1. The document discusses three major sociological frameworks - structural functionalism, conflict perspective, and symbolic interactionism.
2. Structural functionalism, associated with theorists like Durkheim and Parsons, views social institutions as playing a key role in maintaining a stable society by socializing individuals into roles.
3. The conflict perspective, associated with Marx and feminist theorists, focuses on how social structures promote inequality and division, and views conflict as the driver of social change.
4. Symbolic interactionism, associated with theorists like Blumer and Goffman, examines micro-level interactions and how society emerges from interpersonal communications through symbolic meaning like language.
This document outlines three main sociological theories for understanding youth crime: conflict theory, functionalist theory, and symbolic interactionism. Conflict theory views society as composed of groups in conflict over power and resources. Youth crime is seen as resistance by the powerless to imposed mainstream values. Functionalist theory views society as a system where institutions promote stability and shared values. Youth crime results from individuals not properly internalizing societal values due to dysfunctional environments like poverty and inadequate schools. Both theories agree shared values are essential but differ on whether they are imposed or learned. Symbolic interactionism is not described.
This document discusses Marxist and Miliband's perspectives on the representation of youth culture. A Marxist would argue that problems with youth culture stem from oppression by the bourgeoisie, leading to a status frustration and rebellion against upper-class values. Miliband suggests that the mass media cannot avoid disseminating ideas that affirm existing power structures and serve as weapons of class domination by representing society through the eyes of the bourgeoisie. The document asks how this relates to Cohen's theory of moral panics and provides guidance on incorporating theory to analyze how the media represents groups.
Subculture Essay: ASSIGNMENT 1: A grade essay with feedback commentarymattyp99
Subcultural theories propose that deviant behavior arises from groups that reject mainstream norms and values and form their own subcultures. Some key subcultural theories discussed in the document are:
- Strain theory (Merton): individuals commit deviance when they are unable to achieve socially approved goals through legitimate means and resort to illegitimate means instead.
- Cohen's theory: working class youth are less likely to achieve mainstream success and develop deviant subcultures that reject mainstream values and see crime as a way to achieve status.
- Cloward and Ohlin's theory: different subcultures react differently to strain (e.g. violence, drugs) depending on their access to legitimate and illeg
This document provides an overview of conflict criminology. It discusses how conflict criminology argues that the criminal law and justice system reflect the interests of those in power, rather than a consensus. Key theorists discussed include Sellin, Vold, Turk, Quinney, Chambliss and Seidman. Conflict criminology sees crime and the response to it as emerging from the inherent conflicts between different groups in society over issues like power, status and resources.
The document discusses four major sociological theories: conflict theory, functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and feminist theory. It provides an overview of each theory, including their key assumptions and critiques. Conflict theory focuses on power struggles and competition over scarce resources. Functionalism emphasizes social harmony and the interdependence of social institutions. Symbolic interactionism views social structures as having meaning derived from individual interpretation. Feminist theory applies a conflict analysis to unequal power relations between men and women.
The document discusses conflict theory and its perspective on relationships. Conflict theory views relationships as being organized according to power imbalances rather than functional interdependence. It sees conflict as a natural result of inequality and unmet needs within relationships, and that addressing conflicts is necessary for change.
The document discusses the origins and goals of social theory. It explains that social theory emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment period to understand societal changes like the loss of religion and industrialization. The founders of sociology like Weber, Durkheim, and Marx produced early social theories. In America, theories focused on democracy and race relations, with W.E.B. Du Bois being influential. Additional sources of theory include fields like anthropology, economics, and various area studies. The goal of studying social theory is to understand society and improve lives by translating theorists' explanations into our own words.
1. The document discusses three major sociological frameworks - structural functionalism, conflict perspective, and symbolic interactionism.
2. Structural functionalism, associated with theorists like Durkheim and Parsons, views social institutions as playing a key role in maintaining a stable society by socializing individuals into roles.
3. The conflict perspective, associated with Marx and feminist theorists, focuses on how social structures promote inequality and division, and views conflict as the driver of social change.
4. Symbolic interactionism, associated with theorists like Blumer and Goffman, examines micro-level interactions and how society emerges from interpersonal communications through symbolic meaning like language.
This document outlines three main sociological theories for understanding youth crime: conflict theory, functionalist theory, and symbolic interactionism. Conflict theory views society as composed of groups in conflict over power and resources. Youth crime is seen as resistance by the powerless to imposed mainstream values. Functionalist theory views society as a system where institutions promote stability and shared values. Youth crime results from individuals not properly internalizing societal values due to dysfunctional environments like poverty and inadequate schools. Both theories agree shared values are essential but differ on whether they are imposed or learned. Symbolic interactionism is not described.
This document discusses Marxist and Miliband's perspectives on the representation of youth culture. A Marxist would argue that problems with youth culture stem from oppression by the bourgeoisie, leading to a status frustration and rebellion against upper-class values. Miliband suggests that the mass media cannot avoid disseminating ideas that affirm existing power structures and serve as weapons of class domination by representing society through the eyes of the bourgeoisie. The document asks how this relates to Cohen's theory of moral panics and provides guidance on incorporating theory to analyze how the media represents groups.
