This presentation includes basic information related to sockets ,socket-buffer,cliet-server programs and relationship between them
The files included in the ppt for the variables are taken from linux-2.6.10.
In case of any queriers.
contact souravpunoriyar@gmail.com
Linux offers an extensive selection of programmable and configurable networking components from traditional bridges, encryption, to container optimized layer 2/3 devices, link aggregation, tunneling, several classification and filtering languages all the way up to full SDN components. This talk will provide an overview of many Linux networking components covering the Linux bridge, IPVLAN, MACVLAN, MACVTAP, Bonding/Team, OVS, classification & queueing, tunnel types, hidden routing tricks, IPSec, VTI, VRF and many others.
SOSCON 2019.10.17
What are the methods for packet processing on Linux? And how fast are each packet processing methods? In this presentation, we will learn how to handle packets on Linux (User space, socket filter, netfilter, tc), and compare performance with analysis of where each packet processing is done in the network stack (hook point). Also, we will discuss packet processing using XDP, an in-kernel fast-path recently added to the Linux kernel. eXpress Data Path (XDP) is a high-performance programmable network data-path within the Linux kernel. The XDP is located at the lowest level of access through SW in the network stack, the point at which driver receives the packet. By using the eBPF infrastructure at this hook point, the network stack can be expanded without modifying the kernel.
Daniel T. Lee (Hoyeon Lee)
@danieltimlee
Daniel T. Lee currently works as Software Engineer at Kosslab and contributing to Linux kernel BPF project. He has interest in cloud, Linux networking, and tracing technologies, and likes to analyze the kernel's internal using BPF technology.
High-Performance Networking Using eBPF, XDP, and io_uringScyllaDB
In the networking world there are a number of ways to increase performance over naive use of basic Berkeley sockets. These techniques have ranged from polling blocking sockets, non-blocking sockets controlled by Epoll, all the way through completely bypassing the Linux kernel for maximum network performance where you talk directly to the network interface card by using something like DPDK or Netmap. All these tools have their place, and generally occupy a space from convenience to performance. But in recent years, that landscape has changed massively.. The tools available to the average Linux systems developer have improved from the creation of io_uring, to the expansion of bpf from a simple filtering language to a full-on programming environment embedded directly in the kernel. Along with that came something called XDP (express datapath). This was Linux kernel's answer to kernel-bypass networking. AF_XDP is the new socket type created by this feature, and generally works very similarly to something like DPDK. History lessons out of the way, this talk will look into, and discuss the merits of this technology, it's place in the broader ecosystem and how it can be used to attain the highest level of performance possible. This talk will dive into crucial details, such as how AF_XDP works, how it can be integrated into a larger system and finally more advanced topics such as request sharding/load balancing. There will be detailed look at the design of AF_XDP, the eBpf code used, as well as the userspace code required to drive it all. It will also include performance numbers from this setup compared to regular kernel networking. And most importantly how to put all this together to handle as much data as possible on a single modern multi-core system.
Linux offers an extensive selection of programmable and configurable networking components from traditional bridges, encryption, to container optimized layer 2/3 devices, link aggregation, tunneling, several classification and filtering languages all the way up to full SDN components. This talk will provide an overview of many Linux networking components covering the Linux bridge, IPVLAN, MACVLAN, MACVTAP, Bonding/Team, OVS, classification & queueing, tunnel types, hidden routing tricks, IPSec, VTI, VRF and many others.
SOSCON 2019.10.17
What are the methods for packet processing on Linux? And how fast are each packet processing methods? In this presentation, we will learn how to handle packets on Linux (User space, socket filter, netfilter, tc), and compare performance with analysis of where each packet processing is done in the network stack (hook point). Also, we will discuss packet processing using XDP, an in-kernel fast-path recently added to the Linux kernel. eXpress Data Path (XDP) is a high-performance programmable network data-path within the Linux kernel. The XDP is located at the lowest level of access through SW in the network stack, the point at which driver receives the packet. By using the eBPF infrastructure at this hook point, the network stack can be expanded without modifying the kernel.
