SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
•Download as DOCX, PDF•
1 like•122 views
The document outlines Louis Althusser's theory of the ideological state apparatus, which argues that state institutions like education, the family, politics, and the media shape people's behavior and ideas to maintain the capitalist economic base of society and the ruling class's exploitation of the working class. The economic base determines the superstructure of laws, culture, and political power, whose purpose is to perpetuate the existing economic system.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Economic systems
This document discusses different types of economic systems including capitalism, communism, socialism, and traditional systems. Capitalism is defined as a private ownership system with minimal government interference. Communism is described as a system with government control and ownership of production. Socialism involves state ownership of major resources and means of production. Traditional systems are based around family and ethnic groups with farming, hunting, and gathering.
Classical and Neo Classical Economics
Classical and Neoclassical Economics developed out of the Enlightenment period in Europe. Classical economists like Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Thomas Malthus analyzed economies based on theories like the labor theory of value, comparative advantage, and populations growth. They viewed economies as self-regulating systems driven by individuals pursuing self-interest. Neoclassical economics built on these foundations with assumptions of rational behavior, market equilibrium from supply and demand, and utility maximization. Both approaches remain influential but face criticisms like oversimplifying human behavior and the real-world complexity of economies.
History of Economic Thought
This document provides an outline of the history of economic thought from Adam Smith and the classical political economists in the 18th century to contemporary thinkers. It summarizes the key ideas and works of influential economists such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes, Milton Friedman, Amartya Sen, and Thomas Piketty and the schools of thought they represented, including classical economics, marginalism, Keynesian economics, monetarism, and debates around inequality. The document traces the evolution of economic ideas and chronicles how economic theory has developed in response to historical conditions and events.
Weber and the spirit of capitalism
Max Weber analyzed the origins and evolution of Western capitalism. He identified the "spirit of capitalism" as a set of Protestant values like hard work, progress, and the moral sanctioning of wealth accumulation. According to Weber, capitalism emerged from a combination of historical factors in Europe, especially the spread of Calvinism in the 15th-16th centuries. Calvinism's emphasis on worldly "callings" and the sign of salvation through success encouraged the moral energy and drive of capitalist entrepreneurs. Rationalism also contributed to capitalism through the application of science and techniques to production. However, Weber warned that capitalism could become dominated by materialism and dehumanize living conditions.
Economic history its trends and future
The document discusses key concepts related to economic institutions and systems. It defines economy as a social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Throughout history, economic systems have evolved from simple structures in primitive societies to today's more complex systems. Modern economies can generally be categorized as capitalist, socialist, or mixed. The functions of economic institutions include meeting basic needs, generating income and employment, promoting trade and investment, and more.
Management History Arjun
The history of management can be traced back to ancient civilizations like Egypt and China where formal policies and rules were imposed. During the Renaissance and Reformation periods, ideas like mercantilism emerged which focused on buying low and selling high. The Industrial Revolution in the 18th century saw the rise of machine power over manual labor. Frederick Taylor's book in 1903 is considered the first scholarly work on modern scientific management principles. In the 19th century, theorists like Adam Smith and Eli Whitney contributed to the development of concepts like specialization, standardization, and cost accounting. By the 20th century, management had evolved into distinct branches including human resources, operations, strategy, marketing, finance, and information technology. Today, management is
Introducing the Economic Revolution
The document outlines a lecture on chapters 1 and 2 of Heilbroner's book, discussing how early societies were organized based on tradition and cooperation, how the market system emerged as a way for individuals to pursue their own interests within an established framework, and different economic systems like feudalism, mercantilism, capitalism, and socialism.
World systems theory
This document provides an overview of world systems theory, which examines how structures shape the flow of people, goods, and ideas globally. It discusses key concepts such as the core, semi-periphery, and periphery of the global economic system. World systems theory views the global economy as a single world-economy larger than any political unit, with economic relations between parts being most important. It also examines resistance to the world system, modernity, global flows of different types, and the central role of media and cultural imagination.
Recommended
Economic systems
This document discusses different types of economic systems including capitalism, communism, socialism, and traditional systems. Capitalism is defined as a private ownership system with minimal government interference. Communism is described as a system with government control and ownership of production. Socialism involves state ownership of major resources and means of production. Traditional systems are based around family and ethnic groups with farming, hunting, and gathering.
Classical and Neo Classical Economics
Classical and Neoclassical Economics developed out of the Enlightenment period in Europe. Classical economists like Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Thomas Malthus analyzed economies based on theories like the labor theory of value, comparative advantage, and populations growth. They viewed economies as self-regulating systems driven by individuals pursuing self-interest. Neoclassical economics built on these foundations with assumptions of rational behavior, market equilibrium from supply and demand, and utility maximization. Both approaches remain influential but face criticisms like oversimplifying human behavior and the real-world complexity of economies.
History of Economic Thought
This document provides an outline of the history of economic thought from Adam Smith and the classical political economists in the 18th century to contemporary thinkers. It summarizes the key ideas and works of influential economists such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes, Milton Friedman, Amartya Sen, and Thomas Piketty and the schools of thought they represented, including classical economics, marginalism, Keynesian economics, monetarism, and debates around inequality. The document traces the evolution of economic ideas and chronicles how economic theory has developed in response to historical conditions and events.
Weber and the spirit of capitalism
Max Weber analyzed the origins and evolution of Western capitalism. He identified the "spirit of capitalism" as a set of Protestant values like hard work, progress, and the moral sanctioning of wealth accumulation. According to Weber, capitalism emerged from a combination of historical factors in Europe, especially the spread of Calvinism in the 15th-16th centuries. Calvinism's emphasis on worldly "callings" and the sign of salvation through success encouraged the moral energy and drive of capitalist entrepreneurs. Rationalism also contributed to capitalism through the application of science and techniques to production. However, Weber warned that capitalism could become dominated by materialism and dehumanize living conditions.
Economic history its trends and future
The document discusses key concepts related to economic institutions and systems. It defines economy as a social institution that organizes a society's production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Throughout history, economic systems have evolved from simple structures in primitive societies to today's more complex systems. Modern economies can generally be categorized as capitalist, socialist, or mixed. The functions of economic institutions include meeting basic needs, generating income and employment, promoting trade and investment, and more.