Subculture Essay: ASSIGNMENT 1: A grade essay with feedback commentarymattyp99
Subcultural theories propose that deviant behavior arises from groups that reject mainstream norms and values and form their own subcultures. Some key subcultural theories discussed in the document are:
- Strain theory (Merton): individuals commit deviance when they are unable to achieve socially approved goals through legitimate means and resort to illegitimate means instead.
- Cohen's theory: working class youth are less likely to achieve mainstream success and develop deviant subcultures that reject mainstream values and see crime as a way to achieve status.
- Cloward and Ohlin's theory: different subcultures react differently to strain (e.g. violence, drugs) depending on their access to legitimate and illeg
This document provides an overview of conflict criminology. It discusses how conflict criminology argues that the criminal law and justice system reflect the interests of those in power, rather than a consensus. Key theorists discussed include Sellin, Vold, Turk, Quinney, Chambliss and Seidman. Conflict criminology sees crime and the response to it as emerging from the inherent conflicts between different groups in society over issues like power, status and resources.
The document discusses four major sociological theories: conflict theory, functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and feminist theory. It provides an overview of each theory, including their key assumptions and critiques. Conflict theory focuses on power struggles and competition over scarce resources. Functionalism emphasizes social harmony and the interdependence of social institutions. Symbolic interactionism views social structures as having meaning derived from individual interpretation. Feminist theory applies a conflict analysis to unequal power relations between men and women.
The document discusses conflict theory and its perspective on relationships. Conflict theory views relationships as being organized according to power imbalances rather than functional interdependence. It sees conflict as a natural result of inequality and unmet needs within relationships, and that addressing conflicts is necessary for change.
The document discusses the origins and goals of social theory. It explains that social theory emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment period to understand societal changes like the loss of religion and industrialization. The founders of sociology like Weber, Durkheim, and Marx produced early social theories. In America, theories focused on democracy and race relations, with W.E.B. Du Bois being influential. Additional sources of theory include fields like anthropology, economics, and various area studies. The goal of studying social theory is to understand society and improve lives by translating theorists' explanations into our own words.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on social interaction and the social construction of reality. It defines social interaction as the basis for all social relationships and groups. It describes the components of social structure, including status, roles, and social networks. It explains that sociologists see reality as socially constructed through subjective perceptions and interactions between people, rather than having an objective existence. Social construction of reality influences how people define and make sense of social situations and encounters.
Emile Durkheim was a founding sociologist and founder of structuralism and functionalism. He believed that society has a structure where parts influence each other, and social institutions serve important functions. Durkheim studied suicide rates across countries and time periods, finding they were influenced by levels of social integration and norms. He developed a typology of suicide based on these social influences. Structuralism views social actions as based on observable patterns or structures in society that produce basic laws, like biological structures influence physiology.
This document provides an overview of sociology as a discipline. It discusses how sociology differs from natural sciences in focusing on abstract social features of human interaction. It outlines the key thinkers in sociology's development, including Marx, Durkheim, and Weber. It also summarizes major theoretical approaches within sociology like structural functionalism, social conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and rational choice theory based on whether they take a macro or micro perspective on human behavior.
The document discusses Louis Althusser's theory of how the ruling class maintains power through ideological state apparatuses (ISAs) and the process of interpellation. ISAs like education, religion, and media shape people's beliefs and identities to support the ruling class. Interpellation occurs when people recognize themselves as part of a social group through ISAs, accepting their subordinate status and the power of the ruling elite. Althusser argued this process keeps subordinate groups in their place without the need for overt repression.
This document discusses several sociological paradigms that shape how society is organized and understood: symbolic interactionism, structural functionalism, Marxism (conflict theory), and feminism. It notes that paradigm shifts can occur when new ideals and beliefs become strong enough to change how individuals perceive reality, such as when social institutions central to a society undergo profound changes that force reassessment of their goals and purposes. The document highlights conflict theory and Marxism as a paradigm that views society as shaped by inequalities and conflicts between social classes, with more powerful groups exploiting those with less power.
Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist known as the father of functionalism. He argued that societies maintain order and stability through shared value systems that serve to integrate members and reinforce social norms. Durkheim analyzed differences between traditional and modern societies, finding traditional ones had stronger social cohesion through values of solidarity, while modern societies emphasized individualism more, risking anomie without consensus. He used suicide rates to show how social integration affects deviations from social norms.
This document introduces the concept of labelling theory in criminology. It discusses three key points:
1. Labelling theory argues that deviance is a social construct - certain acts are defined as criminal or deviant due to moral entrepreneurs labelling them as such, not because the acts are inherently harmful.
2. Once labelled, individuals may engage in secondary deviance by adopting the deviant identity ascribed to them through the labelling process. This can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy of increased criminal behavior.
