have been saturated by heavy rains during the monsoon season. . GIS have proved to be useful tools for analyzing and managing landslide related data. GIS has been widely used in quantitative estimation landslide susceptibility. The methodology adopted for the identification of landslide vulnerable zones, and suggestion of remedial measures based on the vulnerability of landslides on different terrain parameters per unit area. Through this study, it is evinced again that the geomatics technology is a proven tool for landslide studies in order to properly understand, identify and suggest remedial measures.
Seismic Microzonation Study in Tabriz Metropolitan City for Earthquake Risk M...IJERA Editor
Azerbaijan is the site of convergent plate collisions along the Alpine-Himalayan active mountain belt. Brittle
faults in the Azerbaijan area are mostly Cenozoic in or younger. The data presented demonstrate clearly that
geological structures are commonly repeated at all scales from outcrop to regional. Several regional earthquakes
have been strongly felt and caused damages in and around Tabriz during history. Urban seismic risk is
increasing with population growth and encroachment of vulnerable built in environment into areas susceptible
seismic hazard. Seismic -hazard assessment an estimate of ground motion at the site of interest, taking into
account instrumental and historical earthquake records, information on tectonics, geology, and
attenuation characteristics of seismic waves Tabriz is important industrial city of Iran. It has a very high
population density about 2.000000 people in area just 90 km2. The main objective of the Tabriz seismic
instrumentation and microzonation study was to carry out and propose new building in Tabriz and suburbs in
order to apply these criteria its development programs and determine the potential for damage to
existing constructions during earthquake motions, and finally earthquake risk mitigation assessment.
Seismic Risk Assessment and Hazard mapping in NepalPrinceShahabkhan
Assalamualikum
This presentation is about" Seismic Risk Assessment and Hazard mapping in Nepal" and it is related to Hazard and Disaster management Subject.
Soil structure interaction effect on dynamic behavior of 3 d building frames ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The soil flexibility effect is generally not considered in seismic design of building frames and the design is done based on results of dynamic analysis taking fixed base condition. Flexibility effect of soil causes lengthening of lateral natural period due to overall reduction in lateral stiffness of the structure. Such lengthening lateral natural period (T) may considerably vary the seismic response of building frames resting on raft foundation. Hence it is necessary to unite the flexibility of soil on which the foundation rests during analysis such study being termed as soil structure interaction (SSI). In the present study the dynamic behavior of building frames over raft footing under seismic forces uniting soil structure interaction is considered. The analysis is carried out using FEM software SAP2000 *Ver14. For the interaction analysis of space frame, foundation and soil are considered as parts of a single compatible unit and soil is idealized using the soil models for analysis. The soil system below a raft footing is replaced by providing a true soil model (continuum model). In continuum model, soil is considered as homogeneous, isotropic, elastic of half space for which dynamic shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio are the inputs. Influence of number of parameters such as number of storey’s, soil types and height ratio for seismic zone-V is considered in present study. Building responses are considered for bare frame with and without accounting for soil flexibility. The responses in terms of lateral natural period and seismic base shear, lateral displacement (story drift), with and without soil flexibility is compared to evaluate the contribution of soil flexibility on building frames. Keywords: soil structure interaction, natural period, base shear, max. lateral displacement and raft footing etc…
Effect of soil structure interaction on high rise r.c regular frame structur...eSAT Journals
Abstract Reinforced concrete building structure consist of horizontal member (beam & slab) and vertical members (columns & walls), and supported by foundation. The structure is subjected to loads of self-weight, live load, wind load and earthquake load etc. The structural strength of slab and the brick walls is not normally considered in the analysis of the structure Generally the foundation support is assumed as either hinged or fixed support, while foundations transmit the load to the soil medium which undergoes a settlement (vertical) depending on the loads from the structure and characteristics of the soil medium, causing the additional forces in structure. However, this effect is normally neglected in the structural analysis due to its complicated analysis. An attempt is made to analyze the structure considering the foundation soil settlement as define like soil medium by spring. The structure is analyzed for various seismic zones of India. (II, III, IV,&V), sub grade modulus of soil (Gs) from 12000kN/m3 to 60,000kN/m3.The results of the above analysis are used to study the effect of soil – structure interaction on horizontal displacement ‘훿x’ at each floor, and vertical displacement ‘훿y’ at the supports of a building. From the study, it is observed that the maximum percentage of variation in x- trans is 337 percentage with respect to fixed support condition at sub grade modulus of 12,000 kN /m2/m at seismic zone V and the maximum percentage of variation in y- trans is 1420 percentage with respect to fixed support at sub grade modulus 12,000 kN/m2/m at seismic zone V. From pilot study, concluded that effect of soil – structure interaction has to consider especially for lower sub grade modulus of soil at higher seismic intensities. KeyWords: Soil structure interaction (SSI), R.C.frame, Seismic load, High rise buildings etc…
Geomatics Based Landslide Vulnerability Zonation Mapping - Parts Of Nilgiri D...IJERA Editor
Landslide includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rock falls, deep failure of slope, and shallow debris flows. Although gravity acting on an over steepened slope is the primary reason for a landslide. The Nilgiri Hills (Mountains) of Tamil Nadu, India are prone to landslides, which often result in considerable damage to private property, public infrastructure, and loss of life. The mapping of LVZ includes, the preparation of various thematic layers from different data sources, such as Survey of India topographic sheets, Satellite data, Geological Survey of India maps etc. These landslides are typically the result of the structural failure of thick laterite soils that have been saturated by heavy rains during the monsoon season. . GIS have proved to be useful tools for analyzing and managing landslide related data. GIS has been widely used in quantitative estimation landslide susceptibility. The methodology adopted for the identification of landslide vulnerable zones, and suggestion of remedial measures based on the vulnerability of landslides on different terrain parameters per unit area. Through this study, it is evinced again that the geomatics technology is a proven tool for landslide studies in order to properly understand, identify and suggest remedial measures.
Seismic Microzonation Study in Tabriz Metropolitan City for Earthquake Risk M...IJERA Editor
Azerbaijan is the site of convergent plate collisions along the Alpine-Himalayan active mountain belt. Brittle
faults in the Azerbaijan area are mostly Cenozoic in or younger. The data presented demonstrate clearly that
geological structures are commonly repeated at all scales from outcrop to regional. Several regional earthquakes
have been strongly felt and caused damages in and around Tabriz during history. Urban seismic risk is
increasing with population growth and encroachment of vulnerable built in environment into areas susceptible
seismic hazard. Seismic -hazard assessment an estimate of ground motion at the site of interest, taking into
account instrumental and historical earthquake records, information on tectonics, geology, and
attenuation characteristics of seismic waves Tabriz is important industrial city of Iran. It has a very high
population density about 2.000000 people in area just 90 km2. The main objective of the Tabriz seismic
instrumentation and microzonation study was to carry out and propose new building in Tabriz and suburbs in
order to apply these criteria its development programs and determine the potential for damage to
existing constructions during earthquake motions, and finally earthquake risk mitigation assessment.
Seismic Risk Assessment and Hazard mapping in NepalPrinceShahabkhan
Assalamualikum
This presentation is about" Seismic Risk Assessment and Hazard mapping in Nepal" and it is related to Hazard and Disaster management Subject.