Management History Arjun
The history of management can be traced back to ancient civilizations like Egypt and China where formal policies and rules were imposed. During the Renaissance and Reformation periods, ideas like mercantilism emerged which focused on buying low and selling high. The Industrial Revolution in the 18th century saw the rise of machine power over manual labor. Frederick Taylor's book in 1903 is considered the first scholarly work on modern scientific management principles. In the 19th century, theorists like Adam Smith and Eli Whitney contributed to the development of concepts like specialization, standardization, and cost accounting. By the 20th century, management had evolved into distinct branches including human resources, operations, strategy, marketing, finance, and information technology. Today, management is
Introducing the Economic Revolution
The document outlines a lecture on chapters 1 and 2 of Heilbroner's book, discussing how early societies were organized based on tradition and cooperation, how the market system emerged as a way for individuals to pursue their own interests within an established framework, and different economic systems like feudalism, mercantilism, capitalism, and socialism.
World systems theory
This document provides an overview of world systems theory, which examines how structures shape the flow of people, goods, and ideas globally. It discusses key concepts such as the core, semi-periphery, and periphery of the global economic system. World systems theory views the global economy as a single world-economy larger than any political unit, with economic relations between parts being most important. It also examines resistance to the world system, modernity, global flows of different types, and the central role of media and cultural imagination.
Capitalism vs Communism
This document compares and contrasts capitalism and communism. It defines communism as a socioeconomic system with common ownership and no social classes, money, or state. Capitalism derives from capital, where private individuals can own capital assets and labor is purchased with wages. The document then discusses the historical origins and key figures of each system. It outlines some of the main features of each like democracy and market economy in capitalism versus single-party rule and equality in communism. The impacts, criticisms, and advocacies of both systems are also presented. In conclusion, the document suggests the world is moving toward more liberalization and capitalism while decreasing communist governments.
Classical economic thought
The document discusses several key concepts in classical economics:
1. Classical economics included a value theory and distribution theory where the value of a product depended on production costs. Distribution of income was explained by costs of production.
2. Under classical economics, a landlord received rent, workers received wages, and capitalist tenants received profits from their investments.
3. Adam Smith was a prominent figure in classical economics and argued that labor is the source of a country's wealth and wealth increases through division of labor and free competition.
4. Physiocrats believed that agriculture was the sole source of wealth for a nation. Rent, wages, and profits were seen as distributions of the agricultural surplus.
World System Theory
Presentation on World System Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Lecture3 - Marx
Marx's theories of capitalism, exploitation, and commodity fetishism are summarized. According to Marx, workers are exploited under capitalism by being forced to work more than is necessary to survive in order to produce surplus value that is stolen by capitalists. This alienation and exploitation is accepted through hegemony and commodity fetishism obscures the human labor and relationships behind products. As exploitation increases, workers may unite in revolution as happened in Russia in 1917.
Evolution of Economic
This document provides a summary of different economic theories from Physiocrat to Institutional Economics. It discusses the key ideas and contributors of each theory over time including Physiocrat, Mercantilism, Classical Economics, Keynesian Economics, Neo-Classical Economics, New Classical Economics, New Keynesian Economics, Structural Economics, and Institutional Economics. The document is a group assignment report submitted by 5 students at the Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology for their Fundamentals of Economics course. It includes an introduction, discussion on each theory in turn, and references section.
Beginning of TICS
This document discusses how information and communication technologies (I.C.T.) are critical tools for modern economies and will be a key factor in enabling positive future change on a global scale. I.C.T. is creating opportunities for greater individual success, supporting sustainable development models, and allowing more countries to utilize information networks. However, the worldwide proliferation of I.C.T. could also help enable cultural imperialism, ideological totalitarianism, and information monopolies if not addressed properly.
Ietm history of economic thought
This document provides an overview of the history of economic thought, outlining major economists and their ideas from ancient times through contemporary economic theory. It discusses early Greek philosophers like Xenophon and Aristotle and their work on household management. It then covers mercantilism and physiocrats before detailing the classical economists like Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, and Karl Marx. The document also summarizes the ideas of neoclassical thinkers, Keynes and the development of macroeconomics, monetarism, and concludes with some modern economists like Thomas Piketty.
Classical economics
Classical Economics developed between the 18th and 19th centuries as an alternative to Marxism. It viewed the market as self-regulating and believed economic growth was driven by interactions between labor and capital. Important early thinkers included Adam Smith, whose works "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" and "The Wealth of Nations" influenced Classical economics, and David Ricardo, whose "Principles of Political Economy and Taxation" built on Smith's theories.
Idelogies communism
The document discusses socialism and related economic theories. It defines socialism as an economic system where the means of production are owned collectively by the community through the state. It describes different models of socialist ownership and economic planning. It provides characteristics of the Soviet Union's command economy, including production quotas and five-year plans. The document also discusses criticisms of socialist economies from market economists.
11.[1 6]an analysis of karl marx’s theory of value on the contemporary capita...
This document summarizes Karl Marx's theory of value and its implications for contemporary capitalist economies. Some key points:
1. Marx believed that labor is the source of all value in an economy. Under capitalism, workers produce more value through their labor than what they are paid in wages. The surplus value is appropriated by capitalists as profit.
2. Marx argued that capitalism tends to exploit workers by paying them a wage just enough to subsist, while extracting surplus value from their labor. This enriches capitalists while impoverishing workers over time.
3. However, some argue that modern capitalism involves formally free labor, where workers own property and freely sell their labor power, though they have been deprived of
Dependency Theory
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Neoliberalism
This document discusses neoliberalism and its effects. It defines neoliberalism as both an ideological set of ideas about the relationship between economy and government as well as a political movement that implemented reforms based on those ideas. Key neoliberal ideas include letting the economy prosper without interference, individual responsibility for poverty, and applying economic rationales like competition to social programs. The document then gives examples of how neoliberalism manifests through policies like structural adjustment programs, the shift to service industries, increasing economic polarization, and the expansion of the security and non-profit sectors in cities.
