In sociological terms, society refers to a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture. On a broader scale, society consists of the people and institutions around us, our shared beliefs, and our cultural ideas. Typically, more-advanced societies also share a political authority.
Man is a social animal who cannot live alone. Man begins his life in group of a family. Throughout the life, man forms different groups to fulfil different needs. Every group plays an important role in shaping the personality & socialization of a person.
INTRODUCTION, Definitions, Origin, Causes, Characteristics, IMPACTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, FORMS OF STRATIFICATION, Health Sector, Education, Bounds Individual Actions, Specification of Social Roles, Societal laws, Whom Will Live Or Die, The Slavery System, The Estate System, The Caste System, The Class System, Structural-Functionalist Perspectives, Social-Conflict Perspectives, Multidimensional Perspectives, SOCIAL MOBILITY, Horizontal mobility, VERTICAL MOBILITY, Intragenerational mobility, Intergenerational mobility, Structural mobility, Positional mobility
Man is a social animal who cannot live alone. Man begins his life in group of a family. Throughout the life, man forms different groups to fulfil different needs. Every group plays an important role in shaping the personality & socialization of a person.
INTRODUCTION, Definitions, Origin, Causes, Characteristics, IMPACTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, FORMS OF STRATIFICATION, Health Sector, Education, Bounds Individual Actions, Specification of Social Roles, Societal laws, Whom Will Live Or Die, The Slavery System, The Estate System, The Caste System, The Class System, Structural-Functionalist Perspectives, Social-Conflict Perspectives, Multidimensional Perspectives, SOCIAL MOBILITY, Horizontal mobility, VERTICAL MOBILITY, Intragenerational mobility, Intergenerational mobility, Structural mobility, Positional mobility
1The EconomyAn economy is a system of production, dist.docxeugeniadean34240
1
The Economy
An economy is a system of production, distribution and consumption of resources. It
includes subsistence practices, labor practices, notions of property, and systems of exchange.
Economics is the study of such systems. Modern economists tend to focus on modern
nations and capitalist systems, while anthropologists has broadened understanding of economic
systems by gathering data on nonindustrial systems. Economic anthropology studies economic
systems in a comparative perspective and it questions many of the notions that academic
economists take for granted, such as the universality of the profit motive and the universality of
private property.
Societies within each of the adaptive strategies that we discussed last time tend to have
similar modes of production, so some anthropologists talk about a foraging mode of production,
a horticultural mode of production, etc. The modes of subsistence that we discussed in the last
lecture are the ways in which people adapt to their environments in a very direct way. Feeding
yourself and your family is a big concern. Subsistence production, however, is only part of the
overall system by which people obtain the things they need.
Economizing and Maximization
Economic anthropologists have been concerned with two main principles:
1. How are production, distribution and consumption organized in different societies? This
question focuses on systems of human behavior and their organization.
2
2. What motivates people in different cultures to produce, distribute or exchange, and consume?
Here the focus is not on systems of behavior but on the motives of the individuals who
participate in those systems.
Let’s consider question number one first. Production, distribution, and consumption.
Modes of Production
The societies representing each of the adaptive strategies we discussed tend to have
similar ways of producing the things they need.
A mode of production is a way of organizing production – “a set of social relations
through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills,
organization, and knowledge (Eric Wolf)
In the capitalist mode of production money buys labor and there is a social gap between
those who buy labor and those who sell it. By contrast in nonindustrial societies labor is not
usually bought, but is given as a social obligation. In such societies, economics and social
relationships are the same. As Karl Polanyi said, in nonindustrial societies, the economy is
“embedded” in social relationships.
Means of Production
In nonindustrial society there is a more intimate relationship between the worker and the
means of production that there is in industrial nations. Means of production include land, labor,
and technology.
3
Land
Among foragers, ties between people and the land are less permanent than they are among
food producers. Although many bands have territories, the boundaries are not usually marked.
society and its types nd chracterstics.pptxPoojaSen20
The word society is most fundamental to sociology. It is derived from the latin word “SOCIOUS” meaning “Companion ship or fellowship "or friendship.
According to Aristotle – Man is a social animal and cannot live alone. He needs society for every thing in life ,from survival to work and enjoyment Society is the group of people living in a particular region and having shared customs ,laws and organization”.
“A society may be defined as a network of interconnected major groups viewed as a unit and sharing a common culture” .