3. Labelling and differential enforcement of laws can spark a process of deviance amplification, where attempts to control certain groups end up increasing rather than decreasing deviant acts, due to the
Functionalism provides a normative definition of crime and deviance as actions that violate social norms. It views society as based on consensus around shared core values. Crime is seen as functional for defining boundaries and reinforcing social bonds, and as inevitable because not everyone will fully commit to social norms. However, functionalism does not fully explain individual motivations for crime or issues of power in society. It influenced Robert Merton's strain theory, which argues crime stems from a disjunction between cultural goals like wealth and the legitimate means to achieve them.
FOAR 701: Functionalism, Structural functionalism, et al.Greg Downey
From FOAR701, 'Research Paradigms,' at Macquarie University, this slide show reviews functionalism, structural functionalism and related research paradigms (very broadly construed). For presentation to Masters of Research students in the Faculty of Arts, 2016.
Sociologists debate the extent to which their research can or should be objective and value-free. Some argue that complete objectivity is impossible since sociologists have personal values that inevitably influence their work. Others believe research should strive for objectivity by following scientific methods and keeping personal values separate. Max Weber proposed that values guide research topics but should not influence data collection or analysis, though they are relevant for interpreting results. More recently, some sociologists argue their research should openly promote certain political values like equality. The relationship between sociologists' work and their sources of funding or career ambitions also raises questions about objectivity versus value-laden research.
Conflict theory views society as consisting of groups that compete over scarce resources. Marx saw society as divided into two main classes - the bourgeoisie who own capital, and the proletariat who must sell their labor. This leads to conflict and political/economic oppression as the bourgeoisie use the state to protect their interests. Functionalism views society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and equilibrium. When change occurs, other parts adjust to bring society back into balance. Both theories see the economic base as determining social and political structures.
GCSE Sociology - Theoretical approachesRachel Jones
This document outlines different theoretical approaches to studying society, including structuralism, interactionism, consensus theories, conflict theories, and functionalism. It discusses how sociologists using these different approaches may analyze and present data, with structuralists more likely to use quantitative social surveys and interactionists preferring qualitative data from observation and interviews. The document also covers concepts like social classes, class conflict, patriarchy, and feminism from a sociological perspective.
The conflict perspective views society as made up of groups competing for limited resources that are unevenly distributed, which causes tensions and conflicts that become agents of social change. It was originated by Karl Marx and later expanded on by C. Wright Mills, who argued that societies inherently have conflicts due to unequal distributions of power and wealth where dominant groups control social structures. Mills agreed with Marxist views of the importance of conflict in society.
1) Society can be studied sociologically by analyzing social phenomena like interactions between individuals and groups.
2) The sociological imagination involves understanding how social forces shape individuals and how individuals shape society.
3) Sociologists use micro and macro perspectives - micro looks at individual interactions and macro at larger social structures - to illuminate the connection between self and society.
C. Wright Mills described sociological imagination as the ability to understand how individual experiences are influenced by broader social, political, and economic forces. He argued that sociology should seek to analyze relationships between private troubles faced by individuals and public issues experienced by many in society. As an example, he discussed how unemployment may be perceived as a personal failure, but is actually a reflection of larger problems in the economy and society. Mills believed sociological imagination was needed to move beyond common sense understandings of social problems and consider alternative social and historical explanations.
Max Weber's theory of social stratification analyzed how social class, status, and political power interacted to determine people's life chances. Weber argued that social class was based on economic interests and wealth, while status groups were communities linked by shared lifestyles and prestige. Weber also identified three ideal types of authority: traditional authority based on longstanding tradition, charismatic authority based on personal attributes, and legal-rational authority based on bureaucratic rules and procedures. Overall, Weber emphasized analyzing stratification through multiple, interrelated factors beyond just economic class like Marx had.
Weber’s theory consisted of:
That status and class do NOT always go hand in hand together.
social honor: which is a recognizable power.
Weber’s 3 types of political leadership:
Charismatic domination, Traditional domination, & Legal domination.
Status groups make-up the social order.
Classes make up economic order.
Parties make up political and legal order.
The document provides an overview of major social science theories and concepts from structural functionalism, Marxism, and symbolic interactionism. It explains key ideas like how structural functionalism views society as interconnected parts that maintain stability, how Marxism focuses on class conflict and inequality under capitalism, and how symbolic interactionism emphasizes the role of symbols and social interactions in shaping human behavior. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate important concepts from each theoretical perspective.
The document provides an overview of sociology as a discipline, discussing what sociology studies, key concepts like status, roles, norms, values, and deviance. It outlines several sociological perspectives including structural functionalism, neo-Marxism, symbolic interactionism, and feminist theory. It also briefly compares sociology to related disciplines like anthropology and psychology.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on social interaction and the social construction of reality. It defines social interaction as the basis for all social relationships and groups. It describes the components of social structure, including status, roles, and social networks. It explains that sociologists see reality as socially constructed through subjective perceptions and interactions between people, rather than having an objective existence. Social construction of reality influences how people define and make sense of social situations and encounters.
Emile Durkheim was a founding sociologist and founder of structuralism and functionalism. He believed that society has a structure where parts influence each other, and social institutions serve important functions. Durkheim studied suicide rates across countries and time periods, finding they were influenced by levels of social integration and norms. He developed a typology of suicide based on these social influences. Structuralism views social actions as based on observable patterns or structures in society that produce basic laws, like biological structures influence physiology.