19. converging economic systems
If government sets quotas too high, it can lead to surpluses as producers are required to produce more than consumers demand. This occurred in the Soviet Union which experienced food surpluses while citizens lacked choices. Quotas set too low can cause shortages as occurred in China during the Great Leap Forward when government quotas failed to keep up with population growth, leading to famine. Quotas distort markets and should account for changes in supply and demand.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses different sociological perspectives on crime and deviance. It notes that while perspectives explain crime differently by emphasizing different concepts, they also share some common ideas. It also comments that crime is often seen as a lower class issue caused by flaws in "those people's" culture, which distorts perceptions and overlooks crimes by middle and upper classes. The document instructs students to focus on comparing Marxist perspectives on crime to functionalist and subcultural theories using key studies and concepts. Students are assigned the task of creating a Marxist magazine addressing crime that illustrates similarities and differences between Marxist and other views through articles, interviews, and other sections.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides guidance on evaluation skills for sociology students. It discusses evaluation as an important higher-order thinking skill that involves critically examining arguments and considering both strengths and weaknesses. It recommends using Bloom's Taxonomy as a framework to practice and develop evaluation. Specific evaluation strategies outlined include asking what an argument adds to the debate, using evaluation charts to assess theories and methods, and posing critical questions to take an evaluative approach.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) Labelling theory rejects the traditional view that deviance is objectively defined and that deviants are inherently different.
2) It argues that deviance is a social process where acts are defined as deviant through interaction and the application of labels by authorities.
3) Certain groups are more likely to be labelled as deviant not because they are more deviant, but because labels are applied unevenly based on stereotypes.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses positivism and quantitative research methods. It provides details on the hypothetico-deductive method used by positivists, which involves formulating a hypothesis, deciding on a methodology, collecting data, analyzing the data, and confirming, modifying, or rejecting the hypothesis based on the results. Surveys are described as a common method used by positivists and government/commercial organizations because they are less influenced by personal beliefs. However, surveys have drawbacks like not being able to capture complex or ambiguous information well. Longitudinal studies are presented as overcoming this by following the same people over many years. The main criticism of positivism discussed is that it can establish correlations but not reasons or motiv
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document outlines various sociological theories of crime and deviance. It discusses definitions of crime and explanations for why some individuals commit crimes while others do not. These include functionalist theories that see crime as inevitable and serving a social purpose, as well as subculture theories that examine why groups turn to crime due to factors like status frustration or lack of legitimate opportunities. Other approaches covered are interactionist/labeling perspectives, phenomenology, neo-Marxism, and spatial theories examining the relationship between crime and location.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Structuration theory posits that social structures and individual human agency mutually influence each other in a process of duality. Social structures both enable and constrain human action, while human action simultaneously reproduces and transforms social structures through rules and resources. Giddens argues that people are knowledgeable and reflexive agents capable of changing social structures like patriarchy, which are viewed as resources that people draw on rather than determine human behavior. Critics question whether individuals truly have full control over structural resources and the ability to change structures.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses key concepts related to culture, including examples of different types of culture, subcultures, theories of culture, and cultural stratification. It provides multiple choice questions to test understanding of these concepts. The document examines material culture, non-material culture, physical culture, consensus theories of culture, Marxists' views of mass culture, interactionist perspectives on society and culture, and examples of high culture versus mass culture.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses liberal feminism, which argues that women's oppression stems from prejudice and unequal treatment under the law. Liberal feminists lobby for legal reforms and role models to promote equality of opportunity. However, some argue that liberal feminist goals have not led to meaningful changes or addressed issues of social class, race, and gender valuation of different types of work. The document also examines some problems with the liberal feminist framework and its research approaches.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) There are two main approaches to sociology - interpretivism and positivism. Interpretivism takes a bottom-up approach starting with individuals and uses qualitative methods like participant observation. Positivism takes a top-down approach and uses quantitative methods to test theories.
2) Max Weber argued for verstehen, or understanding social actions from the actor's point of view by attempting to see the world through their eyes. This established an alternative to prior sociological positivism.
3) In a study of a London housing estate, the researcher found through qualitative methods that residents felt safe, despite statistics showing it as crime-ridden. This highlights how quantitative and qualitative data can show
More Related Content
What's hot
Capitalism vs Communism
This document compares and contrasts capitalism and communism. It defines communism as a socioeconomic system with common ownership and no social classes, money, or state. Capitalism derives from capital, where private individuals can own capital assets and labor is purchased with wages. The document then discusses the historical origins and key figures of each system. It outlines some of the main features of each like democracy and market economy in capitalism versus single-party rule and equality in communism. The impacts, criticisms, and advocacies of both systems are also presented. In conclusion, the document suggests the world is moving toward more liberalization and capitalism while decreasing communist governments.
Classical economic thought
The document discusses several key concepts in classical economics:
1. Classical economics included a value theory and distribution theory where the value of a product depended on production costs. Distribution of income was explained by costs of production.
2. Under classical economics, a landlord received rent, workers received wages, and capitalist tenants received profits from their investments.
3. Adam Smith was a prominent figure in classical economics and argued that labor is the source of a country's wealth and wealth increases through division of labor and free competition.
4. Physiocrats believed that agriculture was the sole source of wealth for a nation. Rent, wages, and profits were seen as distributions of the agricultural surplus.
World System Theory
Presentation on World System Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Lecture3 - Marx
Marx's theories of capitalism, exploitation, and commodity fetishism are summarized. According to Marx, workers are exploited under capitalism by being forced to work more than is necessary to survive in order to produce surplus value that is stolen by capitalists. This alienation and exploitation is accepted through hegemony and commodity fetishism obscures the human labor and relationships behind products. As exploitation increases, workers may unite in revolution as happened in Russia in 1917.
Evolution of Economic
This document provides a summary of different economic theories from Physiocrat to Institutional Economics. It discusses the key ideas and contributors of each theory over time including Physiocrat, Mercantilism, Classical Economics, Keynesian Economics, Neo-Classical Economics, New Classical Economics, New Keynesian Economics, Structural Economics, and Institutional Economics. The document is a group assignment report submitted by 5 students at the Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology for their Fundamentals of Economics course. It includes an introduction, discussion on each theory in turn, and references section.
Beginning of TICS
This document discusses how information and communication technologies (I.C.T.) are critical tools for modern economies and will be a key factor in enabling positive future change on a global scale. I.C.T. is creating opportunities for greater individual success, supporting sustainable development models, and allowing more countries to utilize information networks. However, the worldwide proliferation of I.C.T. could also help enable cultural imperialism, ideological totalitarianism, and information monopolies if not addressed properly.