Daniel T. Lee (Hoyeon Lee)
@danieltimlee
Daniel T. Lee currently works as Software Engineer at Kosslab and contributing to Linux kernel BPF project. He has interest in cloud, Linux networking, and tracing technologies, and likes to analyze the kernel's internal using BPF technology.
High-Performance Networking Using eBPF, XDP, and io_uringScyllaDB
In the networking world there are a number of ways to increase performance over naive use of basic Berkeley sockets. These techniques have ranged from polling blocking sockets, non-blocking sockets controlled by Epoll, all the way through completely bypassing the Linux kernel for maximum network performance where you talk directly to the network interface card by using something like DPDK or Netmap. All these tools have their place, and generally occupy a space from convenience to performance. But in recent years, that landscape has changed massively.. The tools available to the average Linux systems developer have improved from the creation of io_uring, to the expansion of bpf from a simple filtering language to a full-on programming environment embedded directly in the kernel. Along with that came something called XDP (express datapath). This was Linux kernel's answer to kernel-bypass networking. AF_XDP is the new socket type created by this feature, and generally works very similarly to something like DPDK. History lessons out of the way, this talk will look into, and discuss the merits of this technology, it's place in the broader ecosystem and how it can be used to attain the highest level of performance possible. This talk will dive into crucial details, such as how AF_XDP works, how it can be integrated into a larger system and finally more advanced topics such as request sharding/load balancing. There will be detailed look at the design of AF_XDP, the eBpf code used, as well as the userspace code required to drive it all. It will also include performance numbers from this setup compared to regular kernel networking. And most importantly how to put all this together to handle as much data as possible on a single modern multi-core system.
USENIX LISA2021 talk by Brendan Gregg (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5Z2AU7QTH4). This talk is a deep dive that describes how BPF (eBPF) works internally on Linux, and dissects some modern performance observability tools. Details covered include the kernel BPF implementation: the verifier, JIT compilation, and the BPF execution environment; the BPF instruction set; different event sources; and how BPF is used by user space, using bpftrace programs as an example. This includes showing how bpftrace is compiled to LLVM IR and then BPF bytecode, and how per-event data and aggregated map data are fetched from the kernel.
LinuxCon 2015 Linux Kernel Networking WalkthroughThomas Graf
This presentation features a walk through the Linux kernel networking stack for users and developers. It will cover insights into both, existing essential networking features and recent developments and will show how to use them properly. Our starting point is the network card driver as it feeds a packet into the stack. We will follow the packet as it traverses through various subsystems such as packet filtering, routing, protocol stacks, and the socket layer. We will pause here and there to look into concepts such as networking namespaces, segmentation offloading, TCP small queues, and low latency polling and will discuss how to configure them.
Linux Performance Analysis: New Tools and Old SecretsBrendan Gregg
Talk for USENIX/LISA2014 by Brendan Gregg, Netflix. At Netflix performance is crucial, and we use many high to low level tools to analyze our stack in different ways. In this talk, I will introduce new system observability tools we are using at Netflix, which I've ported from my DTraceToolkit, and are intended for our Linux 3.2 cloud instances. These show that Linux can do more than you may think, by using creative hacks and workarounds with existing kernel features (ftrace, perf_events). While these are solving issues on current versions of Linux, I'll also briefly summarize the future in this space: eBPF, ktap, SystemTap, sysdig, etc.
Using eBPF for High-Performance Networking in CiliumScyllaDB
The Cilium project is a popular networking solution for Kubernetes, based on eBPF. This talk uses eBPF code and demos to explore the basics of how Cilium makes network connections, and manipulates packets so that they can avoid traversing the kernel's built-in networking stack. You'll see how eBPF enables high-performance networking as well as deep network observability and security.
netfilter is a framework provided by the Linux kernel that allows various networking-related operations to be implemented in the form of customized handlers.
iptables is a user-space application program that allows a system administrator to configure the tables provided by the Linux kernel firewall (implemented as different netfilter modules) and the chains and rules it stores.