This document provides an overview of sociology as a discipline. It discusses how sociology differs from natural sciences in focusing on abstract social features of human interaction. It outlines the key thinkers in sociology's development, including Marx, Durkheim, and Weber. It also summarizes major theoretical approaches within sociology like structural functionalism, social conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and rational choice theory based on whether they take a macro or micro perspective on human behavior.
The document discusses Louis Althusser's theory of how the ruling class maintains power through ideological state apparatuses (ISAs) and the process of interpellation. ISAs like education, religion, and media shape people's beliefs and identities to support the ruling class. Interpellation occurs when people recognize themselves as part of a social group through ISAs, accepting their subordinate status and the power of the ruling elite. Althusser argued this process keeps subordinate groups in their place without the need for overt repression.
This document discusses several sociological paradigms that shape how society is organized and understood: symbolic interactionism, structural functionalism, Marxism (conflict theory), and feminism. It notes that paradigm shifts can occur when new ideals and beliefs become strong enough to change how individuals perceive reality, such as when social institutions central to a society undergo profound changes that force reassessment of their goals and purposes. The document highlights conflict theory and Marxism as a paradigm that views society as shaped by inequalities and conflicts between social classes, with more powerful groups exploiting those with less power.
Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist known as the father of functionalism. He argued that societies maintain order and stability through shared value systems that serve to integrate members and reinforce social norms. Durkheim analyzed differences between traditional and modern societies, finding traditional ones had stronger social cohesion through values of solidarity, while modern societies emphasized individualism more, risking anomie without consensus. He used suicide rates to show how social integration affects deviations from social norms.
This document introduces the concept of labelling theory in criminology. It discusses three key points:
1. Labelling theory argues that deviance is a social construct - certain acts are defined as criminal or deviant due to moral entrepreneurs labelling them as such, not because the acts are inherently harmful.
2. Once labelled, individuals may engage in secondary deviance by adopting the deviant identity ascribed to them through the labelling process. This can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy of increased criminal behavior.
3. Labelling and differential enforcement of laws can spark a process of deviance amplification, where attempts to control certain groups end up increasing rather than decreasing deviant acts, due to the
Functionalism provides a normative definition of crime and deviance as actions that violate social norms. It views society as based on consensus around shared core values. Crime is seen as functional for defining boundaries and reinforcing social bonds, and as inevitable because not everyone will fully commit to social norms. However, functionalism does not fully explain individual motivations for crime or issues of power in society. It influenced Robert Merton's strain theory, which argues crime stems from a disjunction between cultural goals like wealth and the legitimate means to achieve them.
FOAR 701: Functionalism, Structural functionalism, et al.Greg Downey
From FOAR701, 'Research Paradigms,' at Macquarie University, this slide show reviews functionalism, structural functionalism and related research paradigms (very broadly construed). For presentation to Masters of Research students in the Faculty of Arts, 2016.
Sociologists debate the extent to which their research can or should be objective and value-free. Some argue that complete objectivity is impossible since sociologists have personal values that inevitably influence their work. Others believe research should strive for objectivity by following scientific methods and keeping personal values separate. Max Weber proposed that values guide research topics but should not influence data collection or analysis, though they are relevant for interpreting results. More recently, some sociologists argue their research should openly promote certain political values like equality. The relationship between sociologists' work and their sources of funding or career ambitions also raises questions about objectivity versus value-laden research.
Conflict theory views society as consisting of groups that compete over scarce resources. Marx saw society as divided into two main classes - the bourgeoisie who own capital, and the proletariat who must sell their labor. This leads to conflict and political/economic oppression as the bourgeoisie use the state to protect their interests. Functionalism views society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability and equilibrium. When change occurs, other parts adjust to bring society back into balance. Both theories see the economic base as determining social and political structures.
GCSE Sociology - Theoretical approachesRachel Jones
This document outlines different theoretical approaches to studying society, including structuralism, interactionism, consensus theories, conflict theories, and functionalism. It discusses how sociologists using these different approaches may analyze and present data, with structuralists more likely to use quantitative social surveys and interactionists preferring qualitative data from observation and interviews. The document also covers concepts like social classes, class conflict, patriarchy, and feminism from a sociological perspective.
The conflict perspective views society as made up of groups competing for limited resources that are unevenly distributed, which causes tensions and conflicts that become agents of social change. It was originated by Karl Marx and later expanded on by C. Wright Mills, who argued that societies inherently have conflicts due to unequal distributions of power and wealth where dominant groups control social structures. Mills agreed with Marxist views of the importance of conflict in society.
1) Society can be studied sociologically by analyzing social phenomena like interactions between individuals and groups.
2) The sociological imagination involves understanding how social forces shape individuals and how individuals shape society.
3) Sociologists use micro and macro perspectives - micro looks at individual interactions and macro at larger social structures - to illuminate the connection between self and society.
