The scientific study of organized human groups is a relatively recent development, but a vast amount of information has been accumulated concerning the social life of human beings.
The scientific study of organized human groups is a relatively recent development, but a vast amount of information has been accumulated concerning the social life of human beings.
A. Defining Social Sciences as the study of society.
B. Introducing the disciplines within the Social Sciences.
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A discussion about the early history of functionalism and its proponents as well as the concept of structuralism and Merton's concept of Manifest and Latent Functions and Dysfunctions in social elements
A. Defining Social Sciences as the study of society.
B. Introducing the disciplines within the Social Sciences.
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
A discussion about the early history of functionalism and its proponents as well as the concept of structuralism and Merton's concept of Manifest and Latent Functions and Dysfunctions in social elements
Chapter 2: Ethical Principles of Research Monte Christo
Practical Research 1 :This course develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills through qualitative research.
This power point made possible by : Prof. JOBIEN S.DAYAO, MA, Prof. Roel Jumawan MTP,MAEM AND Prof. Penn T.Larena ,CPS,MPA
Social Studies is the integrated study of Social Science and humanities to promote effective citizenry.
Social Science is the field of sciences concerned with the studies of the social life of human groups and individuals, including economics, geography, history, political science, psychology, social studies, and sociology. Social Studies is the study of man and their past. Social Science is hard to explain... the Social Sciences are the fields of scientific knowledge and academic scholarship that study social groups and, more generally ,human society.
http://www.bizsum.com - In the 1990s, violent crime rose in America and experts predicted it would continue to rise phenomenally. And then, suddenly, the crime rate fell. Experts then said this was because of better gun control laws, better policing, and the economic boom. But the theories were wrong. The real reason was that 20 years earlier, abortion became legal. And children who would have been born in adverse environments and thus were more likely to become criminals, were not being born anymore.
This is what “Freakonomics” by economist Steven D. Levitt and journalist Stephen J. Dubner is all about. It looks at the world and how it works by exploring “the hidden side of everything.” It challenges conventional wisdom and proves that it is often wrong. It asks fresh, interesting questions most economists wouldn’t even think about, such as: If drug dealers have so much money, why do they still live with their moms? Or which is more dangerous, a gun or a swimming pool?
For everyone who doesn't understand to do their SBA within the Caribbean has a sample (as shown above) to complete their SBA with a stunning remarks. Enjoy
What is design thinking and why educators should care about itYew Leong Wong
A deck of slides that explains the basic concepts of design thinking and makes a case for teaching design thinking, especially its ethical dimensions, in schools.
A short lesson on Popper's and Kuhn's views on scientific inquiry. Most of the session was spent untangling some common misconceptions students have of Kuhn's views.
How the world has (and hasn't) changed and what it implies for educationYew Leong Wong
If you listened to some of the things academics, business experts and policymakers have been saying about how the world has changed, and is changing, you would be forgiven for thinking that everything changes – nothing stands still. And these changes are volatile and unpredictable, and they can cause a great deal of chaos and confusion if we don’t learn how to deal with them properly. Usually, these people go on to make some recommendations on what and how we ought to teach in schools so that the next generation will be able to not only survive but thrive in such a world.
I agree with a lot of things these people say. But I also think that some things – some very important things, namely, what is good and the idea of doing no harm – do not change, and it is these things that give meaning to what we do every day. This also has implications for what and how we ought to teach in schools. In fact, there are subjects in the traditional curriculum that are particularly useful in helping us deal with a VUCA world - Philosophy and Literature.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
1. What are the
problems
inherent in this
epistemological
approach?
WHAT IS
SOCIAL
SCIENCE?
The application of
scientific methods,
standards and
sensibilities in the
study of social
phenomena.
Can these
problems be
overcome? How
reliable is the
knowledge thus
constructed?
2. Concise And Coherent Theories A Few Key Concepts or Factors
Explanation Prediction Universality
Causal Mechanism
Hypothesis Testing
Observation Experimentation
Evidence Data-Driven
Mathematical Modelling
Repeatable Results Reasoning
Social Scientists Want To Grow
Up To Be Like Scientists
3. A SOCIAL EXPERIMENT
Who Wants
Fifty Dollars?