Many systems use iptables/netfilter, Linux's native packet filtering/mangling framework since Linux 2.4, be it home routers or sophisticated cloud network stacks.
In this session, we will talk about the netfilter framework and its facilities, explain how basic filtering and mangling use-cases are implemented using iptables, and introduce some less common but powerful extensions of iptables.
Shmulik Ladkani, Chief Architect at Nsof Networks.
Long time network veteran and kernel geek.
Shmulik started his career at Jungo (acquired by NDS/Cisco) implementing residential gateway software, focusing on embedded Linux, Linux kernel, networking and hardware/software integration.
Some billions of forwarded packets later, Shmulik left his position as Jungo's lead architect and joined Ravello Systems (acquired by Oracle) as tech lead, developing a virtual data center as a cloud-based service, focusing around virtualization systems, network virtualization and SDN.
Recently he co-founded Nsof Networks, where he's been busy architecting network infrastructure as a cloud-based service, gazing at internet routes in astonishment, and playing the chkuku.
BPF of Berkeley Packet Filter mechanism was first introduced in linux in 1997 in version 2.1.75. It has seen a number of extensions of the years. Recently in versions 3.15 - 3.19 it received a major overhaul which drastically expanded it's applicability. This talk will cover how the instruction set looks today and why. It's architecture, capabilities, interface, just-in-time compilers. We will also talk about how it's being used in different areas of the kernel like tracing and networking and future plans.
eBPF is an exciting new technology that is poised to transform Linux performance engineering. eBPF enables users to dynamically and programatically trace any kernel or user space code path, safely and efficiently. However, understanding eBPF is not so simple. The goal of this talk is to give audiences a fundamental understanding of eBPF, how it interconnects existing Linux tracing technologies, and provides a powerful aplatform to solve any Linux performance problem.
BPF & Cilium - Turning Linux into a Microservices-aware Operating SystemThomas Graf
Container runtimes cause Linux to return to its original purpose: to serve applications interacting directly with the kernel. At the same time, the Linux kernel is traditionally difficult to change and its development process is full of myths. A new efficient in-kernel programming language called eBPF is changing this and allows everyone to extend existing kernel components or glue them together in new forms without requiring to change the kernel itself.
In this talk Jiří Pírko discusses the design and evolution of the VLAN implementation in Linux, the challenges and pitfalls as well as hardware acceleration and alternative implementations.
Jiří Pírko is a major contributor to kernel networking and the creator of libteam for link aggregation.
С 2003 года интерактивное агентство AREALIDEA предоставляет услуги по нескольким направлениям: повышение продаж и конверсии; создание сайтов, порталов, магазинов; корпоративные порталы и B2B-системы; комплексное продвижение в интернете; реализация промо-проектов и различных мобильных решений.
USENIX LISA2021 talk by Brendan Gregg (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5Z2AU7QTH4). This talk is a deep dive that describes how BPF (eBPF) works internally on Linux, and dissects some modern performance observability tools. Details covered include the kernel BPF implementation: the verifier, JIT compilation, and the BPF execution environment; the BPF instruction set; different event sources; and how BPF is used by user space, using bpftrace programs as an example. This includes showing how bpftrace is compiled to LLVM IR and then BPF bytecode, and how per-event data and aggregated map data are fetched from the kernel.
LinuxCon 2015 Linux Kernel Networking WalkthroughThomas Graf
This presentation features a walk through the Linux kernel networking stack for users and developers. It will cover insights into both, existing essential networking features and recent developments and will show how to use them properly. Our starting point is the network card driver as it feeds a packet into the stack. We will follow the packet as it traverses through various subsystems such as packet filtering, routing, protocol stacks, and the socket layer. We will pause here and there to look into concepts such as networking namespaces, segmentation offloading, TCP small queues, and low latency polling and will discuss how to configure them.
Linux Performance Analysis: New Tools and Old SecretsBrendan Gregg
Talk for USENIX/LISA2014 by Brendan Gregg, Netflix. At Netflix performance is crucial, and we use many high to low level tools to analyze our stack in different ways. In this talk, I will introduce new system observability tools we are using at Netflix, which I've ported from my DTraceToolkit, and are intended for our Linux 3.2 cloud instances. These show that Linux can do more than you may think, by using creative hacks and workarounds with existing kernel features (ftrace, perf_events). While these are solving issues on current versions of Linux, I'll also briefly summarize the future in this space: eBPF, ktap, SystemTap, sysdig, etc.
Using eBPF for High-Performance Networking in CiliumScyllaDB
The Cilium project is a popular networking solution for Kubernetes, based on eBPF. This talk uses eBPF code and demos to explore the basics of how Cilium makes network connections, and manipulates packets so that they can avoid traversing the kernel's built-in networking stack. You'll see how eBPF enables high-performance networking as well as deep network observability and security.
netfilter is a framework provided by the Linux kernel that allows various networking-related operations to be implemented in the form of customized handlers.
iptables is a user-space application program that allows a system administrator to configure the tables provided by the Linux kernel firewall (implemented as different netfilter modules) and the chains and rules it stores.
Many systems use iptables/netfilter, Linux's native packet filtering/mangling framework since Linux 2.4, be it home routers or sophisticated cloud network stacks.
In this session, we will talk about the netfilter framework and its facilities, explain how basic filtering and mangling use-cases are implemented using iptables, and introduce some less common but powerful extensions of iptables.
Shmulik Ladkani, Chief Architect at Nsof Networks.
Long time network veteran and kernel geek.
Shmulik started his career at Jungo (acquired by NDS/Cisco) implementing residential gateway software, focusing on embedded Linux, Linux kernel, networking and hardware/software integration.
Some billions of forwarded packets later, Shmulik left his position as Jungo's lead architect and joined Ravello Systems (acquired by Oracle) as tech lead, developing a virtual data center as a cloud-based service, focusing around virtualization systems, network virtualization and SDN.
Recently he co-founded Nsof Networks, where he's been busy architecting network infrastructure as a cloud-based service, gazing at internet routes in astonishment, and playing the chkuku.
BPF of Berkeley Packet Filter mechanism was first introduced in linux in 1997 in version 2.1.75. It has seen a number of extensions of the years. Recently in versions 3.15 - 3.19 it received a major overhaul which drastically expanded it's applicability. This talk will cover how the instruction set looks today and why. It's architecture, capabilities, interface, just-in-time compilers. We will also talk about how it's being used in different areas of the kernel like tracing and networking and future plans.
eBPF is an exciting new technology that is poised to transform Linux performance engineering. eBPF enables users to dynamically and programatically trace any kernel or user space code path, safely and efficiently. However, understanding eBPF is not so simple. The goal of this talk is to give audiences a fundamental understanding of eBPF, how it interconnects existing Linux tracing technologies, and provides a powerful aplatform to solve any Linux performance problem.
BPF & Cilium - Turning Linux into a Microservices-aware Operating SystemThomas Graf
Container runtimes cause Linux to return to its original purpose: to serve applications interacting directly with the kernel. At the same time, the Linux kernel is traditionally difficult to change and its development process is full of myths. A new efficient in-kernel programming language called eBPF is changing this and allows everyone to extend existing kernel components or glue them together in new forms without requiring to change the kernel itself.
In this talk Jiří Pírko discusses the design and evolution of the VLAN implementation in Linux, the challenges and pitfalls as well as hardware acceleration and alternative implementations.
Jiří Pírko is a major contributor to kernel networking and the creator of libteam for link aggregation.
С 2003 года интерактивное агентство AREALIDEA предоставляет услуги по нескольким направлениям: повышение продаж и конверсии; создание сайтов, порталов, магазинов; корпоративные порталы и B2B-системы; комплексное продвижение в интернете; реализация промо-проектов и различных мобильных решений.