Ietm history of economic thought
This document provides an overview of the history of economic thought, outlining major economists and their ideas from ancient times through contemporary economic theory. It discusses early Greek philosophers like Xenophon and Aristotle and their work on household management. It then covers mercantilism and physiocrats before detailing the classical economists like Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, and Karl Marx. The document also summarizes the ideas of neoclassical thinkers, Keynes and the development of macroeconomics, monetarism, and concludes with some modern economists like Thomas Piketty.
Classical economics
Classical Economics developed between the 18th and 19th centuries as an alternative to Marxism. It viewed the market as self-regulating and believed economic growth was driven by interactions between labor and capital. Important early thinkers included Adam Smith, whose works "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" and "The Wealth of Nations" influenced Classical economics, and David Ricardo, whose "Principles of Political Economy and Taxation" built on Smith's theories.
Idelogies communism
The document discusses socialism and related economic theories. It defines socialism as an economic system where the means of production are owned collectively by the community through the state. It describes different models of socialist ownership and economic planning. It provides characteristics of the Soviet Union's command economy, including production quotas and five-year plans. The document also discusses criticisms of socialist economies from market economists.
11.[1 6]an analysis of karl marx’s theory of value on the contemporary capita...
This document summarizes Karl Marx's theory of value and its implications for contemporary capitalist economies. Some key points:
1. Marx believed that labor is the source of all value in an economy. Under capitalism, workers produce more value through their labor than what they are paid in wages. The surplus value is appropriated by capitalists as profit.
2. Marx argued that capitalism tends to exploit workers by paying them a wage just enough to subsist, while extracting surplus value from their labor. This enriches capitalists while impoverishing workers over time.
3. However, some argue that modern capitalism involves formally free labor, where workers own property and freely sell their labor power, though they have been deprived of
Dependency Theory
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Neoliberalism
This document discusses neoliberalism and its effects. It defines neoliberalism as both an ideological set of ideas about the relationship between economy and government as well as a political movement that implemented reforms based on those ideas. Key neoliberal ideas include letting the economy prosper without interference, individual responsibility for poverty, and applying economic rationales like competition to social programs. The document then gives examples of how neoliberalism manifests through policies like structural adjustment programs, the shift to service industries, increasing economic polarization, and the expansion of the security and non-profit sectors in cities.
19. converging economic systems
If government sets quotas too high, it can lead to surpluses as producers are required to produce more than consumers demand. This occurred in the Soviet Union which experienced food surpluses while citizens lacked choices. Quotas set too low can cause shortages as occurred in China during the Great Leap Forward when government quotas failed to keep up with population growth, leading to famine. Quotas distort markets and should account for changes in supply and demand.
What's hot (13)
11.[1 6]an analysis of karl marx’s theory of value on the contemporary capita...
11.[1 6]an analysis of karl marx’s theory of value on the contemporary capita...
Viewers also liked
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses different sociological perspectives on crime and deviance. It notes that while perspectives explain crime differently by emphasizing different concepts, they also share some common ideas. It also comments that crime is often seen as a lower class issue caused by flaws in "those people's" culture, which distorts perceptions and overlooks crimes by middle and upper classes. The document instructs students to focus on comparing Marxist perspectives on crime to functionalist and subcultural theories using key studies and concepts. Students are assigned the task of creating a Marxist magazine addressing crime that illustrates similarities and differences between Marxist and other views through articles, interviews, and other sections.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides guidance on evaluation skills for sociology students. It discusses evaluation as an important higher-order thinking skill that involves critically examining arguments and considering both strengths and weaknesses. It recommends using Bloom's Taxonomy as a framework to practice and develop evaluation. Specific evaluation strategies outlined include asking what an argument adds to the debate, using evaluation charts to assess theories and methods, and posing critical questions to take an evaluative approach.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) Labelling theory rejects the traditional view that deviance is objectively defined and that deviants are inherently different.
2) It argues that deviance is a social process where acts are defined as deviant through interaction and the application of labels by authorities.
3) Certain groups are more likely to be labelled as deviant not because they are more deviant, but because labels are applied unevenly based on stereotypes.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses positivism and quantitative research methods. It provides details on the hypothetico-deductive method used by positivists, which involves formulating a hypothesis, deciding on a methodology, collecting data, analyzing the data, and confirming, modifying, or rejecting the hypothesis based on the results. Surveys are described as a common method used by positivists and government/commercial organizations because they are less influenced by personal beliefs. However, surveys have drawbacks like not being able to capture complex or ambiguous information well. Longitudinal studies are presented as overcoming this by following the same people over many years. The main criticism of positivism discussed is that it can establish correlations but not reasons or motiv
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document outlines various sociological theories of crime and deviance. It discusses definitions of crime and explanations for why some individuals commit crimes while others do not. These include functionalist theories that see crime as inevitable and serving a social purpose, as well as subculture theories that examine why groups turn to crime due to factors like status frustration or lack of legitimate opportunities. Other approaches covered are interactionist/labeling perspectives, phenomenology, neo-Marxism, and spatial theories examining the relationship between crime and location.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Structuration theory posits that social structures and individual human agency mutually influence each other in a process of duality. Social structures both enable and constrain human action, while human action simultaneously reproduces and transforms social structures through rules and resources. Giddens argues that people are knowledgeable and reflexive agents capable of changing social structures like patriarchy, which are viewed as resources that people draw on rather than determine human behavior. Critics question whether individuals truly have full control over structural resources and the ability to change structures.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses key concepts related to culture, including examples of different types of culture, subcultures, theories of culture, and cultural stratification. It provides multiple choice questions to test understanding of these concepts. The document examines material culture, non-material culture, physical culture, consensus theories of culture, Marxists' views of mass culture, interactionist perspectives on society and culture, and examples of high culture versus mass culture.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses liberal feminism, which argues that women's oppression stems from prejudice and unequal treatment under the law. Liberal feminists lobby for legal reforms and role models to promote equality of opportunity. However, some argue that liberal feminist goals have not led to meaningful changes or addressed issues of social class, race, and gender valuation of different types of work. The document also examines some problems with the liberal feminist framework and its research approaches.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) There are two main approaches to sociology - interpretivism and positivism. Interpretivism takes a bottom-up approach starting with individuals and uses qualitative methods like participant observation. Positivism takes a top-down approach and uses quantitative methods to test theories.
