This document discusses magnetic dipole moments, magnetic susceptibility, and different types of magnetic materials (diamagnets, paramagnets, ferromagnets). It explains that a magnetic dipole moment is produced by electron spin and orbitals and depends on pole strength and distance. Magnetic susceptibility measures how an applied magnetic field induces magnetization in a material. Diamagnets weakly repel magnetic fields, paramagnets align with an applied field, and ferromagnets have strongly aligned magnetic domains that produce large internal fields.

1. Magnetic Dipole Moment &
Magnetic susceptibility

4. Magnetic dipole moment
A magnetic dipole consists of two unlikely
poles of equal strength and separated by small a
distance
2l=magnetic length
Magnetic dipole moment It is a product of
strength of either pole and the magnetic length
(2l) of the magnet.
Note : Magnetic pole strength depends on
nature of material and cross section area of the
material
Magnetic pole strength ∝ cross sectional
area.
Magnetic dipole
2l
Magnetic length

5. Motion of electrons in atoms gives rise to the phenomenon
called magnetism. Basically two types of motions are
associated with the electrons:
● Motion of electrons in an orbit within the nucleus.
● Spin of electrons around its axis
The spin and orbital moments imparts magnetic moment on
each electron, forcing them to behave as tiny magnets.
Magnetic dipole

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The rotational force experienced by a magnet when placed in a magnetic field

7. Nature of magnetic material
Magnetic Dipole moment

8. Diamagnets
bital, their spin quantum numbers have to
be different. In other words, one of the
electrons has to be “spin-up,” with ms=+1/2,
while the other electron is “spin-down,” with
ms=-1/2. Whenever two electrons are
paired together in an orbital, or their total
spin is 0, they are called diamagnetic
electrons.
Quantum behaviour
diamagnets?

9. What happens when magnetic
field is applied to diamagnets?
They tend to repel magnets they do that my inducing
very tiny magnetic moments in the opposite direction.As
a result there is a very tiny magnetic field induced inside
wood in the opposite direction as a result the total field
inside the diamagnets become slightly less than the
field outside. We have seen in magnetic field lines if the
field lines value is less we like to draw the lines further
away from each other
Diamagnets

10. Electrons that are alone in an orbital are called
paramagnetic electrons. Remember that if an electron is
alone in an orbital, the orbital has a net spin, because
the spin of the lone electron does not get canceled out.
If even one orbital has a net spin, the entire atom will
have a net spin. Therefore, an atom is considered to be
paramagnetic when it contains at least one
paramagnetic electron. In other words, an atom could
have 10 paired (diamagnetic) electrons, but as long as it
also has one unpaired (paramagnetic) electron, it is still
considered a paramagnetic atom.
Quantum behaviour
paramagnets?
Paramagnets

11. Paramagnets have tiny permanent magnets inside of
them but they are all in random directions but when you
put them in a magnetic field they get aligned in the
same direction as a result of that there is a tiny
magnetic field produced inside the para magnets in the
same direction as the applied magnetic field.
Which means that total inside becomes slightly higher
then the field outside which means the magnetic field
lines inside the paramagnet are slightly closer to each
other as compared to the magnetic field line outside the
material
What happens when magnetic
field is applied to
paramagent?
Paramagnets

12. What happens when magnetic
field is applied to Ferromagnets
?
Ferromagnets
We have seen that ferromagnets have magnetic
domains inside of them and when we apply an external
magnetic field on them all the domains align themselves
in the same direction as a result very strong magnetic
field is produced in the same direction as the applied
magnetic field. As a result the magnetic field lines are
very strong inside the ferromagnet as compared to
outside of the side of the ferromagnetic material. So we
represent the field lines as they are very closely
attached to each other.

13. Magnetic Susceptibility
Paramagnets (Aluminum)
The induced field inside these material depends upon two things one external magnetic field and the
property of the material called magnetic susceptibility it is represented by χm
B(induced)=B(External magnetic field)χm(susceptibility)
χm==B(in)/B(out)

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