Thermal conductivity can be defined as the rate at which heat is transferred by conduction through a unit cross-section area of a material, when a temperature gradient exits perpendicular to the area.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. ABOUT ME
CONTACT
INFO
Tel: (+92) 322 7967172
E-Mail: abubakarmehmood786@yahoo.com
SKILLS & LANGUAGE
ORIGIN LAB, VIRTUAL LAB, ENDNOTE
SOFTWARE, EMATHHELP SOFTWARE ,
MICROSOFT OFFICE, ADBOBE
(PHOTOSHOP & ILUUSTRATOR),
ARDUINO SOFTWARE, AMAZON VITUAL
ASSISTAN, VIDEO EDITTING, SOCIAL
MEDIA ACCOUNT MANAGEMENT
URDU, PUNJABI, ENGLISH, ARABIC
FOUNDER
UCQxAo-GBHUI2l9_LBYicsRw
THE CREATOR ACADEMY
thecreatorsacademyofficial
thecreatorsacademyofficial
The Creators Academy
ABU BAKAR
NATIONALITY : PAKISTAN
CITY : SIALKOT, PUNJAB
MARITAL STATUS : SINGLE
PERSONAL PROFILE
BS(HONS) PHYSICS
UNIVERSITY OF SIALKOT
EDUCATION
SOCIAL MEDIA
Abubakar Bhutta
@_abubakar786
ABU BAKAR
@abubakar786786
ABUBAKAR692909
3. What is Society
Meaning of Society
This term has been derived from a Latin word
'socious' that means association or companionship.
Thus society means 'A larger group of individuals,
who are associative with each other'.
Definition of Society
Prof Wright: It is a system of relationships that exists
among the individuals of the groups.
A.W. Green: It is the largest group in which individual
have relationships.
Maclver: It is a web of social relationship, which is
always changing.
6. Hunting And Gathering
Societies
Introduction
It is the oldest and the simplest type of society.
Hunting gathering society relies heavily on hunting wild
animals and gathering food for its survival.
7. Hunting & Gathering
(Characteristics)
1- Small in Size
These societies consist of very small but scattered
groups. The environment in which they live cannot
support a large number of people.
2- Nomadic In Nature
These people are constantly on the move because
they have to leave one area as soon as they have
exhausted its food resources.
8. Hunting & Gathering
(Characteristics)
3- Not Desire To Acquire Wealth.
.
4- Family And Kinship Are The Only Defined
Institutions
The only 2 interconnected social institutions which
were family and kinship.
Family is all and all for them.
Kinship was the basis of these groups as they
were related by ancestry and marriage.
9. Hunting & Gathering
(Characteristics)
Absence Of Political Institution
Statuses in these societies are essentially equal
and hence the difference between the leader and
followers is not there. Most decisions are made
through group discussion.
There is gender based division of labor but there is no
gender inequality as such.
10. Herding Or Pastoral
Societies
Introduction
Herding society refers to any form of society whose
main subsistence comes from tending flocks and
herds of domesticated animals. In practice,
subsistence needs are often met by a combination
of herding with hunting and gathering and other
forms of agriculture.
11. Characteristics
Relatively Larger In Size
In comparison with the hunting and gathering
societies, herding, societies, are larger in size and
due to their technological “invention” of the
domesticated animal which can be used for
human food.
Pastoralism As A Better Productive Strategy
Pastoralism has proved to be a better productive
stratergy than hunting and gathering for it provides
an assured food supply and permits the
accumulation of surplus resources.
12. Herding Or Pastoral
Societies
Beginning Of Inequality
Since pastoralism contributes to the accumulation
surplus resources, some individuals who have
better access to surplus, become more powerful
than others.
13. Herding Or Pastoral
Societies
Herding society Leads To Several Changes
Herding society has led to several social
changes among which the following may be
noted.
The herding society tends to place a higher value
on their temporary territories than do the hunting
and gathering societies. Disputes over grazing
rights with other herding societies sometimes
result in warfare.
15. Horticultural Societies
Characteristics
Domestication Of Plants
Horticulturists specialize in the domestication of
plants such as wheat, rice etc. More advanced
horticultural societies have metal tools and
weapons and not ploughs.
The subsistence strategy of the horticulturists is
“slash and burn” technology .This people clear
areas of land, burn the trees and plants they have
cut down, raise crops for 2 or 3 years until the soil
is exhausted and then repeat the process.
16. Horticultural Societies
Horticulturalists Are Better Settled Than
Pastoralists. They develop settlements
that have larger populations and migrate in
search of better conditions
Relatively More Complex Division Of
Labor
This society assures better food supply of surplus.
Advanced horticultural societies sometimes
consisting of as many as 5000 people support
specialists producing and trading with a variety of
products.