Soil structure interaction effect on dynamic behavior of 3 d building frames ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The soil flexibility effect is generally not considered in seismic design of building frames and the design is done based on results of dynamic analysis taking fixed base condition. Flexibility effect of soil causes lengthening of lateral natural period due to overall reduction in lateral stiffness of the structure. Such lengthening lateral natural period (T) may considerably vary the seismic response of building frames resting on raft foundation. Hence it is necessary to unite the flexibility of soil on which the foundation rests during analysis such study being termed as soil structure interaction (SSI). In the present study the dynamic behavior of building frames over raft footing under seismic forces uniting soil structure interaction is considered. The analysis is carried out using FEM software SAP2000 *Ver14. For the interaction analysis of space frame, foundation and soil are considered as parts of a single compatible unit and soil is idealized using the soil models for analysis. The soil system below a raft footing is replaced by providing a true soil model (continuum model). In continuum model, soil is considered as homogeneous, isotropic, elastic of half space for which dynamic shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio are the inputs. Influence of number of parameters such as number of storey’s, soil types and height ratio for seismic zone-V is considered in present study. Building responses are considered for bare frame with and without accounting for soil flexibility. The responses in terms of lateral natural period and seismic base shear, lateral displacement (story drift), with and without soil flexibility is compared to evaluate the contribution of soil flexibility on building frames. Keywords: soil structure interaction, natural period, base shear, max. lateral displacement and raft footing etc…
Effect of soil structure interaction on high rise r.c regular frame structur...eSAT Journals
Abstract Reinforced concrete building structure consist of horizontal member (beam & slab) and vertical members (columns & walls), and supported by foundation. The structure is subjected to loads of self-weight, live load, wind load and earthquake load etc. The structural strength of slab and the brick walls is not normally considered in the analysis of the structure Generally the foundation support is assumed as either hinged or fixed support, while foundations transmit the load to the soil medium which undergoes a settlement (vertical) depending on the loads from the structure and characteristics of the soil medium, causing the additional forces in structure. However, this effect is normally neglected in the structural analysis due to its complicated analysis. An attempt is made to analyze the structure considering the foundation soil settlement as define like soil medium by spring. The structure is analyzed for various seismic zones of India. (II, III, IV,&V), sub grade modulus of soil (Gs) from 12000kN/m3 to 60,000kN/m3.The results of the above analysis are used to study the effect of soil – structure interaction on horizontal displacement ‘훿x’ at each floor, and vertical displacement ‘훿y’ at the supports of a building. From the study, it is observed that the maximum percentage of variation in x- trans is 337 percentage with respect to fixed support condition at sub grade modulus of 12,000 kN /m2/m at seismic zone V and the maximum percentage of variation in y- trans is 1420 percentage with respect to fixed support at sub grade modulus 12,000 kN/m2/m at seismic zone V. From pilot study, concluded that effect of soil – structure interaction has to consider especially for lower sub grade modulus of soil at higher seismic intensities. KeyWords: Soil structure interaction (SSI), R.C.frame, Seismic load, High rise buildings etc…
VARIATION OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF MID-RISE RC BUILDINGS DUE TO SOIL STRUCTURE ...IAEME Publication
The seismic design of RC buildings requires determining the expected base shear, lateral drift at each story level and internal forces of the structural elements. In the analysis, it is common for the structural engineers to consider a fixed base structure which means that the foundations and the underlying soil are assumed to be infinitely rigid. This assumption is not proper since the underlying soil in the near field often consists of soft soil layers that possess different properties and may behave nonlinearly leading to drastic variation of the seismic motion before hitting the structure foundation. In addition, the mutual interaction between the structure, its foundation and the underlying soil during the vibrations can substantially alter the structure response. This response variation depends on the structure characteristics, the soil properties and the nature of the seismic excitation. Consequently, an accurate assessment of inertial forces and displacements in structures requires a rational treatment of soil structure interaction (SSI) effects.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION (SSI) USING ANFIS MODEL WITH O...IAEME Publication
One of the real difficulties for structural engineers is design and construction of
structures with satisfactory performance under dynamic loading conditions actuated
by strong wind or seismic tremors. SSI is a major problem in the construction process,
which may alter the dynamic characteristics of the structural response altogether. The
SSI system has two characteristic differences from the general structural dynamic
system which are the unbounded nature as well as the non-direct characteristics of the
soil medium. This study considering the SSI impacts in dynamic impacts of concrete
moment opposing building frames resisting on Soil Pile Structure (SPS) is additionally
anticipated. In SSI modeling, for diminishing the complexity and enhance the
prediction accuracy, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model with
Opposition Based BAT Algorithm (OBAT) is proposed. It is demonstrated that the
proposed model can foresee the dynamic response of the soil-structure system with
great accuracy in much less time contrasted and the current strategies.
A Study of Ground Surface Motion for Different Locations of Dhaka Cityiosrjce
One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of nature is a severe earthquake and its
terrible aftereffects.During 1869-1930, five earthquakes with magnitude M≥7 have affected parts of
Bangladesh. Two of them had their epicenters inside Bangladesh. Now-a-days the topics Earthquake has
become a matter of concern to the planners and decision makers. In the recent years no major earthquakes have
been recorded in Bangladesh so using the earthquake data of Haity earthquake that was occurred on 10th
January 2010, response of ground surface of Dhaka city has been proposed. Different soil samples have
collected with their SPT values at different locations of Dhaka city. With the help of these particular N-values
and using the data of ground surface response during the earthquake, logical prediction of the response of the
ground surface can be obtained. From the different borehole data, it is noticed that impervious rocky layer of
Dhaka city is situated beneath 70-80 feet from Existing Ground Llevel(EGL) where the impervious layer of
Haiti is very near to this ground
The Effect of Structure -Soil Interaction on Eccentrically Loaded FrameIJERD Editor
The interaction among structures, their foundations and the soil medium below the foundations alter
the actual behaviour of the structure considerably than what is obtained from the consideration of the structure
alone. Thus, a reasonably accurate model for the soil–foundation–structure interaction system with
computational validity, efficiency and accuracy is needed in improved design of important structures. The
framed structures are normally analyzed with their bases considered to be either completely rigid or hinged.
However, the foundation resting on deformable soils also undergoes deformation depending on the relative
rigidities of the foundation, superstructure and soil. Interactive analysis is, therefore, necessary for the accurate
assessment of the response of the superstructure.
Airborne gravity anomaly over Delta State in the Niger delta basin of Nigeria has been interpreted to obtain the structural trends/types and depth to basement in the state. The residual gravity anomaly obtained from a second order polynomial operation on the observed field data was enhanced by a first order filtering operation based on the regional geology. This was converted to a gridded data and analyzed qualitatively to reveal NS and EW trending subsurface structures. Inverse and forward modeling using Oasis Montaj software were applied to selected portions using geological models of sphere and dyke to reveal syncline and anticline structures at depths of between 2005 m to 7372 m, with density contrast of between 1.12 gcm-3 and 2.70 gcm-3. The Euler deconvolution operation with a structural index of one, reveal depths between 124.2 to 16,000 m. The results show that the maximum depth to basement in the area occurs in the northern part of the state with maximum depth of 16,000 m.
SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION STUDY ON PLANE BUILDING FRAME SUPPORTED ON PILE GR...IAEME Publication
Background/Objectives: The main objective of this work is to determine the soil interaction of a plane building frame underpinned by pile groups which are embedded in cohesive soil (clayey soil).Methods: The impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on response of a 4 storey framed Building underpinned by Pile group is reported in this paper. The four storey frame consists of three bays and columns of the frame supported by a pile group. The Pile group is presumed to be embedded in the Cohesive soil mass (clayey soil). The soil mass is represented by equivalent springs. The displacement of the building frame caused due to the deflection of the foundation with and without Soil Structure Interaction is analyzed using ANSYS. Findings: Soil non-linearity in lateral direction is indicated by the P-Y curve developed using Matlock equations. The soil properties which are used for clay (cohesive soil) are from the Triaxial Consolidated Undrained Compression Test on soil. Shear Force and Bending Moments at the base of the columns are determined for the frame which is analyzed with and without consideration of soil structure interaction.
A review on: The influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC bui...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on a review of the influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC buildings. The aim of this study is to gain understanding the effect of the local site conditions on the seismic forces in building. The study helps in creating awareness about the importance of the local site conditions, such as proximity to the source of earthquakes (faults) and the local geological and topographical features in the earthquake resistant design of buildings. The current Indian code of practice for seismic analysis IS 1893:2002, specifies seismic zones to consider different levels of intensity of ground shaking, There are also maps of the principal tectonic features and lithological formations. This paper shows the soil condition effects studied by the various researchers.
Landslide Investigation of Ikwette, Obudu Local Government Area of Cross Rive...iosrjce
This study investigates the causes of a slope failure at Ikwette, Obudu local Government Area of
Cross River State, Nigeria in 2013. It also involves a slope stability analysis of the failed slope, which was OB1.
To understand instability in the study area, a combination of field, geotechnical and statistical analysis were
undertaken. Some obtained parameters were then applied in a slope/W Geostudio 2012 software program which
uses the conventional limit equilibrium methods to simulate the dominant factors inducing instability. Results of
the geotechnical investigations of the samples taken from Ikwette, showed an average maximum dry density
value of 1.63kg/m3
, which was a low to moderate value and average optimum moisture content value of 18%.
Analysis from the particle size distribution, showed that the particle sizes where silty sand, with a Coefficient of
uniformity (Cu) value of 1.8 and Coefficient of curvature (Cc) value of 0.968, indicating that the soil is
uniformly or poorly graded. Triaxial compression test showed an angle of internal friction and cohesion values
averaging around 12.65° and 43kPa respectively, which indicates that the shear strength of the soil was
reduced, due to the activities of high precipitation intensity which increased to a monthly value of 375.3mm
before the landslide event. Also, the factor of safety value for the slope in OB1, where the landslide occurred
was 1.114, which is close to the value for an incipient failure. Hence the results of the aforementioned methods
and simulation shown can be used in predicting areas of possible landslides, as well as the causes of such soil
deformations, and as such, safety measures could be taken against the reoccurrence of landslides in such areas.
Prediction of earthquakes and reducing damageseSAT Journals
Abstract
An earthquake also known as tremor or temblor is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. An earthquake may cause injury and loss of life, roads and bridge damage, general property damage, and collapse or destabilization of buildings. The objective of earthquake engineering is to foresee the impact of earthquakes on buildings and other structures and to design such structures to minimize the risk of damage. Existing structures can be modified by seismic retrofitting to improve their resistance to earthquakes. Methodologies to anticipate earthquakes require to be developed, so that early warning can be issued to avoid heavy casualties and major damages.
Keywords: Earthquake, seismic retrofitting, seismic waves
this ppt is related to disaster management cycle , paradigm shift pre disaster preparedness,SEISMIC MICROZONATION
helpfull to give a presentation at college school and any other way also
VARIATION OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF MID-RISE RC BUILDINGS DUE TO SOIL STRUCTURE ...IAEME Publication
The seismic design of RC buildings requires determining the expected base shear, lateral drift at each story level and internal forces of the structural elements. In the analysis, it is common for the structural engineers to consider a fixed base structure which means that the foundations and the underlying soil are assumed to be infinitely rigid. This assumption is not proper since the underlying soil in the near field often consists of soft soil layers that possess different properties and may behave nonlinearly leading to drastic variation of the seismic motion before hitting the structure foundation. In addition, the mutual interaction between the structure, its foundation and the underlying soil during the vibrations can substantially alter the structure response. This response variation depends on the structure characteristics, the soil properties and the nature of the seismic excitation. Consequently, an accurate assessment of inertial forces and displacements in structures requires a rational treatment of soil structure interaction (SSI) effects.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION (SSI) USING ANFIS MODEL WITH O...IAEME Publication
One of the real difficulties for structural engineers is design and construction of
structures with satisfactory performance under dynamic loading conditions actuated
by strong wind or seismic tremors. SSI is a major problem in the construction process,
which may alter the dynamic characteristics of the structural response altogether. The
SSI system has two characteristic differences from the general structural dynamic
system which are the unbounded nature as well as the non-direct characteristics of the
soil medium. This study considering the SSI impacts in dynamic impacts of concrete
moment opposing building frames resisting on Soil Pile Structure (SPS) is additionally
anticipated. In SSI modeling, for diminishing the complexity and enhance the
prediction accuracy, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model with
Opposition Based BAT Algorithm (OBAT) is proposed. It is demonstrated that the
proposed model can foresee the dynamic response of the soil-structure system with
great accuracy in much less time contrasted and the current strategies.
A Study of Ground Surface Motion for Different Locations of Dhaka Cityiosrjce
One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of nature is a severe earthquake and its
terrible aftereffects.During 1869-1930, five earthquakes with magnitude M≥7 have affected parts of
Bangladesh. Two of them had their epicenters inside Bangladesh. Now-a-days the topics Earthquake has
become a matter of concern to the planners and decision makers. In the recent years no major earthquakes have
been recorded in Bangladesh so using the earthquake data of Haity earthquake that was occurred on 10th
January 2010, response of ground surface of Dhaka city has been proposed. Different soil samples have
collected with their SPT values at different locations of Dhaka city. With the help of these particular N-values
and using the data of ground surface response during the earthquake, logical prediction of the response of the
ground surface can be obtained. From the different borehole data, it is noticed that impervious rocky layer of
Dhaka city is situated beneath 70-80 feet from Existing Ground Llevel(EGL) where the impervious layer of
Haiti is very near to this ground
The Effect of Structure -Soil Interaction on Eccentrically Loaded FrameIJERD Editor
The interaction among structures, their foundations and the soil medium below the foundations alter
the actual behaviour of the structure considerably than what is obtained from the consideration of the structure
alone. Thus, a reasonably accurate model for the soil–foundation–structure interaction system with
computational validity, efficiency and accuracy is needed in improved design of important structures. The
framed structures are normally analyzed with their bases considered to be either completely rigid or hinged.
However, the foundation resting on deformable soils also undergoes deformation depending on the relative
rigidities of the foundation, superstructure and soil. Interactive analysis is, therefore, necessary for the accurate
assessment of the response of the superstructure.