2) Max Weber argued for verstehen, or understanding social actions from the actor's point of view by attempting to see the world through their eyes. This established an alternative to prior sociological positivism.
3) In a study of a London housing estate, the researcher found through qualitative methods that residents felt safe, despite statistics showing it as crime-ridden. This highlights how quantitative and qualitative data can show
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document is a test covering factors that have influenced girls' educational attainment, including both external and internal factors. [1] It covers topics like the feminist movement, changes in family structure and the job market, how girls are socialized, the impact of role models and equal opportunities policies in schools. [2] Key developments that helped girls educationally after 1988 included the introduction of GCSEs and A-levels, which research by Mitsos and Browne found benefited girls. [3]
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) Questionnaires are a set of written questions used to collect data about parental attitudes towards education. They have strengths of being quick and cheap but weaknesses in ensuring the correct person responds and in respondents giving socially desirable answers.
2) Key strengths are low cost and ease of distribution but weaknesses include not knowing if the parent actually responded and potential issues with reading level affecting response rates.
3) Positivists prefer questionnaires as the data is quantitative and reliable but Interpretivists argue they lack depth and reasons behind responses. Combining methods could help address weaknesses.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document defines and explains key demographic terms including birth rate, fertility rate, death rate, migration, and net migration. It describes birth rate as the number of live births per 1,000 people per year, and fertility rate as the average number of children born to each woman. It defines death rate as the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year, and migration as the movement of people between countries or regions. Net migration refers to the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Robert Tressell wrote the novel 'The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists' about working class painters and decorators in poverty. When he died in 1911, his daughter published it for £25. It became a classic that was credited with helping Labour win the 1945 election due to its socialist sympathies. In the book, one character Frank Owen uses 'The Great Money Trick' - explaining capitalism using bread - to show his coworkers how the capitalist class exploits workers by appropriating the surplus value of their labor.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
While some evidence points to secularization in Britain like decreasing church membership and attendance, other evidence shows religion still plays a role in society. Church membership in Britain decreased from around 28% in 1860-1910 to 12% in 2005, but religious programs still have large audiences. Additionally, non-Christian religions and denominations like Mormons and Jehovah's Witnesses have grown. There are differing views on whether new religious movements demonstrate a search for meaning or are a result of secularization through competing beliefs.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
While some evidence points to secularization in Britain like decreasing church membership and attendance, other evidence shows religion still plays a role in society. Church membership in Britain decreased from around 28% in 1860-1910 to 12% in 2005, but religious programs still have large audiences. Additionally, new religious movements have grown and non-Christian religions are increasing in membership. Overall, religion remains important to many individuals and continues to influence culture, but organized religion may have less direct social and political influence than in the past.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Classical Marxism views power as being concentrated in the hands of the bourgeoisie due to their ownership and control of the means of production. This allows them to further their own interests at the expense of the powerless proletariat. Marxists see conflict arising from the different objective class interests of the ruling and working classes. Neo-Marxists such as Gramsci argued that power is also maintained through ideological control of civil society and gaining the consent of the masses. Pluralists reject the Marxist view of a single dominant class, arguing that power is dispersed amongst various interest groups in society which influence the state through compromise and consensus.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Postmodern views of media see audiences as creating their own meanings from diverse media products, promoting fragmented identities and consumerism. However, others see media saturating society and reality becoming blurred with media images. While new media may empower some groups, concerns include uses for crime, fraud and harm. Debates discuss media concentration versus diversity and local versus global impacts. [/SUMMARY]
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document describes the narrator's experience growing up in a Gypsy and Traveller family in Ireland. As is common in their culture, the narrator never attended school and was instead taught practical skills like cooking, nature, arts, music and dance by their family. The narrator's family lived a nomadic lifestyle, traveling around Ireland by wagon until the age of eight. Their education focused on survival skills rather than academics.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Parsons viewed power as serving collective goals that benefit society as a whole. Power differentials are necessary to organize society and pursue shared values and goals. Critics argue Parsons naively justified existing power structures rather than recognizing power is often used to benefit certain sections of society. Pluralist theories also viewed power as dispersed among competing interest groups and the government as a neutral arbitrator. Later elite pluralism recognized some groups like the working class are under-represented and economic groups have more policy influence, but power is still seen as diffused with no single dominant group. However, critics note pluralism only examines visible decision-making and fails to acknowledge power can also be exercised through agenda-setting and shaping dominant ideologies.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This essay plan addresses sociological explanations for inequalities between husbands and wives in four paragraphs. Paragraph 1 discusses Talcott Parsons' view of domestic division of labor versus feminist views. Paragraph 2 addresses how paid work impacts equality. Paragraph 3 covers decision making in households. Paragraph 4 analyzes domestic violence. The conclusion will summarize the key points across all paragraphs.
Viewers also liked (20)
Similar to SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Karl Marx
Marxism consists of three components: a political doctrine, a philosophy of history, and an analysis of the economy. Marx believed that the economic base of society, or how wealth is produced, determines the social and political superstructure. As productive technologies change, new class relations emerge between workers and owners. Capitalism relies on wage labor and private control of production, creating an inherent conflict of interests between workers and owners. This leads to capitalism's inevitable collapse due to falling profits, overproduction, and unemployment as workers cannot afford the goods they produce.
Intro to basics marxism
The document introduces Marxism and its key concepts. It aims to explain Marx's social theory and the Marxist perspective of capitalist society. Some of the key concepts discussed include the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, surplus value, means of production, ideology, and ideological state apparatuses. It asserts that society is based on conflict and exploitation between the rich and poor due to unequal power relations under capitalism. The document provides definitions for the key Marxist terms and concepts.
Marxism In More Depth
This document discusses key concepts of Marxism including false consciousness, commodity fetishism, and ideological state apparatuses. It explains that the dominant ideology created by ruling classes is seen as natural by lower classes and perpetuated by the state and media. It discusses how false consciousness and commodity fetishism can mislead people about class structures and the true value of labor. Finally, it introduces Louis Althusser's concept of ideological state apparatuses, such as education, religion, and media, that shape people's consciousness and perpetuate class rule through imaginary relationships rather than direct economic coercion.