Instructions
Grab a pen (or pencil) and a piece of paper.
Sit on alternative seats.
Everyone must participate.
You cannot communicate with anyone else from this
moment onwards.
Conditions For Winning
The person who bids the highest amount will win the fifty-dollar
note.
Everyone must pay the highest amount you have bid as
administrative fee.
More Instructions
Write down the amount that you would pay for this fifty-dollar
note.
Write down your name on the paper as well.
Fold the paper, so that your bid remains secret.
What does the result of the
experiment mean?
Which hypothesis explains
the result? (Or which
hypothesis does the result
support?)
Did you notice that there
was no causal explanation
here?
4. The Rate Of Violent and Property
Crimes Rose Dramatically In The U.S.
Between 1950 And 1970
Why?
It was hard to say. Many changes
were simultaneously rippling
through American society in the
1960s – a population explosion, a
growing anti-authoritarian
sentiment, the expansion of civil
rights, a wholesale shift in popular
culture. It wasn’t easy to isolate the
factors driving crime.
THE RATE OF VIOLENT AND
PROPERTY CRIMES IN THE U.S.
50% higher
than it had
been in 1950.
1950
1960
1970
Four times the
rate in 1950.
5. DOES PUTTING MORE PEOPLE IN PRISON LOWER
THE CRIME RATE?
No responsible government
would allow researchers to test
this in an experiment in the
real world. In trying to answer
such questions, researchers
often rely on a natural
experiment, a set of conditions
in the real world that happens
to mimic the experiment they
want to conduct but, for
whatever reason, cannot.
Experiments are central to
(natural) scientific inquiry, but
there are times when it is not
possible to conduct an
experiment in natural science.
Can you think of examples of
such instances? What is the
impact on the reliability of
knowledge constructed?
In recent decades, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
successfully filed a number of lawsuits against dozens of
states in the U.S. to protest overcrowding in prisons. These
states were ordered to let some prisoners free.
In the three
years after
ACLU has
won a case Prison
population
fell by 15%
relative to
the rest of
the country
Violent
crime
rises by
10%
Property
crime
rises by
5%
6. The ratio
of arrests
per crime
fell in the
1960s.
The courts
were less
likely to send
criminals to
prison.
Accounted
for 30% of
the rise in
crime.
The proportion
of population
between 15 and
24 rose by
almost 40%
between 1960
and 1980.
Accounted
for 10% of
the rise in
crime.
Okay, But Does The
Reduction In Punishment
Account For The Full
Extent Of The U.S. Crime
Spike in the 1960s And
1970s?
Return of
Vietnam
veterans Massive
migration of
African
Americans from
the rural south
to the urban
north
All these factors combined still cannot account for the full
extent of the crime surge. So, what’s the missing factor?
7. Is TV The Missing Factor?
The data do not support the claim that watcing violent TV programmes will lead to violent
behaviour.
But what about the claim that
children who grew up watching a lot
of TV, even the most innocuous
family-friendly shows, were more
likely to engage in crime when they
are older?
This is not easy to test. We can’t simply
compare kids who watched a lot of TV
with those who didn’t, because two
groups of children are bound to differ
in a great many other ways. How do
you set up the experiment so that you
are testing for only the effects of
watching TV?
Kids in
cities that
got TV
early
Kids in
cities that
got TV
later
Kids in a
city who
grew up
without
TV
Kids in
the same
city who
grew up
with TV
vs.
vs.
For every extra year a child was exposed to TV in his first 15 years, we see a 4% increase in
the number of property-crime arrests later in life and a 2% increase in violent-crime
arrests. The total impact of TV on crime in the 1960s was an increase of 50% in property
crimes and 25% increase in violent crimes.
8. Perhaps kids
who watched a
lot of TV never
learned to
entertain
themselves.
Perhaps kids
who watched a
lot of TV never
got properly
socialised.