Airborne gravity anomaly over Delta State in the Niger delta basin of Nigeria has been interpreted to obtain the structural trends/types and depth to basement in the state. The residual gravity anomaly obtained from a second order polynomial operation on the observed field data was enhanced by a first order filtering operation based on the regional geology. This was converted to a gridded data and analyzed qualitatively to reveal NS and EW trending subsurface structures. Inverse and forward modeling using Oasis Montaj software were applied to selected portions using geological models of sphere and dyke to reveal syncline and anticline structures at depths of between 2005 m to 7372 m, with density contrast of between 1.12 gcm-3 and 2.70 gcm-3. The Euler deconvolution operation with a structural index of one, reveal depths between 124.2 to 16,000 m. The results show that the maximum depth to basement in the area occurs in the northern part of the state with maximum depth of 16,000 m.
SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION STUDY ON PLANE BUILDING FRAME SUPPORTED ON PILE GR...IAEME Publication
Background/Objectives: The main objective of this work is to determine the soil interaction of a plane building frame underpinned by pile groups which are embedded in cohesive soil (clayey soil).Methods: The impact of Soil-Structure Interaction on response of a 4 storey framed Building underpinned by Pile group is reported in this paper. The four storey frame consists of three bays and columns of the frame supported by a pile group. The Pile group is presumed to be embedded in the Cohesive soil mass (clayey soil). The soil mass is represented by equivalent springs. The displacement of the building frame caused due to the deflection of the foundation with and without Soil Structure Interaction is analyzed using ANSYS. Findings: Soil non-linearity in lateral direction is indicated by the P-Y curve developed using Matlock equations. The soil properties which are used for clay (cohesive soil) are from the Triaxial Consolidated Undrained Compression Test on soil. Shear Force and Bending Moments at the base of the columns are determined for the frame which is analyzed with and without consideration of soil structure interaction.
A review on: The influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC bui...IJERA Editor
This study focuses on a review of the influence of soil conditions on the seismic forces in RC buildings. The aim of this study is to gain understanding the effect of the local site conditions on the seismic forces in building. The study helps in creating awareness about the importance of the local site conditions, such as proximity to the source of earthquakes (faults) and the local geological and topographical features in the earthquake resistant design of buildings. The current Indian code of practice for seismic analysis IS 1893:2002, specifies seismic zones to consider different levels of intensity of ground shaking, There are also maps of the principal tectonic features and lithological formations. This paper shows the soil condition effects studied by the various researchers.
Landslide Investigation of Ikwette, Obudu Local Government Area of Cross Rive...iosrjce
This study investigates the causes of a slope failure at Ikwette, Obudu local Government Area of
Cross River State, Nigeria in 2013. It also involves a slope stability analysis of the failed slope, which was OB1.
To understand instability in the study area, a combination of field, geotechnical and statistical analysis were
undertaken. Some obtained parameters were then applied in a slope/W Geostudio 2012 software program which
uses the conventional limit equilibrium methods to simulate the dominant factors inducing instability. Results of
the geotechnical investigations of the samples taken from Ikwette, showed an average maximum dry density
value of 1.63kg/m3
, which was a low to moderate value and average optimum moisture content value of 18%.
Analysis from the particle size distribution, showed that the particle sizes where silty sand, with a Coefficient of
uniformity (Cu) value of 1.8 and Coefficient of curvature (Cc) value of 0.968, indicating that the soil is
uniformly or poorly graded. Triaxial compression test showed an angle of internal friction and cohesion values
averaging around 12.65° and 43kPa respectively, which indicates that the shear strength of the soil was
reduced, due to the activities of high precipitation intensity which increased to a monthly value of 375.3mm
before the landslide event. Also, the factor of safety value for the slope in OB1, where the landslide occurred
was 1.114, which is close to the value for an incipient failure. Hence the results of the aforementioned methods
and simulation shown can be used in predicting areas of possible landslides, as well as the causes of such soil
deformations, and as such, safety measures could be taken against the reoccurrence of landslides in such areas.
Prediction of earthquakes and reducing damageseSAT Journals
Abstract
An earthquake also known as tremor or temblor is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. An earthquake may cause injury and loss of life, roads and bridge damage, general property damage, and collapse or destabilization of buildings. The objective of earthquake engineering is to foresee the impact of earthquakes on buildings and other structures and to design such structures to minimize the risk of damage. Existing structures can be modified by seismic retrofitting to improve their resistance to earthquakes. Methodologies to anticipate earthquakes require to be developed, so that early warning can be issued to avoid heavy casualties and major damages.
Keywords: Earthquake, seismic retrofitting, seismic waves
this ppt is related to disaster management cycle , paradigm shift pre disaster preparedness,SEISMIC MICROZONATION
helpfull to give a presentation at college school and any other way also
Microzonation of seismic hazards and their applicationArghya Chowdhury
What is Microzonation? How is Microzonation helpful in mitigating Seismic hazards and in civil engineering? Find out all about it in this Presentation.
Seismic Microzonation Study in Tabriz Metropolitan City for Earthquake Risk M...IJERA Editor
Azerbaijan is the site of convergent plate collisions along the Alpine-Himalayan active mountain belt. Brittle
faults in the Azerbaijan area are mostly Cenozoic in or younger. The data presented demonstrate clearly that
geological structures are commonly repeated at all scales from outcrop to regional. Several regional earthquakes
have been strongly felt and caused damages in and around Tabriz during history. Urban seismic risk is
increasing with population growth and encroachment of vulnerable built in environment into areas susceptible
seismic hazard. Seismic -hazard assessment an estimate of ground motion at the site of interest, taking into
account instrumental and historical earthquake records, information on tectonics, geology, and
attenuation characteristics of seismic waves Tabriz is important industrial city of Iran. It has a very high
population density about 2.000000 people in area just 90 km2
. The main objective of the Tabriz seismic
instrumentation and microzonation study was to carry out and propose new building in Tabriz and suburbs in
order to apply these criteria its development programs and determine the potential for damage to
existing constructions during earthquake motions, and finally earthquake risk mitigation assessment.
GIS and Sensor Based Monitoring and Prediction of Landslides with Landslide M...iosrjce
Monsoon rains affect the Indian subcontinent every year causing devastating floods and deadly
landslides. The worst damages usually are reported in the northern and north-eastern part of India in the
Himalayan region. High risk landslide sites are located across the country, which become dangerous during
rainy season. Hence, monitoring and prediction of landslides in these regions are of utmost importance.
Geographical data management and dissemination for mitigation activities in the event of such disasters can be
handled effectively using GIS technology and physical sensors. With parallel computing power available,
models can be run by varying parameters to simulate different landslide scenarios. This will help in
understanding the landslide precursors, critical parameter values and create awareness among those living on
these slopes on real time.
Application to the whole regional territory over a dense computation grid can aim at the development of a real
time system to generate landslide risk scenarios based on precursor data. The proposed Landslide Monitoring
and Prediction System (LMPS) is based on the principles of landslide physics and hence a sensor-based
monitoring of the precursor variables will lead to an operational landslide monitoring and prediction system,
combining the strengths of mathematical modeling and GIS
The foremost by-product of this paper is the automation of geological undertakings, for instance, dealing
with exceptionally thin sections of rocks that were subjected to deformation alongside finite steps of time
which can be recorded in video for later analysis using image processing and numerical analysis
procedures. Markers are used in order to trace gradients of deformation over a sample and study other
mechanical properties. Image processing and video sequence analysis can be a very powerful investigation
tool and this paper shows preliminary results from its use on microtectonics. The proposed algorithm is a
combination of two well-known approaches: feature extraction and block matching.
Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Se...ijtsrd
This study work focuses on the analysis of a structural system to determine the deformations and comparison of steel quantity of seismic zones. In this study, we have taken G 12 multi storied RC moment resisting framed structure building with the shear wall by analyzing the structure for gravity load, wind load and seismic loads for different cities. By Selecting four different cities on the basis of seismic zones zone II, zone III, zone IV, zone V and also considering that the basic wind speed. We have mainly focus on the structural system to determine the deformations and also forces induced by applied loads or ground excitation is an essential step in the design of a structure to resist earthquake. The analysis and design for all the cities are carried out using STAAD Pro' and STAAD Foundation' software which are industry standard software the world over. The wind resistant design is carried out as per IS 875 Part 3 1987 and the earthquake resistant design is carried out as per IS 1893 Part 1 2002. Analysis and design of beams, columns and shear wall have been done in STAAD Pro and the foundation is done in STAAD Foundation. We have also checked the design of some beams, columns, and footings manually and find correct. Design of RCC slabs is carried out manually for which an excel sheet is developed for working out moment coefficients for different edge conditions as per IS code. In this study work, we design and analyze a reinforced concrete frame structure in various seismic zones and we observing the variation in the behavior of the structure in various loading conditions. Priyatam Kumar | Vikash Kumar Singh "Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Seismic Zone" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26688.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26688/design-and-analysis-of-a-multistory-reinforced-concrete-frame-in-different-seismic-zone/priyatam-kumar
Determination of Local Site Effects in Taikkyi Area, Yangon Region by using M...ijtsrd
Considering the possible local site effect is one of the most important facts in seismic hazard assessment. Depending on the local site condition, the characteristics of the seismic waves propagated through different geological layers and amplified the surface ground motion. In this study, one of the geophysical method of microtremor observations were carried out at 112 sites throughout the Taikkyi area. After analyzing the recorded microtremor observed data by Cygwin Software, we determined the horizontal to vertical spectral ratio HVRs that reflects the local site effects of the study area. The main outcomes of this research is to develop the fundamental frequency map and peak amplitude or soil amplification map of Taikkyi area. According to the evaluation results, the fundamental frequency is ranging from 1 to 2.3 Hz and most parts of Taikkyi area show in the range of 1.3 to 1.6 Hz. The peak amplitude of HVRs potential soil amplification is ranging from 1.5 to 3.6 and most parts of the area are in the range of 1.5 to 2.5. Ohnmar Khine | Kyaw Kyaw "Determination of Local Site Effects in Taikkyi Area, Yangon Region by using Microtremor Observations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33203.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/33203/determination-of-local-site-effects-in-taikkyi-area-yangon-region-by-using-microtremor-observations/ohnmar-khine
Ninety percent of major earthquakes of the world directly indicating the sources of subduction and collision zones with shallow, intermediate, and deep focus earthquakes. The state of Sabah not indicating a high seismic risk zone and not directly associated with the Ring of fire. Nevertheless, it is positive towards seismic risk as the state experienced more than 65 earthquakes. However, no attention of researchers on comparative analysis of PGA map recorded in literature. Therefore, this study conducted; 1) to analyze the earthquake hazard and active tectonics of Sabah using PGA map derived from three methods and; 2) to understand the intersection of faults that can create isoseismic elongation. More than 90% of earthquakes are shallow and focused at a hypo-central distance of (0 ~ 100) km as resulted from this research. Therefore, Sabah had been experienced a highest magnitude of ~6.3, which can create the maximum PGA values of ~ (0.075, 0.06 and 0.08) based on three different attenuation equations proposed in this study. These earthquakes can produce a maximum intensity of (MMI~7) that is derived from the resulted PGA values. The study on active tectonics explains about the major 12 active faults and their intersection relationship. Therefore, this whole study has been conducted based on three attenuation relation to find out the best method for preparing the PGA map and the stereo net plotting using an integrated GIS technique.
Seismic Analysis of Structures under Different Soil ConditionsIJERA Editor
In India, multi-storied buildings are usually constructed due to high cost and scarcity of land. In order to utilize maximum land area, builders and architects generally propose asymmetrical plan configurations. These asymmetrical plan buildings, which are constructed in seismic prone areas, are likely to be damaged during earthquake. Earthquake is a natural phenomenon which can generate the most destructive forces on structures. Buildings should be made safe for lives by proper design and detailing of structural members in order to have a ductile form of failure. The concept of earthquake resistant design is that the building should be designed to resist the forces, which arises due to Design Basis Earthquake, with only minor damages and the forces, which arises due to Maximum Considered Earthquake, with some accepted structural damages but no collapse. This project report comprises of seismic analysis and design of an five-storied R.C. building with asymmetrical plan in different soil conditions. The building is modelled as a 3D space frame with six degrees of freedom at each node using the software SAP2000 v 14. Building is analyzed using Response Spectrum method. The Response Spectra as per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 for rocky or hard soil and soft soil is used. Dynamic response of a structure resting on soft soils in particular, may differ substantially in amplitude and frequency content from the response of an identical structure supported on a very stiff soil or rock. However, data on many failure examples of rigid structures resting on flexible soils and intensive analytical studies in recent years have made considerable advances in the field of soil-structure interaction and analytical techniques are now available. This interaction phenomenon is principally affected by the mechanism of energy exchanged between soil and the structure. Considering the soil – structure interaction effect which is mainly due to the fact that buildings with high stiffness on loose soils behave differently. Base shears have shown significant variation with high values for structures resting on loose soils and low values in case of hard rock. This attributes mainly due to more absorbing energy capacity of soils when compared to rock materials
ASSESSMENT OF LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL OF SOIL USING MULTI-LINEAR REGRESSION MO...IAEME Publication
The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is the most widely used in-situ test throughout the world for subsurface geotechnical investigation and this procedure have evolved over a period of 100 years. Estimation of the liquefaction potential of soils is often based on SPT test. Liquefaction is one of the critical problems in the field of Geotechnical engineering. It is the phenomena when there is loss of shear strength in saturated and cohesion-less soils because of increased pore water pressures and hence reduced effective stresses due to dynamic loading. In the present study, SPT based data were analysed to find out a suitable numerical procedure for establishing a Multi-Linear Regression Model using IBM-Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics v20.0.0) and MATLAB(R2010a) in analysis of soil liquefaction for a particular location at a site in Lucknow City. A Multi-Storeyed Residential Building Project site was considered for this study to collect 12 borehole data sets along 10 km stretch of IIM road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (India).
Earthquake ground motion and response spectra (Bijan Mohraz, Fahim Sadek)TheJamez
This chapter surveys the state-of-the-art work in strong motion seismology and ground motion
characterization. Methods of ground motion recording and correction are first presented, followed by a
discussion of ground motion characteristics including peak ground motion, duration of strong motion, and
frequency content. Factors that influence earthquake ground motion such as source distance, site geology,
earthquake magnitude, source characteristics, and directivity are examined. The chapter presents
probabilistic methods for evaluating seismic risk at a site and development of seismic maps used in codes
and provisions. Earthquake response spectra and factors that influence their characteristics such as soil
condition, magnitude, distance, and source characteristics are also presented and discussed. Earthquake
design spectra proposed by several investigators and those recommended by various codes and provisions
through the years to compute seismic base shears are described. The latter part of the chapter discusses
inelastic earthquake spectra and response modification factors used in seismic codes to reduce the elastic
design forces and account for energy absorbing capacity of structures due to inelastic action. Earthquake
energy content and energy spectra are also briefly introduced. Finally, the chapter presents a brief discussion
of artificially generated ground motion.