Anthro30 10 economic system
This document provides an overview of different economic systems including capitalism, socialism, and communism. It defines capitalism as a system where private individuals own means of production and seek profits. Socialism is described as collective ownership of production and distribution to meet needs rather than maximize profits. Communism is defined as communal ownership with no social classes based on productive ability. Examples of communist countries and leaders are listed. The informal economy is also summarized as unreported money, goods, or services transfers to avoid taxes and regulations.
Agricultural Extension and Communication
This document provides an overview of agricultural development and extension. It defines development and discusses various development theories including growth theories, structural theories, stage theory, liberation theory, and advantage theory. It also covers aspects of agricultural development including production, marketing, supply, governance, research, education, and extension. Sustainable agriculture and country experiences are discussed. Finally, it outlines some key Philippine agriculture laws.
Team Feasible Five 107.pdf
This document discusses capitalism as one type of economy. It defines key features of capitalism as production for profit by privately-owned companies and wage labor. While markets can exist in other systems, capitalism is uniquely defined by these features. The document argues that neoclassical economists wrongly portray capitalism as the only possible economy. It also notes that capitalism has only existed for a brief period in human history and will likely be replaced by alternative economic systems in the future.
Liberalism and Marxism
Liberalism is a paradigm that believes applying reason and universal ethics to international relations can lead to a more orderly, just and cooperative world. It assumes anarchy and war can be reduced through institutional reforms that empower international law. Liberalism focuses on international institutions, collective security, and increasing cooperation through international regimes and interdependence between states.
The state
This document discusses Marxist theories about the state, oppression, and emancipation. It addresses several key ideas:
1) Marxism views the state as based on power relations between classes, with the modern state supporting the dominant capitalist class.
2) Under capitalism, workers are alienated and oppressed as they do not own what they produce.
3) A communist society would overcome alienation by meeting people's needs through meaningful, creative work and strong community relations rather than individualism.
4) Some object that Marxism overstates the determination of ideas by the economic base, and that ideas can also influence social and economic conditions.
Industrial Revolution Philosophers
The document discusses several philosophers from the Industrial Revolution period and their economic and political ideas:
1) Adam Smith believed in laissez-faire economics and that government regulation interfered with wealth production.
2) Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo built on Smith's ideas of capitalism and argued that population would always outpace food supply, leading to a permanent poor underclass.
3) Karl Marx believed capitalism would destroy itself and advocated for communism with public ownership and an end to private property and inequality between the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes.
Feminism and Capitalism
Capitalism relies on and benefits from unpaid labor primarily performed by women in households. Women face economic, political, and cultural discrimination and oppression. They are undervalued and their domestic and care work is not counted or compensated. Capitalism hides this exploitation by relegating reproduction to women and only valuing production. The household and commodity chains connect local economies to the global system, enabling unequal exchange that drains resources from the periphery to enrich the core, as households subsidize capitalists through unpaid labor.
ECONOMIC THEORIES.pptx
The document provides an overview of several economic theories:
- Malthusian economics predicts that population growth will outpace food supply increases, ultimately resulting in catastrophe as standard of living declines. While technological advances may initially improve conditions, population will again outgrow resources.
- Marxism views capitalism as creating two classes - the bourgeoisie who own production and the proletariat who are exploited for labor. This inequality can lead to revolution.
- Market socialism incorporates elements of socialist planning and free enterprise by having firms cooperatively owned, with market forces determining production and exchange.
- Laissez-faire capitalism opposes government intervention, arguing self-regulation leads to greater prosperity without inherent protection for vulnerable groups
Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic system
The document discusses the basic concepts of the Islamic economic system. It summarizes that Islam provides a balanced view between freedom and equality, allowing for private property rights but not unconditionally to cause disorder. The Islamic economic system aims for justice and equality in the distribution of wealth by taking from the rich and giving to the poor. It seeks to narrow the gap between rich and poor by having everyone participate equally in profits and losses while allowing market forces to operate.
What is capitalism by aziz baloch
Capitalism, socialism, and communism differ in their basic economic and political philosophies. Capitalism is based on private ownership and markets, prioritizing individual profit. Socialism emphasizes social ownership and equality, with profits distributed among society. Communism calls for complete public ownership and elimination of social classes, money, and the state, with production organized to directly meet human needs. The document provides a detailed comparison of these systems across factors such as their core ideas, economic models, views on private property, and major proponents.
Built environment - Karl marx
Marxist theory analyzes society through three main levels: the infrastructure, structure, and superstructure. The infrastructure involves the basic economic relationships and production of resources. The structure consists of organizations like government and laws that arise from economic relationships. The superstructure comprises institutions like religion, culture, and education that influence people's consciousness. According to Marxist structuralism, it is the underlying economic structure that determines the nature of society, state institutions, and social relationships, not individual interests. The state and its legal system function to reproduce and ensure the long-term viability of capitalism, rather than serving short-term ruling class interests.
Essay OutlineNOTE This paper integrates material and ideologica.docx
Essay Outline
NOTE: This paper integrates material and ideological conditions. Be sure to balance the two in your paper. Avoid the mistake of placing more emphasis on material conditions simply because they involve three authors. It may help to think of the paper as 40% on ideological conditions.
Material Conditions: Polanyi refers to the emergence of market society as “the great transformation”(Polanyi, Kit #16). Discuss what characterizes market society and show why this transformation is so significant. Include a few points about how market society differs from the structures of previous social organizations in order to stress the importance of this development (Heilbroner, Kit #15 and Polanyi, Kit#16). Also, present some of the changes that take place in the workplace (Rinehart, Kit #17).
Ideological Conditions: Describe the worldview of people in market society according to Weber. Discuss this in terms of the connection between the “Protestant work ethic” and the “spirit of capitalism” (Weber summarized by Bendix, Kit #18).Explain the importance of these ideological conditions for the emergence of market society.
Conclude by summarizing why the shift to market society is a fundamental transformation. Include both material and ideological conditions in this conclusion.