C. Wright Mills described sociological imagination as the ability to understand how individual experiences are influenced by broader social, political, and economic forces. He argued that sociology should seek to analyze relationships between private troubles faced by individuals and public issues experienced by many in society. As an example, he discussed how unemployment may be perceived as a personal failure, but is actually a reflection of larger problems in the economy and society. Mills believed sociological imagination was needed to move beyond common sense understandings of social problems and consider alternative social and historical explanations.
Max Weber's theory of social stratification analyzed how social class, status, and political power interacted to determine people's life chances. Weber argued that social class was based on economic interests and wealth, while status groups were communities linked by shared lifestyles and prestige. Weber also identified three ideal types of authority: traditional authority based on longstanding tradition, charismatic authority based on personal attributes, and legal-rational authority based on bureaucratic rules and procedures. Overall, Weber emphasized analyzing stratification through multiple, interrelated factors beyond just economic class like Marx had.
Weber’s theory consisted of:
That status and class do NOT always go hand in hand together.
social honor: which is a recognizable power.
Weber’s 3 types of political leadership:
Charismatic domination, Traditional domination, & Legal domination.
Status groups make-up the social order.
Classes make up economic order.
Parties make up political and legal order.
The document provides an overview of major social science theories and concepts from structural functionalism, Marxism, and symbolic interactionism. It explains key ideas like how structural functionalism views society as interconnected parts that maintain stability, how Marxism focuses on class conflict and inequality under capitalism, and how symbolic interactionism emphasizes the role of symbols and social interactions in shaping human behavior. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate important concepts from each theoretical perspective.
The document provides an overview of sociology as a discipline, discussing what sociology studies, key concepts like status, roles, norms, values, and deviance. It outlines several sociological perspectives including structural functionalism, neo-Marxism, symbolic interactionism, and feminist theory. It also briefly compares sociology to related disciplines like anthropology and psychology.
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This document discusses the concepts of culture and society. It aims to analyze the definition of culture and society, determine their key aspects and changes over time, and reflect on the importance of culture. The document examines different perspectives on defining society, including views of methodological individualism versus sociological realism. It also explores how societies persist and reproduce over time through institutions, as well as the four functional prerequisites of social reproduction: adaptation, goal attainment, integration, and latency. While reproduction theory explains how societies maintain continuity, it fails to fully account for human agency and how social conditions can change.
Introduction to SociologyInstructor Glenna L. SimonsGUIDEL.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Sociology
Instructor: Glenna L. Simons
GUIDELINES FOR PAPER ONE
Paper One will consist of two parts. PART I should be a contrast/comparison of each of the three major sociological perspectives discussed in class. Please compare/contrast each of the three on the basis of the image of society offered by each, the image of social change, the fundamental elements and questions asked by sociologists within each perspective. Also mention the major classic theorists and some of their contributions. Please discuss how each of the perspectives reflects the time and place in which the theorists were writing, putting their ideas into a social and historical context.
PART II will consist of the APPLICATION part of the paper. Choose some social phenomena (marriage, homelessness, crime , video games--could be ANYTHING that relates to human behavior) and then describe how a sociologist from each of the three perspectives would go about studying the phenomena from that particular perspective. What sorts of questions might he or she ask? How would the phenomena be viewed, what aspects would the sociologist be interested in?
Papers should be 5 to 7 pages in length. You should refer to portions of the text, readings, and/or class notes when describing concepts (and be sure to include a reference page). Citation style may be APA, MLA, or any other format you are familiar with (or that is required for your particular major). Criteria for grading the papers are as follows:
1. Paper must be well written and well organized--it may be helpful to break it down into sections.
2. Responsiveness--don’t just strive to “fill pages”--make sure to respond to the requirements of the assignment, and you will easily have enough pages.
3. Creativity/originality--Expand your mind! Be creative in the examples you use, and/or in the way you apply the theories.
4. Use of text materials and class notes--Good papers will weave together the concepts in the books with “real life” examples. Again, have a reference page.
GOOD LUCK AND HAVE FUN WITH THIS ---GET CREATIVE! J
Three Theoretical Frameworks
Structural Functionalism, Conflict Theory, & Symbolic Interaction
I. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
A MACRO level theory –Focuses on large scale structures and institutions
Views a “society” as a “whole” consisting of interdependent and interrelated “parts.” The parts serve “functions” for the benefit of the whole.
One could envision the “parts” of a society as the different social institutions, social classes, or social groups—or, we could even envision PEOPLE as the parts!
Structural functionalists are interested in how to maintain social ORDER and STABILITY.
Image of Society: A living ORGANISM, with each part of the organism fulfilling a vital function for the whole
Image of Social change: Social changes proceeds in a gradual, linear, adaptive fashion—EVOLUTIONARY!
Fundamental Elements: Society is based upon SHARED VALUES—wh.
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Running Head INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION1INTERCULTURAL .docxjeanettehully
Running Head: INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
1
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
4
Reflection of chapter 4
(The environmental context)
For this reflection, the concept that I have picked is from The Environmental Context in chapter 4. The specific concept that the paper will discuss is the concept of the cultural preference for privacy. This is a concept that explains that different cultures have different preferences for privacy both online and offline. The preference of privacy ranges from solitude to isolation to intimacy with friends or with the family to anonymity and finally reserves. The level of preference that a culture has forms the basis upon which certain policies are set, how people socialize and the basis of deciding how to structure their houses and living spaces.