--------------------------
Te invito a que visites mis sitios en internet:
_*Canal en youtube de ingenieria civil_*
https://www.youtube.com/@IngenieriaEstructural7
_*Blog de ingenieria civil*_
https://thejamez-one.blogspot.com
Similar to Seismic Microzonation - Principles and Methodology (20)
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Seismic Microzonation - Principles and Methodology
1. Ashutosh Gupta. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, ( Part -6) March 2016, pp.09-14
www.ijera.com 9 | P a g e
Seismic Microzonation - Principles and Methodology
Ashutosh Gupta*, Sana Zafar**
**Department of Civil Engineering Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur
Abstract
The string of earthquake in India has created a serious problem for engineers and administrators and even for
people also. Metro cities and other big cities in India have experienced severe earthquake hazard problem. This is
same for Himalayan region and even peninsular shield. On 26 jan 2001 , one of the greatest India has ever
experienced strikes in Kachchh , a region of Gujrat . Magnitude of this earthquake was 7.7 (MW) .This earthquake
spread a huge damage which was almost a radius of 400 Kms. This earthquake damaged major cities of Gujrat like
Ahmedabad , Bhavnagar , Surat. No one can say no for same threat for Delhi , national capital of India from local
and probable catastrophic earthquake due to central himalaya . There are many more other Indian cities which are
sitting in thick sedimentry basins along Indo-Gangetic plane and Brahmaputra valley . They have also the same
threat. To reduce the seismic hazard, it is now important to define a correct response in terms of peak ground
acceleration and spectral amplification . Both are highly dependent on local site conditions and also dependent on
source characterization of future expected earthquakes . Microzonation studies are now important for a detailed
ground motion modelling for urban and semi-urban cities of India. This paper presents an overview of seismic
microzonation . Steps required and methodology used for seismic microzoation is also discussed here.
Keywords- seismic microzonation , Hazard , Source characterization ,Site response , seismotectonic sources ,
Peak ground acceleration
I. INTRODUCTION
Seismic microzonation is sub dividing a
region into smaller areas having different potential
for hazardous earthquake effects. The earthquake
effects depend on ground geomorphological
attributes consisting of geological, geomorphology
and geotechnical information. The parameters of
geology and geomorphology, soil
coverage/thickness, and rock outcrop/depth are
some of the important geomorphological attributes.
Other attributes are the earthquake parameters,
which are estimated by hazard analysis and effects
of local soil for a hazard (local site response for an
earthquake). The Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)
[from deterministic or probabilistic approach],
amplification/ site response, predominant
frequency, liquefaction and landslide due to
earthquakes are some of the important
seismological attributes. Weight of the attributes
depends on the region and decision maker, for
example flat terrain has weight of “0” value for
landslide and deep soil terrain has highest weight
for site response or liquefaction.
Microzonation has generally been
recognized as the most accepted tool in seismic
hazard assessment and risk evaluation and it is
defined as the zonation with respect to ground
motion characteristics taking into account source
and site conditions (ISSMGE/TC4, 1999). Making
improvements on the conventional macrozonation
maps and regional hazard maps, microzonation of a
region generates detailed maps that predict the
hazard at much larger scales. Damage patterns of
many recent earthquakes around the world,
including the 1999 Chamoli and 2001 Bhuj
earthquakes in India, have demonstrated that the
soil conditions at a site can have a major effect on
the level of ground shaking. For example, in the
Chamoli earthquake, epicenter located at more than
250 km away from Delhi caused moderate damage
to some of the buildings built on filledup soil or on
soft alluvium. The Bhuj earthquake caused severe
damage not only in the epicentral region, but even
in Ahmedabad, about 250
km away, which attributed to increased ground
shaking of the soft alluvium. Mapping the seismic
hazard at local scales to incorporate the effects of
local ground conditions is the essence of
microzonation.
Earthquake damage is commonly
controlled by three interacting factors- source and
path characteristics, local geological and
geotechnical conditions and type of the structures.
Obviously, all of this would require analysis and
presentation of a large amount of geological,
seismological and geotechnical data. History of
earthquakes, faults/sources in the region,
attenuation relationships, site characteristics and
ground amplification, liquefaction susceptibility are
few of the important inputs required. Effect of site
amplification due to soil conditions and associated
damage to built environment was amply
demonstrated by many earthquakes during the last
century. The wide spread destruction caused by
Guerrero earthquake (1985) in Mexico city, Spitak
earthquake (1988) in Leninakan, Loma Prieta
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Ashutosh Gupta. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, ( Part -6) March 2016, pp.09-14
www.ijera.com 10 | P a g e
earthquake (1989) in San Francisco Bay area, Kobe
earthquake (1995), Kocaeli earthquake (1999) in
Adapazari are important examples of site specific
amplification of ground motion even at location as
far away as 100-300km from the epicenter (Ansal,
2004). These failures resulted from the effect of
soil condition on the ground motion that translates
to higher amplitude; it also modifies the spectral
content and duration of ground motion. Site
specific ground response analysis aims at
determining this effect of local soil conditions on
the amplification of seismic waves and hence
estimating the ground response spectra for future
design purposes. The response of a soil deposit is
dependent upon the frequency of the base motion
and the geometry and material properties of the soil
layer above the bedrock. Seismic microzonation is
the process of assessment of the source & path
characteristics and local geological & geotechnical
characteristics to provide a basis for estimating and
mapping a potential damage to buildings, in other
words it is the quantification of hazard. Presenting
all of this information accordingly to develop
hazard maps, for the use of planners, developers,
insurance companies and common public is another
important aspect of microzonation.
Need For Seismic Microzonation
Seismic microzonation is the first step in
earthquake risk mitigation study and requires
multidisciplinary approach with major
contributions from the fields of geology,
seismology, geophysics, geotechnical and structural
engineering. This is very important to identify the
tectonic and geological formations in the study area
which is essential for determining the seismic
sources and also for establishing a realistic
earthquake hazard models for the investigation.
Seismic microzonation involves a very detailed
field investigation to evaluate the hazard. It is very
effective in delineating the spatial variations in the
seismic hazard. They are also useful to evaluate the
risk scenarios in the study area. Seismic
microzonation maps are very useful in urban
planning because they help to predict the impact of
future earthquakes and can also be used to locate
key facilities like hospitals, fire stations, emergency
operation centers etc. Microzonation studies are
also very useful to save the heritage and important
structures from future major earthquakes.
Seismic Zoning and Seismic Microzonation
Seismic zoning consists of subdividing a
national territory into several seismic zones
indicating progressive levels of expected seismic
intensity or peak ground acceleration for different
return periods based on historic and predicted
intensity of ground motion. It is common to see
countries classified into three, four or more seismic
zones and seismic design requirements for
buildings are generally the same within a defined
seismic zone. Such maps are small scale maps
covering a large territory.
Seismic microzoning provides detailed
information on earthquake hazard on a much larger
scale. It recognizes the fact that spectral
acceleration values for sites within a seismic zone
vary in tune with the location specific geological
conditions. It therefore consists of mapping in
detail all possible earthquake and earthquake
induced hazards. It necessarily involves
seismological, geological, geotechnical and hydro-
geological mapping and their integration to provide
a picture of levels of hazard distribution
comprehensible to urban planners, engineers and
architects.