Points
SOSC1140 9.0: SELF, CULTURE AND SOCIETY LECTURE 12
THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM – KIT #15 THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM [Review: See Notes From Last Lecture Of First Term]
“[T]he economic problem is simply the process of providing for the material well-being of society” (Heilbroner 1).
The Division of Labour The Myth of Scarcity Production Mobilizing Effort Allocating Effort Distribution Distributing Output
THREE SOLUTIONS TO THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM
TRADITION PROBLEMS IN TRADITION
COMMAND PROBLEMS IN COMMAND MARKET PROBLEMS IN THE MARKET SOLUTION
** EXPLAINING THE MARKET TO TRADITIONAL PEOPLES !! **
MARKET SOCIETY – KIT #16
Previous Modes of Economic Organization (Polanyi)
Reciprocity, Gift-Giving and Redistribution
Symmetry and Centricity
Householding
MARKET ECONOMY
SELF-REGULATION “A market economy is an economic system controlled, regulated, and directed by markets alone; order in the production and distribution of good is entrusted to this self-regulating mechanism” (Polanyi 68). “Market economy implies a self-regulating system of markets… it is an economy directed by market prices and nothing but market prices” (43).
“ECONOMIC MAN” The Three Fictitious Commodities
Labour ⇒ Wages Land ⇒ Rent Money ⇒ Interest
MARKET SOCIETY
The “Economic” Becomes Primary
Shift in Relations Between Economy and Social Relations
SOSC1140 9.0: SELF, CULTURE AND SOCIETY LECTURE 13.1
DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM (REINHART - KIT #17)
A. PRE-INDUSTRIAL Independent Production Diverse Talents; Skilled Labour Undifferentiated Work - Minimal Division of Labour Control of Workplace by Most Skilled Artisan Widespread and Shared Ownership Ta ...
Capitalism vs Socialism
The document summarizes and compares the key criticisms of capitalism and socialism. Regarding capitalism, critics note that the free market can be unstable and present dangers to the vulnerable. Critics of socialism argue that heavy taxation to provide equal social services discourages business innovation since profits do not directly benefit owners. The document then provides more in-depth descriptions of capitalism and socialism, including their defining characteristics, philosophical underpinnings, pros and cons according to different thinkers. In conclusion, the author personally supports capitalism over socialism due to the importance of individual economic freedom and right to private property.
The economics system
This document discusses key concepts in economics including the three basic economic problems of what to produce, how to produce, and for whom to produce. It also defines four economic systems - traditional, command, market, and mixed - and provides examples of each. Capitalism and socialism are compared as are the concepts of scarcity, opportunity cost, and production possibility frontier.
Islam & capitalism
The document discusses Islam and capitalism, comparing their economic systems. Capitalism is based on private ownership and free markets but can lead to inequality. Socialism gives the state control but may lack efficiency. Islamic economics balances rights and responsibilities, allowing private ownership and markets with restrictions like prohibiting interest and ensuring equitable distribution and welfare. It aims to maximize well-being in both this life and the afterlife according to divine guidance.
Industrial culture & industrialization
Industrial culture & industrializationUniversity of the Philippines Center for Labor and Grassroots Initiatives
The document discusses industrialization and the role of various industrializing groups in driving industrialization. It identifies the key actors as industrialists, state bureaucrats, and civil society/social leaders. These groups form a coalition to implement an industrialization plan. Industrialization requires not just new technologies but also cultural transformation. The struggles between pro-industrialization and anti-industrialization forces have impacted the success of industrialization efforts in developing countries.Chapter 10 Globalization of Ethical Decision Making
This chapter examines the globalization of ethical decision making in business. It discusses how advances in technology, communication and transportation have created a more interconnected global economy. International business transactions complicate ethics due to varying cultures, values and standards between countries. The chapter aims to help students understand cultural differences that can impact business practices, global ethics issues, and how to avoid ethical problems in global business environments. It also examines the role of international organizations and how economic systems and events shape ethics internationally.
Similar to SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource (20)
Essay OutlineNOTE This paper integrates material and ideologica.docx
Essay OutlineNOTE This paper integrates material and ideologica.docx
Chapter 10 Globalization of Ethical Decision Making
Chapter 10 Globalization of Ethical Decision Making
More from sociologyexchange.co.uk
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses how views of childhood have changed over time and across cultures. Benedict claims that in non-industrial societies, there is less distinction between adult and child behavior and expectations, and children are treated very differently than in Western societies. Specifically, children in non-industrial cultures often take on responsibilities earlier, have less restricted sexual behaviors, and show less obedience to adult authority. The document then discusses factors like industrialization, laws preventing child cruelty and labor, and theories of child development that have led childhood to be constructed differently and children to be more dependent and protected in modern Western societies.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Cultural, social class, and generational diversity all contribute to differences in family forms. Cultural diversity refers to differences between families of various ethnic, religious, and ideological backgrounds. Social class divisions exist between upper, middle, and working classes as well as within those groups. Generational diversity refers to differences in experiences and attitudes between older and younger family members and generations.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document is a mark scheme for a sociology exam assessing students' understanding of different sociological explanations of suicide. It provides detailed criteria for evaluating answers in bands from 0-21 marks based on the students' interpretation, application, analysis, and evaluation of concepts from the item and elsewhere. Higher bands are characterized by explaining two or more sociological perspectives on suicide accurately and applying them appropriately to the question.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides guidance on answering exam questions about crime and deviance. It discusses two 21-mark essay questions to spend 30 minutes on each, including discussing at least two sides of an argument and referencing relevant theories and studies. For the first question on ethnic differences in crime rates, explanations to assess include institutional racism in the criminal justice system versus theories of relative deprivation and poor upbringing influencing crime rates. For the second question on media portrayals of crime, topics to discuss include how the media distorts crime statistics and can cause moral panics, as well as its relationship to fear of crime. Subcultural theories from Merton to more recent work should be assessed chronologically for their usefulness in explaining subcultural crime and
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Sociological research has the potential to influence social policy in several ways:
1) Sociological studies can reveal the true nature and extent of social problems, challenges dominant views, and leads to a redefinition of issues. This occurred with studies of poverty and disability.
2) Establishing definitions and counting the size of marginalized groups through research can raise their profile and lead to new policies. This happened when the disabled population was more accurately defined and quantified.
