The document discusses different sociological theories related to social systems and social interactions. It covers consensus theory, conflict theory, functionalism, and symbolic interactionism. Consensus theory sees agreement as key to social order, while conflict theory emphasizes social groups competing for power and resources. Functionalism views social structures as meeting human needs and maintaining stability. Symbolic interactionism sees the self and meanings as socially constructed through ongoing social interactions.

3. Consensus:
is a general or widespread
agreement among all members
of a particular society.
Conflict :
is a clash between ideas
principles and people

4. See shared norms and values as fundamental to society,
focus on social order based on tacit agreements, and view
social change as occurring in a slow and orderly fashion.
Consensus theorists examine value integration in society.
Consensus is a concept of society in which the absence
of conflict is seen as the equilibrium state of society based
on the general or widespread agreement among all
members of a particular society

5. Emphasizes the dominance of some social groups by other, see social
order as based on manipulation and control by dominant groups and in a
disorderly fashion as subordinate groups overthrow dominant group.
Conflict theorist examine conflict of interest and the coercion that
hold the society together in the face of these stresses.
Conflict theory ask how school contribute to the unequal distribution
of people into jobs in society so that more powerful members of society
maintain the best positions and the less powerful group
(often women, racial and ethnic group) often minority groups are
allocated into lower ranks in society.

6. Social structures produce patterns of inequality
in the distribution of scarce resources
Conflict
Reorganization and Change

9. ADAPTATION - a system must cope with external
situational exigencies. It must adapt to its environment
and adapt environment to its needs.
GOAL ATTAINMENT - a system must define and
achieve its primary goals.
INTEGRATION - a system must regulate the
interrelationship of its component parts.
It must also manage the relationship among
other three functional imperatives .
LATENCY - a system must furnish, maintain, & renew
both the motivation of individuals & the cultural patterns
that create & sustain the motivation.

11. CULTURAL SYSTEM
ACTION SYSTEM
SOCIAL SYSTEM
PERSONALITY
SYSTEM
Structure of the General Action System

12. Key Principles of the Functionalist Theory
1. Interdependence
2. Functions of Social Structure & Culture
3. Consensus and Cooperation
4. Equilibrium

13. Structural-Functional Model
Social structures
provide preset patterns
which evolve to meet
human needs
Stability, order
and harmony
Maintenance
of society

15. In general, interactionist theories
about the relation of school and
society are critiques and extension of
the functionalist and conflict
perspective. The critiques arises from
the observation that functionalist
and conflict theories are very abstract
and emphasize structure and process
at a societal level of analysis.

16. While this level of analysis helps
us to understand education in
the “big picture” ,
macro-sociological theories
hardly provide us with an
interpretable snap-shot of
what schools are like
on an everyday level.
WHAT DO STUDENTS AND
TEACHERS ACTUALLY
DO IN SCHOOL?

17. Interactionist theories attempt to
make the “commonplace strange”
by turning on their heads
everyday taken-for-granted
behaviors and interactions
between students and students
and between students and
teachers. It is exactly what
most people do not question
that is most problematic
to the interactionist.

18. For example, the processes
by which students are labelled
“gifted” or “learning disabled”
are, from an interactionist
point of view, important to
analyze because such
processes carry with them
many implicit assumptions
about learning and children.

20. - individual is related to society through
on going social interactions.
- views the self as socially constructed in
relation to social forces and structures
and the product of on going negotiations
of meanings. Thus the social self is an
active product of human agency rather
than a deterministic product of
social structure.

21. -interactionist are, of course, interested not
simply in socialization but also interaction in
general which of “vital importance in its
own rights.”
-interaction is the process which the ability to
think is both developed and expressed.
In most interaction, actors must take others
into consideration and decide if and how to fit
their activities to others.

22. Principles of Symbolic
Interactionism
1. Human beings unlike lower animals
are endowed with a capacity for thought.
2. The capacity for thought is shaped by
social interaction.
3. In social interaction, people learn the
meanings and the symbols that allow
them to exercise their distinctively
human capacity for thought.

23. 4. Meanings and symbols allow
people to carry on distinctively
human action and interaction.
5. People are able to modify or alter
meanings and symbols that they use
in action and interaction on the basis
of their interpretation of the
situation.

24. 6. People are able to make these
modifications and alterations
because, in part of their ability to
interact with themselves, which
allows them to examine possible
courses of action, assess their
relative advantages and
disadvantages, and then choose one.
7. The intertwined patterns of action
and interaction make up groups and
societies.

26. ACCORDING TO MEAD:
1. People act towards the things
they encounter on the basis of what those
things mean to them. (context, objects,
people activities and situations)
2. We learn things by observing how other
people respond to them, that is through
social interaction.
3. Words, gestures, facial expressions and
body posture we use in dealing others
acquire symbolic meanings shared by
people who belongs in the same culture.

27. ACCORDING TO BLUMER:
Objects are seen simply out there in the real world
and its significance is the way that they are
defined by actors. Different objects have different
meanings for individuals. He classified in into 3
types:
1.Physical objects – chair, tree
2.Social objects – student, mother
3.Abstract objects – ideas, moral principles
The interaction determines meaning on the basis
of 1) a cognitive interpretation, and 2) a practical
handling of an object on the basis of that
interpretation. He asserts that symbols play an
important role in this meaning-giving process.

28. ACCORDING TO COOLEY:
Symbolic interaction is the “looking-glass
self” or so-called “self mirroring”.
“ We see ourselves as others see us.”
We develop a self image on the basis of the
messages we get from others, as we
understand them.

29. ACCORDING TO STONE (1962):
Symbolic interactionism is the
concept of "self-identity“
Self-identity is knowledge that the self
exists.
Self-identity permits communication and
other interactions with the self which, in
turn, produce "self-definition."
Self-definition is a simultaneous recognition
of self, and of a beyond-self reality.

31. 1.What is a Social System? How it
is important in maintaining the
equilibrium balance of the
society?
2. Differentiate the Symbolic
Interaction Theory of Cooley and
Blumer.

32. NAME:___________________________________________________ SCORE:_________
YEAR/COURSE:___________
A- Identification:
_______________ 1. It is a general widespread agreement among all members of
particular society.
_______________ 2. We see ourselves as others see us.
_______________ 3. Consist of plurality of individual actors interacting with each other.
_______________ 4. It is a clash between ideas principle and people.
_______________ 5. An interaction which does not require or involve highly thinking.
B- Modified True or False: Read each item carefully. Write the word “OK “ if the statement is true and if it is false, encircle the
word that made it untrue. Write the best answer on the blank provided.
__________________1. According to Stone’s observation, Symbolic Interactionism is the concept of looking-glass self.
__________________2. Interaction is the process by which the ability to think is both developed and expressed.
__________________3. Cooley said that objects are seen simply out there in the real world and its significance
is the way that they are defined by actors.
__________________4. Non-Symbolic Interactionism views the self ass socially constructed in relation to
social forces and social structures.
__________________5. In structural-functional model, social structures provide preset patterns which involve
to meet the human needs.

33. C- Enumeration:
Action System by Talcott Parson:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Three types of object in the real world according to Blumer:
5.
6.
7.
Key principles of Functionalist Theory:
8.
9.
10.
11.
Structure of the General Action System:
12.
13.
14.
15.
D- Essay (5 pts.) Why is it that social interactionism is important for human?
Meycauayan College
Area of Education Arts and Sciences
Meycauayan City, Bulacan
Short Quiz in Social Dimension (Chapter I)