Perhaps TV
made the have-nots
want the
things the haves
had.
Perhaps the
parents became
derelict when they
found watching TV
more entertaining
than taking care of
their kids.
Perhaps parents
relied on TV to
occupy the kids
instead of
engaging them in
character-development
activities.
KNOWING THAT TWO
FACTORS ARE CORRELATED
DOES NOT ALWAYS GIVE US A
CAUSAL EXPLANATION.
Why Did TV Have
This Effect? Was TV
Actually the Cause?
The effect was the largest for those who had
extra TV exposure from birth to the age of
four. Since children in this age-group are
unlikely to be watching violent shows,
content couldn’t have been the reason.
9. How Does One Factor Affect Another?
SCIENCE SOCIAL SCIENCE
SIZE
Independent
Variable
Dependent
Variable
The better we can keep the other
factors constant in an experiment,
the more certain we are of the
result.
Human beings respond to several
factors all at once in real-world
situations. An experiment that tests
how people will respond to variations in
just one factor may have very limited
use in knowledge construction.
10. In Search Of
Altruism
People give a lot of their money and time to
humanitarian causes. Does this mean people in
general are altruistic?
How can we know whether an act
is altruistic or self-serving?
Determining this in the real world is
extremely hard, because it is
difficult to understand the
intentions behind another person’s
actions.
Furthermore, situations that
motivate seemingly altruistic acts
are typically anomalies (e.g. natural
disasters), which means our
responses in those situations are
likely to be atypical anyway; so they
probably don’t say much about our
baseline altruism.
Could we construct knowledge
about altruism by peeling away all
of the real world’s complexities and
bringing the inquiry into the
laboratory?
HOW MUCH CAN WE REALLY LEARN FROM
CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS
11. Ultimatum
Alan is given $20. He can offer any
amount between $0 and $20 to Zachary.
A Z
The Zacharys usually
reject offers below $3.
On average, the Alans
offer more than $6.
So the Alans usually give substantially more
than is necessary to ward off rejection.
Altruism?
Probably not, since the Alans have
something to gain.
IN SEARCH OF ALTRUISM
12. IN SEARCH OF ALTRUISM
Dictator
Similar to the Ultimatum Game, except that
only the person given the money gets to
make a decision.
Classic
Alan is given $20. He can offer Zachary
$2 or $10.
New
Alan is given $20. He can offer Zachary
anything between $0 and $20.
On average, the Alans
offer about $4.
A Z
Offer $10
13. Variation 1: Customers and Dealers
Were Invited To Participate
Customer names his price; Dealer then
offers a card that’s supposed to match
the offered price.
On average, the
Dealers offer cards of
commensurate value.
C D
On average, the
Customers make
fairly high offers.
IN SEARCH OF ALTRUISM
Variation 2: Customers Approach
Unsuspecting Dealers
Customer names his price; Dealer then
offers a card.
List’s Dictator
List’s observations at baseball card conventions
The Dealers consistently rip off the
Customers, with the out-of-towners
cheating more often than the locals.
C D
14. Variation 1: Classic
Alan can choose to give up to $5 to Zachary.
Variation 2: Take $1
Alan can still give up to $5, or can instead take up to
$1 from Zachary
18% TAKE
SOME
How much money changes hands in each condition of the
experiment? Here are the mean offers by game variant:
$1.33
$0.33
Variation 3: Take $5
Alan can still give up to $5, or can instead take up to
$5 from Zachary.
29% KEEP
71% GIVE
6% GIVE
-$2.48
Variation 4: Earnings
Alan can give or take up to $5, but the players have
both worked beforehand to earn their money.
43% KEEP
35% GIVE
22% TAKE
66% KEEP
28% TAKE
30% KEEP
10% GIVE
42% TAKE
ALL
-$1
-$3 -$2 -$1 $0 $1 $2
15. What Does
The Stanford
Experiment
Tell Us About
Social
Science?
People modify their
behaviour according
to the situation they
are in and the role they
play in that situation.
- Philip Zimbardo
I don’t believe
that result.
- Steven Levitt