3) Systematic reviews of research evidence can identify effective solutions and approaches to social issues. An example is a review that informed policies to reduce teen pregnancy and support young parents.
However, critics argue that government-funded research may not be
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) Sudhir Venkatesh spent time living with the Black Kings gang in Chicago to study urban poverty from within the community.
2) He met J.T., the leader of the local gang, who offered to let Venkatesh shadow him for a day to truly understand life in the neighborhood.
3) Over time, Venkatesh grew close to J.T. and other gang members as he observed their daily activities, though he recognized J.T. was a criminal and his research depended on the gang's approval.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses crime prevention and punishment from various sociological perspectives. It examines strategies for preventing crime, ranging from situational crime prevention to community programs addressing root causes. It also looks at different views of punishment, including deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation. Additionally, it covers trends in victimization and the concept of victimology - the sociological study of victims, their experiences and how some groups are at higher risk of being victimized.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses key concepts in sociology related to social inequality based on age and ethnicity. It provides definitions of ethnicity, ethnic group, and examines how sociologists believe these attributes can create unequal life chances. Specific inequalities are explored around issues like discrimination, legislation, and how views of age and ethnicity may differ cross-culturally.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Here are some potential positive and negative consequences of divorce for each group:
For the husband and wife:
Positive: Opportunity for personal growth and happiness in a new relationship.
Negative: Financial difficulties from single parenthood or splitting assets. Emotional distress.
For the family:
Positive: Conflict may be reduced.
Negative: Loss of the traditional family structure, less contact with extended family. Financial difficulties.
For the children:
Positive: Grow up in a happier environment without parental conflict.
Negative: Stress and insecurity from family breakdown. May feel torn between parents. Adjustment to new living situations.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides information about an advanced sociology exam that will take place on January 15, 2013. It is divided into three sections and students must choose one section to answer all the questions from. The exam will last 1 hour and students must write their answers in an AQA 8-page answer book. The exam is out of a total of 60 marks. Questions worth 24 marks require answers in continuous prose and will be assessed on use of English, organization of information, and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary.
The document also provides two sample exam items, one discussing the dark side of family relationships like domestic violence and child abuse, and problems with statistics on these issues. The other sample item discusses reliability of statistics on modern families
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document provides memory hooks and tools to help students remember important concepts in sociology. It includes acronyms and phrases to summarize key ideas related to topics like family, education, crime and deviance, religion, research methods, and functionalist theory. Color-coded memory hooks are organized by theme to aid recall of sociological information.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
The document discusses reasons for overrepresentation of ethnic minorities in crime statistics. It questions whether ethnic minorities truly commit more crimes or if statistics provide an inaccurate picture due to factors like institutional racism and stereotyping. Some reasons given for higher crime rates and convictions among ethnic groups include evidence of racism within police culture and practices, unfair targeting of minorities in stop-and-search policies, and socioeconomic challenges like poverty that are more common in minority communities. The case study of Stephen Lawrence, a black teenager murdered in 1993, illustrates failures in the police investigation potentially due to racism and stereotyping.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Some sociologists would agree that males are more likely to commit crimes than females due to differences in primary socialization and opportunities to commit crimes. However, others disagree because crime statistics may be inaccurate since males face higher rates of arrest and charges. Additionally, the chivalry thesis suggests that females receive more lenient treatment in the criminal justice system since it is male-dominated. In conclusion, there are many complex reasons for apparent gender differences in crime rates that are still debated among sociologists.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) Gender is defined by sociologists as the social and cultural differences between masculinity and femininity rather than the biological differences between sexes.
2) From birth, individuals are socialized into gender through practices like dressing, naming, toys/books given which prepare individuals for different roles in society based on their gender.
3) While legislation has promoted more equality, sociologists argue that gender inequality still exists in areas like the workplace where women are more likely to be in lower level jobs and face barriers to promotion.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
1) Social action theorists argue that people are not constrained by external forces and have control over their own attitudes and actions.
2) Society is a product of people interacting in social groups and applying meanings to social behaviors.
3) Norms and values are seen as flexible guidelines that people apply different meanings to depending on the social situation.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Huntington argued that there are 7 major civilizations - Western, Orthodox, Islamic, Sinic, Hindu, Japanese and Latin American/African - and that conflicts will emerge along the dividing lines of these civilizations, especially between the Western and Islamic worlds. However, critics argue that Huntington's theory oversimplifies conflicts and ignores other important factors like economic and political interests, as well as differences in views on issues like individualism, gender equality and sexuality between societies.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document discusses values and ethics in sociology research. It outlines the positivist view that sociology should be objective and value-free like the natural sciences. However, others argue this is unrealistic as researchers are inevitably influenced by their own values and motivations. The document also discusses whether truly neutral research is possible given factors like who funds the research and the personal interests of researchers. It concludes by considering perspectives like committed sociology that believe research should not remain neutral and should aim to change society in some way.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
This document outlines aims for answering short style questions: to answer as many questions as possible to identify weaknesses for last-minute revision, increase confidence, and prepare for an upcoming exam.
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Secondary data sources that sociologists use include life documents, photographs, diaries, letters, official publications, previous research, and media sources. However, each of these sources has disadvantages such as potential lack of accessibility over time, presenting biased positive perspectives, being selectively edited, and relying on flawed human memory. Sociologists must be aware of these limitations and potential biases when utilizing secondary data in their research.
More from sociologyexchange.co.uk (20)
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
- 1. The Ideological State SUPERSTRUCTURE T Ideological Satus he Appartate Apparatus The superstructure maintains and legitimates the economic base What EDUCATION THE FAMILY people do POLITICS MASS MEDIA see... THE WORKPLACE RELIGION Relations of Production The bourgeoisie (ruling classes) exploits the proletariat (the working classes) Means of Production Everything needed to produce profit is owned by the bourgeoisie: Raw materials; machinery; land and the What workforce people don’t see... ECONOMIC BASE The economic base, and the need to preserve it, is what shapes the superstructure. The only reason the superstructure exists is to uphold the economy – it shapes our behaviour in order to meet the needs of the economy. This theory was created by the French Marxist, Louis Althusser. It describes how it is the role of state agencies to secure the compliance of people in society. This compliance is necessary to ensure that the capitalist order (the way Marxists believe society is structured) remains