I have had an experience with this concept especially in regard to the preference for privacy on the online space. Some time back in a group of very diverse individual, a topic was raised about the numerous censoring and limitation that is done on the web in China. In the group, there was one Chinese individual who tried to explain that it works well for them and their country. However, most the other individuals in the group including myself who come from a culture where there is a lot of freedom on the internet where individuals can access anything and post anything, they like were against the whole concept of internet censoring.
We went round and round telling the Chinese individuals how the government was denying them a right to freedom and how much more they were missing on the internet because of being locked out by the government. No matter how much he tried to explain how that worked well for their society, none of us were hearing any of it because we were all convinced that what their government does is wrong. Surprisingly at the end of the whole discussion and debate, the Chinese individual seemed very unmoved by our many opinions and was still okay with this approach the government had decided to take to monitor activities on their web. From this experience, however, I ended up feeling like we had gone on an on to impose our views and criticisms without giving ourselves a chance to listen and understand the point of view of the one person who felt that such policies were okay for their country.
If I knew then what I know now that is the concepts of this course in regard to the fact that different cultures have different preferences of privacy the experience for me would be very different. This is because I would have made contributions to the discussion from a point of a lot more understanding rather than just imposing my opinion like what everyone else did. I would have been able to see and understand the point of view of the Chinese fellow in the group when he said that what they have worked for them and consequently be more accommodative of the fact we all do not have to be the same and that our needs are not their needs.
The communication or the ...
Introduction to SociologyGUIDELINES FOR PAPER ONEPaper On.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Sociology
GUIDELINES FOR PAPER ONE
Paper One will consist of two parts. PART I should be a contrast/comparison of each of the three major sociological perspectives discussed in class. Please compare/contrast each of the three on the basis of the image of society offered by each, the image of social change, the fundamental elements and questions asked by sociologists within each perspective. Also mention the major classic theorists and some of their contributions. Please discuss how each of the perspectives reflects the time and place in which the theorists were writing, putting their ideas into a social and historical context.
PART II will consist of the APPLICATION part of the paper. Choose some social phenomena (marriage, homelessness, crime , video games--could be ANYTHING that relates to human behavior) and then describe how a sociologist from each of the three perspectives would go about studying the phenomena from that particular perspective. What sorts of questions might he or she ask? How would the phenomena be viewed, what aspects would the sociologist be interested in?
Papers should be 5 to 7 pages in length. You should refer to portions of the text, readings, and/or class notes when describing concepts (and be sure to include a reference page). Citation style may be APA, MLA, or any other format you are familiar with (or that is required for your particular major). Criteria for grading the papers are as follows:
1. Paper must be well written and well organized--it may be helpful to break it down into sections.
2. Responsiveness--don’t just strive to “fill pages”--make sure to respond to the requirements of the assignment, and you will easily have enough pages.
3. Creativity/originality--Expand your mind! Be creative in the examples you use, and/or in the way you apply the theories.
4. Use of text materials and class notes--Good papers will weave together the concepts in the books with “real life” examples. Again, have a reference page.
Three Theoretical Frameworks
Structural Functionalism, Conflict Theory, & Symbolic Interaction
I. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
A MACRO level theory –Focuses on large scale structures and institutions
Views a “society” as a “whole” consisting of interdependent and interrelated “parts.” The parts serve “functions” for the benefit of the whole.
One could envision the “parts” of a society as the different social institutions, social classes, or social groups—or, we could even envision PEOPLE as the parts!
Structural functionalists are interested in how to maintain social ORDER and STABILITY.
Image of Society: A living ORGANISM, with each part of the organism fulfilling a vital function for the whole
Image of Social change: Social changes proceeds in a gradual, linear, adaptive fashion—EVOLUTIONARY!
Fundamental Elements: Society is based upon SHARED VALUES—when values begin to deteriorate, so does society!
IMPORTANT EARLY THEORISTS
.
41Topic 9 Stratification—Functionalist and Conflict Theorie.docxgilbertkpeters11344
4
1
Topic 9: Stratification—Functionalist and Conflict Theories
The word stratification is used a lot in the world of social scientists. It is a concept that rivals socialization in terms of importance; in fact, some consider it a major factor in how we learn to relate to the world.
So what does it mean? It is an intimidating word, but if you break it down to it’s root you find the word ‘strata’, and strata means one in a series of layers. If you look at where this root appears in other words related to the physical world, substratum meaning the underlying layers of the earth; stratosphere meaning the layers of the atmosphere, you can see the concept of layering quite clearly.
But what could this word mean in the social world? Think about it. How do we layer people within the social world?
The sociological explanation of stratification refers to a system or institutional patterns which society uses to rank groups of people. A person is typically placed within the different layers or groups in accordance to their access to valued and scarce resources.
Now that we have the sociological definition, lets move back to the question I asked a before—How do we layer or group or rank people in the social world? See how many ways you can list. The top four ways people are ranked in society are as follows; economic, religious, race/ethnicity and gender.