Principles of Seismic Microzonation
A ground motion prediction is important
key to assess and mitigate the earthquake hazard.
There are some factors by which level of strong
ground motion is controlled . The main factors are
Source , Site conditions and Path . Among these,
site condition played van important role on damage
to structures as seen from previous Bhuj
earthquake and Mexico earthquake . It is important
to validate the effect of local site conditions for
estimation of strong ground motion and mitigation
of earthquake hazards . For this purpose , methods
for characterizing site effects is required keenly . It
is also required for the study of soil behaviours
during strong ground shaking . As it has been
noticed from many past earthquakes , the major
damage to property and man - made structures is
mostly found in the region of soft sediments . The
constructive interference of incoming waves due to
effect of structures created very strong ground
motion . Determination of seismic ground motion is
one of the most basic problem associated with
seismic microzonation . Use of wide database of
recorded strong ground motion and group those
accelerogram , that have similar source , site
condition and path may be an ideal solution for
above problem. But such a database is not available
in country like India . Actually , the numbers of
recorded signals is comparatively low and the
installation of local arrays i each zone with a high
level of seismicity is quite costly for an operation
that requires a long time interval to collect
statistically appropriate data sets . So one has to
choose some analytical , empirical solution based
on theory of seismic waves , propagation of seismic
waves and excitations due to soft sedimentary
layers .
3. Ashutosh Gupta. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, ( Part -6) March 2016, pp.09-14
www.ijera.com 11 | P a g e
Levels Of Seismic Microzonation
Levels of Seismic Microzonation
generally float with the choice of scale of mapping
as also with the degree and scope of scientific
investigation fashioned to minimize uncertainties in
seismic hazard evaluation for a specific set of
objectives. The quantum and quality of basic maps
and information required for making a head tart
with the mapping work are rarely available. Since
seismic microzonation work cannot wait for all the
required information, a first cut microzonation map
is prepared based on a minimum programme of
investigation. Choosing an appropriate mapping
scale and thinking to scale while mapping are the
two challenges common to every such programme.
What is to be included and what is to be left out for
future investigation will have to be decided on a
case to case basis. Degree of detailing and scrutiny
expands with increase of mapping scale.
Three levels of Seismic Microzonation expressed
as Grade1: General Zonation; Grade 2: Detailed
Zonation and Grade 3: Rigorous Zonation were
favoured by the Technical Committee on
Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering of the
International Society of Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering (1993). The
recommendation essentially meant making a
beginning with relatively small scale mapping and
move on to higher levels of microzonation by
obtaining added quality inputs that could justify
large scale mapping.
FIG 1 - Three Grades of Seismic Microzonation
recommended by the Technical Committee of the
International Society of Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering (ISSMFE)
Microzonation Framework
Seismic microzonation process is initiated
with rudimentary assessments based on existing
regional level hazard estimation, seismotectonic
and macro-seismic studies . Several local specific
hazard factors are, thereafter, evaluated and
mapped on a Geographical Information System
(GIS) platform with a uniform and consistent geo-
referencing scheme. A general methodology in
doing the seismic microzonation of a region can be
divided into the following four major heads :
[1] Estimation of the ground motion parameters
using the historical seismicity and recorded
earthquake motion data which includes the
location of potential sources, magnitude,
mechanism, epicentral distances.
[2] Site characterization using geological,
geomorphological, geophysical and
geotechnical data.
[3] Assessment of the local site effects which
includes site amplification,predominant
frequency, liquefaction hazard, landslides,
tsunami etc.
[4] Preparation of the seismic microzonation maps.
FIG 2 : A General Framework For Microzonation
Studies
Microzonation Experiments in India
Summary of seismic hazard analysis and
microzonation works carried out in Indian urban
centers is presentated here.
Seismic Microzonation Of Jabalpur
First experiment of seismic microzonation
was initiated by Department Of Science And
Technology , New Delhi. This work was carried
out by Geological Survey Of India , Indian
4. Ashutosh Gupta. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, ( Part -6) March 2016, pp.09-14
www.ijera.com 12 | P a g e
Metrology Department , CBRI (Roorkee) and
Government Engineering College , Jabalpur .
Deterministic approach was used for seismic
hazard analysis and deterministic peak ground
acceleration map was published which was based
on attenuation relation given by Joyner and
Boore(1981) . Study of geological , geotechnical ,
geophysical investigations were used for ground
characterization . After this information , the first
level of microzonation map was published .
Liquefaction hazard assessment was carried out
using approach of Seed and Idriss (1971 ) .
Experiment of Nakamura type studies and receiver
function type studies were carried out for site
response .
FIG 3: Final hazard map of Jabalpur (after
PCRSMJUA, 2005)
Seismic Microzonation Of Delhi
Microzonation of Delhi has been carried
out by a group of members from different
institutions . Scale for this microzonation map was
1 : 50,000 . This microzonation map include
geology , base map , seismic hazard map , peak
ground acceleration , shear wave velocity . The
area for this study has been grouped into three
hazard zones i.e. low , moderate , high . Complete
seismic hazard analysis by both deterministic and
probabilistic approach was done by Iyengar and
Ghosh (2004 ) . Peak ground acceleration map at
bedrock level for five different sources in Delhi
was carried out by Rao and Neelima satyam (2005
) by using computer code FINSIM , a finite fault
simulation technique . Soil amplification estimation
was carried out by using software DEGTRA and
microzonation map for amplification was prepared
.
FIG 4: Final hazard map of Delhi (after Bansal and
Vandana, 2007)
Seismic Microzonation Of Guwahati
The first level microzonation map of
Guwahati was prepared by Baranwal et al (2005) .
This map was based on shape and constituents of
overburden material inferred from geophysical
surveys , slope of exposed rocks , ground motion
amplification . On the basis of susceptibility to
amplification , they categorized soil profiles . There
were various themes included for preparation of
microzonation maps for Guwahati . These themes
are geology , geomorphology , seismotectonics ,
soil characteristics , peak ground acceleration ,
seismic hazard , demography .
FIG 5: Hazard index map of Guwahati (after Nath,
2007)
5. Ashutosh Gupta. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, ( Part -6) March 2016, pp.09-14
www.ijera.com 13 | P a g e
Seismic Microzonation Of Dehradun
International institute for Geo -
Information Science and Earth observation
Enschede , Netherlands initiated study of seismic
hazard assessment and site response for seismic
microzonation of Dehradun . Information o
geology and geomorphology of Doon valley in
regional scale were compiled , analyzed ,
interpreted by Anusuya Barua (2005 ) . Information
on subsurface , landforms , tectonic , lithology ,
were used for generation of database for seismic
microzonation . Field study of 31 locations and
measurements of shear wave velocity and soil
thickness by use of MASW was carried out by
Rajiv Ranjan ( 2005 ) . He also used SHAKE2000
program with measured shear wave velocity and
recorded ground motion for the site response study
of Dehradun . Microzonation spectral acceleration
map of Dehradun at different frequency was also
developed by him .