17. Horticultural Societies
Emergence Of Political Institutions
The surplus production allows some wealthy
individuals to become more powerful than others.
This leads to the emergence of political institutions
in the form of chieftainships. Warfare is more
common. Horticultural societies are also the first
known societies to support the institution of
slavery.
18. Horticultural Societies
Creation Of Relatively Elaborate Cultural Artifacts
These people live in comparatively permanent
settlements, they can create more elaborate
cultural artifacts. For example, houses, thrones,
large stone sculptures
or
Some Rare Practices
Horticulture societies have some rare practices
such as cannibalism, headhunting and human
sacrifice. Cannibalism is eating enemies’ skin as
an act of ritual revenge. Headhunting is taken as
evidence of courage and skill of warrior.
19. Agricultural Societies
Introduction
An agricultural society focuses on mode
production primarily on agriculture and
of large fields.
of
production
Based on the invention of the plough, the
agrarian revolution marked its beginning. Use of
plough increases the productivity of the land.
Characteristics Of Agricultural Societies
Cultivation Of Land Through Plough
With the use of the plough increased productivity.
20. Agricultural Societies
Combining Irrigation Techniques with the use of
Plough increased production and ability to renew
the soil.
Size of the agricultural societies is much greater
than that of horticultural and pastoral communities.
Appearance of cities: The specialists who engage
themselves in non agricultural activities tend to
concentrate in some compact places which
ultimately led to the birth of the cities.
21. Agricultural Societies
Emergence Of Elaborate Political Institutions
Agricultural societies lead to the establishment of
more elaborate social institutions. Court system of
providing justice also emerges.
Evolution Of Distinct Social Classes
distinct social classes – those who own the land
and those who work on the lands of others- make
their appearance.
22. Agricultural Societies
Emergence Of A Clearly Defined Economic
Institution
Trade become more elaborate and money is used
as a medium of exchange.
Religion Becomes A Separate Institution
As societies become more and more complex,
religion requires full-time officials such as priests.
Warfare And Empire Building
23. Agricultural Societies
Enrichment Of Culture
More food is produced than required for
subsistence, these societies are able to support
people whose sole purpose is to provide creative
ideas to the culture. Hence, poets, writers and
artists are encouraged to continue their work.
Revolutionary Transition In The Social Structure
The number of statuses multiplies, population size
increases, cities appear, new institutions emerge,
social classes arise, political and economic
inequality becomes built into the social structure,
and culture becomes much more diversified.
24. Industrial Societies
Introduction
Industrial mode of production began in England
Industry in literal meaning is a classification that refers
to a group of companies that are related in terms
of their primary business activities
An industrial society is a system in which large
number of labor and machinery is involved in
production of goods and services.
25. Industrial Societies
Characteristics Of Industrial Societies
Industrial Society Is Associated With Industrial
Revolution And Industrialization.
Industrial revolution transformed much of the
Europe and United States by replacing essentially
agricultural based societies with industrial
societies based on the use of machines and non-
animal resources to be harnessed. Industrialism is
based on the application of scientific knowledge to
the technology of production, enabling new energy
sources to be harnessed.
26. Industrial Societies
Technology Initiating Vast And Rapid Social Changes
New technologies such as steam engine, atomic
energy tend to bring about social changes as the
economic and other institutions constantly adjust
to altered conditions.
Larger Societies With Huge Populations
The high level of productivity of industrial societies
further stimulates population growth with
increasing members of living in cities.
27. Industrial Societies
Large Scale Division Of Labor
Industrial society creates thousands of new
specialized jobs. In this society statuses of
politicians, teachers, doctors etc could be
achieved.
Losing Importance Of Family And Kinship
28. Industrial Societies
Religion Losing Its Hold Over The People
Religion no longer play an important role in
controlling the behavior of people. The world no
longer remains as god-centered world for it is
looked upon as the man-centered world.
Increasing Importance Of Science And Education
Science is looked upon as a promising and an
effective means of socio-economic progress.
Similarly, education has evolved into an
independent and distinct institution.
29. Industrial Societies
Increasing Important Role Of The State
State is increasingly involved in the economic,
educational, military and other activities. State as
the central power has increased important role in
the industrial society.
Widening Gap Between The Rich And The Poor
According to Karl Marx, the rich class which is
known as the exploiting class, and poor class as
exploited class.
30. Industrial Societies
Spread Of Heterogeneous Culture
New lifestyles and values create a much more
heterogeneous culture which spreads its influence
far and wide.