Which do you think is the most important way we categorize people? Which controls most areas of your life? Typically in American society we see economic class as the most significant, but this is open for discussion. The importance of these rankings varies depending on the type of society you are born into. We for the most part have been born or live in a capitalistic class based society—So it makes sense that economic class would be the most important determinate of strata placement.
Look again to the four main means of dividing or ranking people (religion, race/ethnicity, economic, gender). How many of these things can we change in our society? For the most part only two; religion and economic class. (I know with enough money the medical world can alter genders and skin tone, but no matter what procedures you have done legally your gender and race/ethnicity will remain the same.)
The categories that we have no control over and things we cannot change are part of what sociologists call an ascribed status. An ascribed status is one’s position in society is determined by something an individual has no control over and cannot change; like race and gender.
Whereas the categories that we have control over and can in some way change are part of what sociologists call an achieved status. An achieved status means that there are elements within a persons control that an individual can alter to alter their social ranking within the stratification system.
These two types of status’s are related directly to the two types of societies(open and closed societies), and the type of soci.
Respond to two classmates’ discussion on sociology perspective. .docxcwilliam4
Respond to two classmates’ discussion on sociology perspective. Responses should be at least 150 words each (put the word count in all responses). Replies should take the conversation further by adding questions or your own ideas in your replies. In addition, you can point out both strengths and areas of improvement on your peers' submission. Strong posts will demonstrate understanding and connection to course materials.
Classmate#1: Marc A Robosa
1. I think what is meant by sociological imagination is being a very open minded person who looks at sociological interactions and what influences it. A person who is able to look at a situation, and pull away from what they know and look at it at a different lens. A benefit of developing a sociological eye is that it will look at problem in different ways and come up with with different solutions. Some other benefits is that it gives an individual more knowledge and insight for a community, a society and as a whole.
2. I think what Mills was trying to say in this quote is that Society turns women into a "slave" for men. Men are described as "Chief Providers"(McIntyre pg16). Women are dependent on the men after they get married, and that in a marriage, no satisfactory solution can be made unless a 3rd party is at part. Basically saying that society is the reason why marriage is not satisfied for couples. Coontz would agree with this because society standards cause arguments in relationships. It says in her article that "Social differences limit how fair or equal a personal relationship between two individuals from the different groups..."(Coontz 12). Saying that two individuals in a relationhip will always be affected since they come from various groups in society. Another thing she was saying was that "various groups... have unequal access to economic resources, political power, social status". These differences causes problems in marriages, just like what Mills was saying in his quote. Saying that Marriages are affected by a 3rd party, or affected by something else like inequality, and differences.
3. A person with an individualistic view looks at what a person does as an individual. They would examine what drives a person to commit crimes, and fix it from what they are driven from. However the sociologist view is a little different. It talks about how an individual learns from society, and influences them to commit crimes. Saying people who are criminals learn it from other people around them. Sociologist would try to reduce crimes by creating a better environment to where people are not influenced negatively.
4. Out of the three theoretical perspectives described from McIntyre, I thought the Functionalist perspective was the most interesting one. It talks about how a society works together in order to function. We pay tax to the state, and then the state funds school, where kids go to school. This perspective basically says that our society works as a circle, trying to reach equilibriu.
This document provides an overview of sociological imagination and its applications. It defines sociological imagination as the ability to understand how individual experiences are influenced by broader social, political, and economic forces. The document presents examples of applying sociological imagination to behaviors like drinking coffee or suicide. It also discusses sociological paradigms like functionalism and conflict theory, and perspectives including symbolic interactionism. In conclusion, sociological imagination is about understanding how personal issues relate to public or social issues in the broader context of society.
Social stratification refers to a society's ranking of individuals and groups based on factors like wealth, income, race, and power. It results in an unequal distribution of resources throughout a society. Pakistani society exhibits social stratification through gender, religious, and economic inequalities. Theorists like Marx, Weber, Davis, and Moore analyzed social stratification and its causes from different perspectives, debating the role of class, power, prestige, and the functions of inequality.
The document discusses different sociological theories related to social systems and social interactions. It covers consensus theory, conflict theory, functionalism, and symbolic interactionism. Consensus theory sees agreement as key to social order, while conflict theory emphasizes social groups competing for power and resources. Functionalism views social structures as meeting human needs and maintaining stability. Symbolic interactionism sees the self and meanings as socially constructed through ongoing social interactions.
This document provides an overview of sociology and related concepts. It discusses key sociological thinkers like Marx, Durkheim and Weber. It also summarizes different sociological perspectives like functionalism, conflict theory and symbolic interactionism. Finally, it outlines what sociologists study - how and why people interact in groups, societies and institutions.
This document provides an overview of sociology from the perspective of different sociological theories. It discusses how sociology studies human behavior in a social context and how society shapes individuals. It then summarizes three major sociological perspectives: structural functionalism, which views society as a system of interconnected parts that promote social stability; conflict theory, which sees society as defined by power struggles and inequality that fuel social change; and symbolic interactionism, which focuses on subjective social interactions and how individuals interpret and adjust to each other's actions. It provides examples of key thinkers for each perspective, like Durkheim for functionalism and Marx for conflict theory.