FIG 6: Spectral acceleration map of Dehradun
(after Rajiv Ranjan, 2005)
Issues Related To SeismicMicrozonation In
India
In India , seismic microzonation was
initiated in 2001 .Even after many years , there are
many problems in microzonation studies . It can be
grouped in three parts -
Geology and grade related issues
seismology related issues
geotechnical related issues
II. CONCLUSION
This paper shows the details about seismic
microzonation . Methods and approaches used for
seismic microzonation studies are also discussed in
this paper . This paper also discuss the principles
related to seismic microzonation . Experiments of
seismic microzonation done in India is briefly
highlighted here . Problems related to seismic
microzonation in India is also mentioned here .
REFERENCES
[1] Aki, K., and Richards, P.G. (1980)
―Quantitative Seismology‖, Freeman and
Co., New York.
[2] Anbazhagan P., Vinod, J. S. and Sitharam,
T. G. (2008) Probabilistic seismic hazard
Analysis forBangalore, Journal of Natural
Hazards (online, 10.1007/s11069-008-
9253-3).
[3] Anbazhagan, P., and Sitharam, T. G.
(2008) Mapping of Average Shear Wave
Velocity for Bangalore Region: A Case
Study, Journal of Environmental &
Engineering Geophysics Vol. 13 (2) pp.
69-84.
[4] Ansa1, A., Biro, Y., Erken, A., Gülerce.,
U. (2004) ―Seismic Microzonation: A
Case Study- Chapter 8 in Recent
Advances in Earthquake Geotechnical
Engineering and Microzonation‖ edited by
Ansal, A, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Printed in the Netherlands, pp 253–266.
[5] Anusuya Barua (2005) ―Generation of
Geological Database for Seismic
Microzonation of Dehradun‖ M.Sc Thesis,
International Institute for Geo-Information
Science and Earth Observations -
Enschede, Netherlands, P-102.
[6] Bansal, B.K and Vandana, C. (2007)
―Microzonation Studies in India: DST
initiatives,‖ Proceedings of Workshop on
Microzonation, Indian Institute of Science
Bangalore, pp 1-6.
[7] Baranwal, M., Pathak, B. and Syiem, S.M.
(2005) ―Preliminary First Level Seismic
Microzonation of Guwahati‖, Journal of
Geophysics, Vol. XXVI No.1, PP 32-40.
[8] Beresnev, I. and Atkinson, G. (1998)
―FINSIM - a FORTRAN Program for
Simulating Stochastic Acceleration Time
Histories from Finite Faults,‖ Seism. Res.
L. 69, 27-32.
[9] Bhatia, S. C., Ravi Kumar, M and Gupta,
H.K. (1999) ―A Probabilistic Seismic
Hazard Map of India and Adjoining
Regions‖,http://www.seismo.ethz.ch/gshap
/ict/ india.html. 1-12.
[10] BIS: (2002) IS 1893-2002, Indian
6. Ashutosh Gupta. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 3, ( Part -6) March 2016, pp.09-14
www.ijera.com 14 | P a g e
Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant
Design of Structures, Part 1 - General
Provisions and Buildings. Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
[11] Boore, D. M. (1983) ―Stochastic
simulation of high-frequency ground
motions based on seismological models of
the radiated spectra‖, Bull. Seism. Soc.
Am., 73, pp 1865-1894.
[12] Boore, D. M. (2003) ―Simulation of
ground motion using the stochastic
method‖, Pure and Applied Geophysics,
160, pp 635-675.
[13] Cornell, C. A. (19680, ―Engineering
seismic risk analysis‖, Bull. Seismol. Soc.
Am. 58, 1583–1606.
[14] Gutenberg B. and Richter C. F. (1944)
―Frequency of earthquakes in California‖,
Bull. Seism.Soc. Am. 34 185-188.
[15] Idriss, I. M., and Boulanger, R. W. (2004)
"Semi-empirical procedures for evaluating
liquefaction potential during earthquakes."
Proc., 11th International Conference on
Soil Dynamics and Earthquake
Engineering , D. Doolin et.al.,., eds.,
Stallion Press, 1, pp 32-56.
[16] Iyengar, R. N. and Ghosh, S. (2004)
―Microzonation of earthquake hazard in
greater Delhi area‖,Curr. Sci., Vol. 87, pp
1193–1202.
[17] Iyengar, R.N. and Raghukanth, S. T. G.
(2004) ―Attenuation of Strong Ground
Motion in Peninsular India‖, Seismological
Research Letters, Vol. 75, No. 4, pp 530-
540.
[18] Jaiswal, K. and Sinha, R.,(2006)
―Probabilistic Modeling of Earthquake
Hazard in Stable Continental Shield of the
Indian Peninsula‖, ISET Journal of
Earthquake Technology. 43(3). 49- 64
[19] Joyner, W. B. and Boore, D. M. (1981)
―Peak horizontal accelerations and
velocity from strongmotion records
including records from the 1979 Imperial
Valley‖, California, earthquake, Vol.71, pp
2011-2038.
[20] Kramer, S. L. (1996) ―Geotechnical
Earthquake Engineering ―, Published by
Pearson Education Ptd. Ltd,Reprinted
2003, Delhi, India.
[21] Rajiv Ranjan. (2005) ―Seismic Response
Analysis of Dehradun city, India,‖ M.Sc
Thesis, International Institute for Geo-
Information Science and Earth
Observations -Enschede, Netherlands, P-
86.
[22] Rao, K.S and Neelima Satyam D (2005)
―Seismic Microzonation Studies for
Delhi Region,‖ Symposium on Seismic
Hazard Analysis and Microzonation,
September 23-24, Roorkee, pp 213-234.
[23] Rao. K. S. and Neelima Satyam. D. (2007)
―Liquefaction studies for seismic
microzonation of Delhi region‖, Current
Science, Vol. 92, No. 5, pp 646-654.
[24] Seed, H. B., and Idriss, I. M. (1970)
―Soil Moduli and Damping Factors for
Dynamic Response Analyses,‖ Earthquake
Engineering Research Center, University
of California, Berkeley,California, Rep.
No. EERC-70/10.
[25] Sitharam, T. G. and Anbazhagan, P.
(2007) ―Seismic Hazard Analysis for the
Bangalore Region‖, Natural Hazards, 40,
pp 261–278.
[26] Sitharam, T. G., Anbazhagan, P. and
Ganesha Raj, K. (2006) ―Use of remote
sensing and seismotectonic parameters for
seismic hazard analysis of Bangalore‖,
Natural Hazards Earth System Sci., 6, pp
927–939.
[27] Sitharam, T. G., Anbazhagan. P and
Mahesh. G. U. (2007) 3-D Subsurface
Modelling and Preliminary Liquefaction
Hazard Mapping of Bangalore City Using
SPT Data and GIS, Indian Geotechnical
Journal, 37(3): 210-226
[28] Youd, T.L., Idriss, I.M., Andrus, R.D.,
Arango, I., Castro, G., Christian, J.T.,
Dobry, R., Liam Finn, W.D., Harder Jr.,
L.H., Hynes, M.E., Ishihara, K., Koester,
J.P., Liao, S.S.C, Marcuson, W.F.,
Marting, G.R., Mitchell, J.K., Moriwaki,
Y., Power, M.S., Robertson, P.K., Seed,
R.B, And Stokoe, K.H. (2001)
―Liquefaction Resistance of Soils:
Summary from the 1996 NCEER and
1998. NCEER/NSF Workshops on
Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of
Soils‖, Journal of Geotechnical and
Geoenvironmental Engineering, pp 817 –
833.