সময়ের ছায়াপথ সময়ের সাথে চলে..
সময়ের কথা বলে...
মানুষের কথা বলে...
Samayer chhayapath goes with time and announces the speaking of time.In this way feels the vibration of people.
CC++ echo serverThis assignment is designed to introduce network .pdfsecunderbadtirumalgi
C/C++ echo server
This assignment is designed to introduce network programing and the socket API. You will build
a simple ECHO server, that is a program that accepts incoming connection requests and then
echoes back any string that is sent.
Required Behavior
1. Your submission must be written in C or C++ and must compile and run on the schools Linux
server.
2. Your code should be clean and easy to read with reasonable comments and variable names.
3. You must provide a makefile that compiles your program. It should compile without errors or
warnings to a binary named echo_s.
4. Your program should take one optional command line argument, -v, that invokes verbose
mode causing the program to print diagnostic messages as it operates.
5. When run the program should:
* Create a socket and prepare it to listen for incoming TCP connections on the port of your
choice.
* Print Using port: X to tell the user what port your program is listening on.
* Begin waiting for a new connection
* When a new connection is established:
- Read a block of data from the connection note the length of the data received (blocks can
be up to 1024 bytes long)
- Check the block to see if it starts with the letters CLOSE or QUIT.
+If CLOSE, close the connection and start waiting for another connection (return to
waiting for a connection).
+If QUIT, close the connection and the listening socket and exit your program.
- Send the block back with a write() call.
- Return to waiting for the next block of data from the client.
6. If run with the v flag you should print a diagnostic message at least
* When the socket is opened
* When the socket is bound.
* Before it blocks waiting for a new connection.
* When a new connection is accepted.
* Before it blocks waiting for new data.
* When you get a block of data.
* If the data included the CLOSE command,
* If the data included the QUIT command.
* Any other time you think it would be useful.
Suggested Approach
There is some skeleton code at the end
The skeleton includes a makefile and everything you need to get started.
Once you have the skeleton setup and running you should start filling in the code. You may of
course do this however you like, but I would recommend the following:
* Fill in the sections of main() required to process command line arguments, create, bind,
establish a listening queue and then close a stream type socket.
- If you run the program without the v flag it should print what port was selected, then exit.
- If you run the program with the v you should see each step of the socket creation process.
* Add code to accept new connection requests and as requests are received call the
processConnection() At this point you can test by connect to the program with telnet.
* At this point you should have the functioning skeleton of a TCP server application. Up to this
point the structure of all server applications are almost identical, regardless of the application
protocol they are going to implement.
* Modify the processCon.
This talk is all about the Berkeley Packet Filters (BPF) and their uses in Linux.
Agenda:
* What is a BPF and why do we need it?
* Writing custom BPFs
* Notes on BPF implementation in the kernel
* Usage examples: SOCKET_FILTER & seccomp
Speaker:
Kfir Gollan, senior embedded software developer, Linux kernel hacker and software team leader.
I am Bernard. I am a C Assignment Expert at programminghomeworkhelp.com. I hold a Ph.D. in Programming from, University of Leeds, UK. I have been helping students with their homework for the past 9 years. I solve assignments related to C Programming.
Visit programminghomeworkhelp.com or email support@programminghomeworkhelp.com. You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with C Programming Assignments.
Introduction
This Tutorial is On Socket Programming In C Language for Linux. Instructions Give Below will only work On Linux System not in windows.
Socket API In windows is called Winsock and there we can discuss about that in another tutorial.
What is Socket?
Sockets are a method for communication between a client program and a server program in a network.
A socket is defined as "the endpoint in a connection." Sockets are created and used with a set of programming requests or "function calls" sometimes called the sockets application programming interface (API).
The most common sockets API is the Berkeley UNIX C interface for sockets.
Sockets can also be used for communication between processes within the same computer.
1-Information sharing
2-Computation speedup
3-Modularity
4-Convenience
5-allows exchanged data and informations
Two IPC Models
1. Shared memory- is an OS provided abstraction which allows a memory region to be simultaneously accessed by multiple programs with an intent to provide communication among them. One process will create an area in RAM which other processes can accessed
2. Message passing - is a form of communication used in interprocess communication. Communication is made by the sending of messages to recipients. Each process should be able to name the other processes. The producer typically uses send() system call to send messages, and the consumer uses receive()system call to receive messages
Shared memory
Faster than message passing
After establishing shared memory, treated as routine memory accesses
Message passing
Useful for exchanging smaller amounts of data
Easy to implement, but more time-consuming task of kernel intervention
Bounded-Buffer Problem Producer Process
do {
...
produce an item in nextp
...
wait(empty);
wait(mutex);
...
add nextp to buffer
...
signal(mutex);
signal(full);
} while (true);
Bounded-Buffer Problem Consumer Process
do {
wait(full);
wait(mutex);
...
remove an item from buffer to nextc
...
signal(mutex);
signal(empty);
...
consume the item in nextc
...
} while (true);
client-server model, the client sends out requests to the server, and the server does some processing with the request(s) received, and returns a reply (or replies)to the client.
Since Socket can be described as end-points for communication. we could imagine the client and server hosts being connected by a pipe through which data-flow takes place.
1-sockets use a client-server while Server waits for incoming client requests by listening to a specified port.
2-After receiving a request, the server accepts a connection from the client socket to complete the connection
3-then Remote procedure call (RPC) abstracts procedure call mechanism for use between systems with network connections
4-and pipes acts as a conduit allowing two processes to communicate
A process is different than a program
- Program is static code and static data
- Process is Dynamic instance of code and data
-Program becomes process when executable file loaded into memory
No one-to-one mapping between programs and processes
-can have multiple processes of the same program
-one program can invoke multiple process
Execution of program started via GUI mouse clicks and command line entry of its name
The process state transition
As a process executes, The process is being created, then The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor therefore, Instructions are being executed then The process is waiting for some event to occur,thereafter The process has finished exec ...
I am Irene. I am a Computer Science Assignment Help Expert at programminghomeworkhelp.com. I hold a Ph.D. in Computer Science from, California Institute of Technology. I have been helping students with their homework for the past 8 years. I solve assignments related to Computer Science.
Visit programminghomeworkhelp.com or email support@programminghomeworkhelp.com.
You can also call on +1 678 648 4277 for any assistance with Computer Science assignments.
This is a short introduction to some basic concepts about device drivers on Linux, and does not get into the nuts and bolts of it; uses a serial driver as an example, and how does it fit within the TTY layer. Includes code walk-through.
Kernel Recipes 2014 - What I’m forgetting when designing a new userspace inte...Anne Nicolas
When designing a new interface between kernel and userspace, say a new ioctl, a new character device or a new syscall, I’m forgetting some basic issues and/or corner cases.
This talk is about such pitfalls and how to address them.
Yann Droneaud, OPTEYA
Powerful big data processing and storage combined, this presentation walks thru the basics of integrating Apache Spark and Apache Cassandra. Presented by Alex Thompson at the Sydney Cassandra Meetup.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Sockets and Socket-Buffer
1. Creating a socket from user space is done by the socket()
system call:
int socket (int family, int type, int protocol);
On success, a file descriptor for the new socket is returned.
For open() system call (for files), we also get a file descriptor as
the return value.
Socket
Essentially, a socket is an abstraction for network communication, just
as a file is an abstraction for file system communication. Let’s consider
the basic network I/O functions for a Linux system. In general, an
application that performs net- work input and output needs to perform
the five basic functions described in open, close, read, write, and
control.
2. A family is a suite of protocols
Each family is a subdirectory of linux/net
E.g., linux/net/ipv4, linux/net/decnet, linux/net/packet
IPv4: PF_INET
IPv6: PF_INET6.
Packet sockets: PF_PACKET
Operate at the device driver layer.
pcap library for Linux uses PF_PACKET sockets
pcap library is in use by sniffers such as tcpdump.
Protocol Family == Address Family
PF_INET == AF_INET (in /include/linux/socket.h)
Socket(): Family
3. SOCK_STREAM and SOCK_DGRAM are
the mostly used types.
SOCK_STREAM for TCP, SCTP
SOCK_DGRAM for UDP.
SOCK_RAW for RAW sockets.
There are cases where protocol can be either
SOCK_STREAM or SOCK_DGRAM; for
example, Unix domain socket (AF_UNIX).
Socket(): Type
4. Protocol is protocol number within a family.
Internet protocols are assigned by IANA
(Internet Assigned Number Authority)
http://www.iana.org/assignments/protocol-numbers/
For IPPROTO_TCP, it’s usually 0.
IPPROTO_TCP is 0, see: include/linux/in.h.
For SCTP:
protocol is IPPROTO_SCTP (132)
sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_SCTP);
For UDP-Lite:
protocol is IPPROTO_UDPLITE (136)
Socket(): Protocol
6. For every socket which is created by a user space application, there is a
corresponding struct socket and struct sock in the kernel.
struct socket: include/linux/net.h
Data common to the socket layer
Has only 8 members
Any variable “sock” always refers to a struct socket
struct sock : include/net/sock.h
Data common to the Network Protocol layer (i.e., AF_INET)
has more than 30 members, and is one of the biggest structures in the
networking stack.
Any variable “sk” always refers to a struct sock.
Socket Data Structures
9. In Linux, the three different
data structures each have the letters "sock" in them. The first is the socket buffer
defined in linux/include/linux/sk_buff.h. Socket buffers are structures to hold
packet data.
struct sk_buff *skb;:
In the Linux source code, socket buffers are often referred to by the variable skb.
struct socket *sock; :
The socket structure is the general structure that holds control and states
information for the socket layer.
struct sock *sk; :
It is a more complex structure used to keep state information about open
connections. It is accessed throughout the TCP/IP protocol but mostly within the
TCP protocol. It is usually referenced through a variable called sk.
SK_BUFFSK_BUFF
10. The Socket Buffer: sk_buff Structure
Most important data structure in the Linux networking code,
representing the headers for data that has been received or is
about to be transmit- ted. Defined in the <include/linux/skbuff.h>
include file.
struct sk_buff {
/* These two members must be first. */
struct sk_buff *next; //next buffer in list
struct sk_buff *prev; //previous buffer in list
struct sk_buff_head *list; //list we are on
struct sock *sk; //socket we belong to
struct timeval stamp; //timeval we arrived at
struct net_device *dev; //device we are leaving by
struct net_device *input_dev; //device we arrived at
struct net_device *real_dev;
skbuffs are the buffers in which the linux kernel handles network packets. The
packet is received by the network card, put into a skbuff and then passed to the
network stack, which uses the skbuff all the time.
12. char cb[40];
unsigned int len,
data_len,
mac_len,
csum;
unsigned char local_df,
cloned,
pkt_type,
ip_summed;
__u32 priority;
unsigned short protocol,
security;
void (*destructor)(struct sk_buff *skb);
#ifdef CONFIG_NETFILTER
unsigned long nfmark;
__u32 nfcache;
__u32 nfctinfo;
struct nf_conntrack *nfct;
//control buffer, used internally
// Length of actual data
//checksum
//head may be cloned
//packet class
//driver fed us ip checksum
//packet queuing priority
//packet protocol from driver
// security level of packet
//destructor function
13. #ifdef CONFIG_NETFILTER_DEBUG
unsigned int nf_debug;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_BRIDGE_NETFILTER
struct nf_bridge_info *nf_bridge;
#endif
#endif /* CONFIG_NETFILTER */
#if defined(CONFIG_HIPPI)
union {
__u32 ifield;
} private;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NET_SCHED
__u32 tc_index; /* traffic control index */
#ifdef CONFIG_NET_CLS_ACT
__u32 tc_verd; /* traffic control verdict */
__u32 tc_classid; /* traffic control classid */
#endif
14. #endif
/* These elements must be at the end, see alloc_skb() for details.
*/
unsigned int truesize; //real size of the buffer
atomic_t users; //user count
unsigned char *head, // pointer to head of buffer
*data, //data head pointer
*tail, //tail pointer
*end; //end pointer
};
End of sk_buff structure
15.
16. This one is tied together by next and prev fields in each sk_buff structure, the next field
pointing forward and the prev field pointing back-ward. But this list has another
requirement: each sk_buff structure must be able tofind the head of the whole list quickly.
To implement this requirement, an extrastructure of type sk_buff_head is inserted at the
beginning of the list, as a kind of dummy element. The sk_buff_head structure is:
struct sk_buff_head {
/* These two members must be first. */
struct sk_buff * next;
struct sk_buff * prev;
_ _u32 qlen;
spinlock_t lock;
};
NOTE: Data and tail point to the beginning and end of the actual data.
NOTE: The layer can then fill in the gap between head and data with a protocol header, or the gap
between tail and end with new data.
17.
18. When a packet is received, the device driver updates this field with the pointer to
the data structure representing the receiving interface
static int vortex_rx(struct net_device *dev)
{
skb->dev = dev;
... ... ...
skb->protocol = eth_type_trans(skb, dev);
netif_rx(skb); /* Pass the packet to the higher layer */
... ... ...
}
When receiving a data packet, the function responsible for processing the layer n
header receives a buffer from layer n-1 with skb->data pointing to the beginning
of the layer n header.
before passing
the packet to the layer n+1 handler, updates skb->data to make it point to the
end of the layer n header, which is the beginning of the layer n+1 header.
19.
20. skb support functions examples
1.struct sk_buff *alloc_skb(unsigned int size, int gfp_mask)
This function allocates a new skb. This is provided by the skb layer to initialize some
privat data and do memory statistics. The returned buffer has no headroom and a tailroom
of /size/ bytes.
2.void kfree_skb(struct sk_buff *skb)
Decrement the skb's usage count by one and free the skb if no
references left.
3.unsigned char *skb_put(struct sk_buff *sbk, int len)
extends the data area of the skb. if the total size exceeds the size of the skb, the kernel
will panic. A pointer to the first byte of new data is returned.
4.unsigned char *skb_push(struct sk_buff *skb, int len)
extends the data area of the skb. if the total size exceeds the size of the skb, the kernel will
panic. A pointer to the first byte of new data is returned.
5.unsigned char *skb_pull(struct sk_buff *skb, int len)
remove data from the start of a buffer, returning the bytes to headroom. A pointr to the
next data in the buffer is returned.
21.
22.
23.
24. THE FLOW
1. When TCP is asked to transmit some data, it allocates a buffer following certain
criteria (TCP Maximum Segment Size (mss), support for scatter gather I/O, etc.).
2. TCP reserves (with skb_reserve) enough space at the head of the buffer to hold
all the headers of all layers (TCP, IP, link layer). The parameter MAX_TCP_HEADER is
the sum of all headers of all levels and is calculated taking into account the
worst-case scenarios: because the TCP layer does not know what type of inter-
face will be used for the transmission, it reserves the biggest possible header for
each layer. It even accounts for the possibility of multiple IP headers (because
you can have multiple IP headers when the kernel is compiled with support for
IP over IP).
3. The TCP payload is copied into the buffer. Note that Figure 2-8 is just an exam-
ple. The TCP payload could be organized differently; for example, it could be
stored as fragments. In Chapter 21, we will see what a fragmented buffer (also
commonly called a paged buffer) looks like.
4. The TCP layer adds its header.
5. The TCP layer hands the buffer to the IP layer, which adds its header as well.
6. The IP layer hands the IP packet to the neighboring layer, which adds the link
layer header.