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1. Introductionto Sociology Group #
Review Quiz
Questions
Question 1: One statement from the reading that best summarizes Functionalism.
Answer: “Each part of society is functional for the stability of the whole society.”
Question 2: Functionalism holds that everyone and everything in society, no matter how
strange it may seem everything serves a purpose: How was this illustrated in the article?
Answer: Most people are used to seeing the world psychologically, where action
is thought to spring from the characteristics of the individual rather than from interaction
and social patterns. From this psychological perspective, people may explain the mass
suicide of a religious cult, say, as the result of religious fanaticism or a powerful leader or
irrational and sick persons. Although this may indeed be a partial explanation,
sociologists believe that a religious cult must also be understood as a kind of society, as
an organized group sharing a culture, as individuals influencing each other in social
interaction, as a structure with people filling positions and acting in roles, conforming to
each other's expectations, influenced by a power structure, as in any other group or
society. As another example, instead of examining the characteristics of individuals who
end up in prison, sociologists are more interested in factors relating to the positions these
people have in society: how the poverty "position" might influence criminal action,
2. Introductionto Sociology Group #
arrest, and imprisonment; or how power in society might play a part in how crime is
defined in the first place.
Also This was illustrated in the article by showing us the reader that crime may be
viewed as something that is not accredited/positive in society, but believe it or not even
crime in society serves a purpose. For without crime law makers (polices), many would
be without a job. Not only law makers but without crime in a society, there wouldn’t even
be a need for prison, so therefore Correctional Officers and Prison Wardens would have a
job so to speak.
Question 3: What are the criticisms of functionalism?
Answer: Criticism of functionalism is: its acceptance and rationalization of social
inequality and societal evils, also its lack of testability
The error of reification (that is, treating something that is not alive / not
human as if it were alive / human).
Does everything in society have a function? The usual justification for this
belief is expressed in the idea that: "We know something is functional to
society because it exists; it exists because it is functional".
3. Introductionto Sociology Group #
Functionalists have a problem explaining social change (or, more correctly,
rapid social change - revolutions, for example). This is because of the
emphasis their perspective puts on:
Value consensus created through the socialization process.
Functional dependence and necessity (why, for example, should anything change if it is already
functional to society?).
Question 4: Answer true or false to the following
Answer: Social conflict perspective is all about the differences between social
groups in the society. True
Answer: Conflict perspective is essentially based on Karl Marx’s thoughts on
class struggle. True
Answer: There are various groups of people in society belonging to different
classes, religions and ideologies. True
Question 5: According to Karl Marx’s theory, society is divided into two groups: Identify
the groups and briefly explain their status.
“The Have’s”
a. The haves (the bosses/ providers of production)
“The Have’s not”
4. Introductionto Sociology Group #
b. The have not’s (workers of production)
The Haves’s
The “haves” were called “capitalists” because they had all the money needed
to build new factories, mines, railways or other “means of production.”
Also “Haves” are those who are very powerful in society because they control
resources.
The Have Nots
The capitalists would then force the “have-nots,” who he called the
“proletariat (working class),” to work for them. This situation was unfair in
the distribution of wealth within a society that would cause problems.
Also the have nots are the poor people they are powerless as they are at the
receiving ends and have to live as per the whims and fancies of rich people.
Question 6: Account for the family from each of the following perspectives:
5. Introductionto Sociology Group #
Answer: Interaction theory: This is where the cultural practices of the individual begin;
they develop a cognitive understanding of their society and their place in it through the
family’s social behaviors towards them.
Answer: Functionalism theory: Each member has a role to play to ensure the family
functions as a unit: the father and mother are the providers as the children goes to school
to learn how to be better providers for their families.
Answer: Conflict theory: The man (in some societies) is perceived as the provider; if
the role of the woman in the family is to be more of the provider (even though normally
regarded as the nurturer) this may result in an unstable family and a misconception/conflict
of roles each parent must play.
Question 7: How does symbolic interactionist see society?
Answer: Max Weber's assertion that individuals act according to their
interpretation of the meaning of their world, Money is a symbolic interaction that society
uses to form various bonds.
The social conception of the self-entails that individual selves are the products of social
interaction and not the logical or biological preconditions of that interaction. It is not
initially there at birth, but arises in the process of social experience and activity.
According to Mead, there are three activities through which the self is developed:
Language, play, and game.
6. Introductionto Sociology Group #
Question 8: (a). Based on the reading which perspective is the most conservative of the
sociological schools of thought? (b).Why do you think this perspective is considered the most
conservative?
Answer: The most conservative perspective would be Functionalism. To the sociologist
you can’t really go out of functionalizing to the greater good of society; whether it be crime,
poverty or a suicidal religious cult they are all functioning to the system of society.
7. Introductionto Sociology Group #
School: Northern Caribbean University
Teacher: Mrs. Paulene Gaye-Betten
Subject: Introduction to Sociology
Date: February 1, 2016
Group Members Names and ID#
Marlon Forrest: 20151441
Doraine Thyme:
Imuzi Thompson:
Cristal Swaby: