This document analyzes the relationship between social media usage and protest participation in Russia from 2011-2012. It uses variation in the early adoption of the social media platform VKontakte (VK) across Russian cities to identify a causal impact. Early VK users were predominantly students from Saint Petersburg State University (SPbSU) in the same cohort as the founder. Regression analyses show cities with more SPbSU students from this cohort had higher VK penetration and a greater likelihood of protests. Instrumental variable models estimate that higher VK usage significantly increased both the number of protesters and probability of protests. Placebo tests found no effects on pre-2006 outcomes, supporting a causal interpretation.
This study examines whether innovation-focused place-based policies in Russia, such as science cities, have impacted local development. The authors use unique municipal and firm-level datasets and matching techniques to compare science cities to similar non-science cities. The results show that science cities produce more patents than comparable municipalities, but firms in science cities do not appear more innovative or productive. The authors suggest this may be due to persistence of human capital and knowledge spillovers from scientists who remained in science cities after the Soviet Union's collapse.
This paper addresses the issue of the gender pay gap in the formal and informal labour markets in Poland. The authors verify the hypothesis of the existence of a gender pay gap in informal work and compare this gap with the one observed in the formal (registered) labour market.
Various analyses of available data show that size and characteristics of gender pay gap differ depending on the level of earnings. The inequality of earnings among unregistered women and men is more pronounced at the bottom tail of the earnings distribution. In the case of formal employees, inequality at the top of the distribution tends to be larger, confirming the existence of a ‘glass ceiling’.
The decomposition of the gender pay gap for selected quintiles indicates that it would be even higher if women had men’s characteristics.
A possible explanation of the results is the lack of minimum wage regulations in the informal market and the greater flexibility in agreement on wages in the higher quantiles.
Authored by: Magdalena Rokicka and Anna Ruzik-Sierdzinska
Published in 2010
In the spring of 2017 there was a sharp growth of protest activity of the population in Russsia, which became the larest outbreak of civic activity after the "swamp" rallies in 2011-2012. This study is an analysis of the features of a new wave of Russian protest and potential in terms of impact on the political system in the country.
Labour Market Flows in Poland - Did the Determinants Change?GRAPE
The document summarizes research on labor market flows in Poland from 1995 to 2015. It reviews literature on determinants of labor market changes in transition countries. The author analyzes data from the Polish Labor Force Survey to examine flows from employment to unemployment/inactivity, and from public to private sector and manufacturing to services. Multivariate models show flows are influenced by factors like age, education, gender, marital status, tenure and residence location. While these determinants do not seem to change over time, the analysis only covers one country from 1995 onward. More research is needed on additional countries and earlier periods of transition.
The Economic Consultant is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal.
Journal’s aim is to disseminate scientific research related to the actualization of modern socio-economic problems; to cover the latest achievements of socio-economic sciences; to consolidate the expert opinion on the problems of management development in the economic sphere.
The journal is a scientific consultant on effective public administration and regulation in various sectors of the social sphere and economy. It’s scope covers in management of innovations, labor and demographic economics, economics of education, social welfare, etc.
Analysis of factors affecting urban per capita housing area in ChinaIJAEMSJORNAL
Housing problems have become one of the hottest topics, influencing people's livelihood and national economy. This paper intends to re-analyze the per capita housing area, which characterizes the residents' happiness index, in order to measure the basic living condition. Taking into account of the large expansion of the floating population in the process of urbanization, we choose “urban resident population” to amend the “registration population”, which is the denominator of the index. We selected the data of residential investment, urban residents' consumption level and residential completion area from 1978 to 2015 to analyze the influence of independent variables on the per capita housing area, we found the volatility of housing price, which reduces the average level of urban per capita housing empirically.
This paper analyses the effect of the EU enlargement process on income convergence among regions in the EU and in the Eastern neighbourhood of the EU. The data used is NUTS II regions in the EU and Oblasts' of Russia over the period 1996-2004. The estimation techniques used take into account both regional and spatial heterogeneity. The main findings are that the regional income differences are reduced within EU15. The income convergence within the EU is mainly driven by reductions in the differences across countries rather than by a reduction in regional differences within countries. When differences in initial conditions in the regions are controlled for by fixed regional effects there are strong evidences of convergence among regions in all studied country groups.
Authored by: Fredrik Wilhelmsson
Published in 2009
The unifished business of the fifth enlargement countries: Comparative Studyekonkafr
The political systems of the central and eastern European countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007 have experienced instability since accession. Party systems have fragmented, with new populist and nationalist parties emerging and gaining support at the expense of the parties that led their countries into the EU. Coalition governments have been fragile and short-lived. This political instability represents an ongoing challenge and threatens democratic development, as citizens' trust in institutions has declined. The EU membership provides limited leverage to remedy domestic political issues.
This study examines whether innovation-focused place-based policies in Russia, such as science cities, have impacted local development. The authors use unique municipal and firm-level datasets and matching techniques to compare science cities to similar non-science cities. The results show that science cities produce more patents than comparable municipalities, but firms in science cities do not appear more innovative or productive. The authors suggest this may be due to persistence of human capital and knowledge spillovers from scientists who remained in science cities after the Soviet Union's collapse.
This paper addresses the issue of the gender pay gap in the formal and informal labour markets in Poland. The authors verify the hypothesis of the existence of a gender pay gap in informal work and compare this gap with the one observed in the formal (registered) labour market.
Various analyses of available data show that size and characteristics of gender pay gap differ depending on the level of earnings. The inequality of earnings among unregistered women and men is more pronounced at the bottom tail of the earnings distribution. In the case of formal employees, inequality at the top of the distribution tends to be larger, confirming the existence of a ‘glass ceiling’.
The decomposition of the gender pay gap for selected quintiles indicates that it would be even higher if women had men’s characteristics.
A possible explanation of the results is the lack of minimum wage regulations in the informal market and the greater flexibility in agreement on wages in the higher quantiles.
Authored by: Magdalena Rokicka and Anna Ruzik-Sierdzinska
Published in 2010
In the spring of 2017 there was a sharp growth of protest activity of the population in Russsia, which became the larest outbreak of civic activity after the "swamp" rallies in 2011-2012. This study is an analysis of the features of a new wave of Russian protest and potential in terms of impact on the political system in the country.
Labour Market Flows in Poland - Did the Determinants Change?GRAPE
The document summarizes research on labor market flows in Poland from 1995 to 2015. It reviews literature on determinants of labor market changes in transition countries. The author analyzes data from the Polish Labor Force Survey to examine flows from employment to unemployment/inactivity, and from public to private sector and manufacturing to services. Multivariate models show flows are influenced by factors like age, education, gender, marital status, tenure and residence location. While these determinants do not seem to change over time, the analysis only covers one country from 1995 onward. More research is needed on additional countries and earlier periods of transition.
The Economic Consultant is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal.
Journal’s aim is to disseminate scientific research related to the actualization of modern socio-economic problems; to cover the latest achievements of socio-economic sciences; to consolidate the expert opinion on the problems of management development in the economic sphere.
The journal is a scientific consultant on effective public administration and regulation in various sectors of the social sphere and economy. It’s scope covers in management of innovations, labor and demographic economics, economics of education, social welfare, etc.
Analysis of factors affecting urban per capita housing area in ChinaIJAEMSJORNAL
Housing problems have become one of the hottest topics, influencing people's livelihood and national economy. This paper intends to re-analyze the per capita housing area, which characterizes the residents' happiness index, in order to measure the basic living condition. Taking into account of the large expansion of the floating population in the process of urbanization, we choose “urban resident population” to amend the “registration population”, which is the denominator of the index. We selected the data of residential investment, urban residents' consumption level and residential completion area from 1978 to 2015 to analyze the influence of independent variables on the per capita housing area, we found the volatility of housing price, which reduces the average level of urban per capita housing empirically.
This paper analyses the effect of the EU enlargement process on income convergence among regions in the EU and in the Eastern neighbourhood of the EU. The data used is NUTS II regions in the EU and Oblasts' of Russia over the period 1996-2004. The estimation techniques used take into account both regional and spatial heterogeneity. The main findings are that the regional income differences are reduced within EU15. The income convergence within the EU is mainly driven by reductions in the differences across countries rather than by a reduction in regional differences within countries. When differences in initial conditions in the regions are controlled for by fixed regional effects there are strong evidences of convergence among regions in all studied country groups.
Authored by: Fredrik Wilhelmsson
Published in 2009
The unifished business of the fifth enlargement countries: Comparative Studyekonkafr
The political systems of the central and eastern European countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007 have experienced instability since accession. Party systems have fragmented, with new populist and nationalist parties emerging and gaining support at the expense of the parties that led their countries into the EU. Coalition governments have been fragile and short-lived. This political instability represents an ongoing challenge and threatens democratic development, as citizens' trust in institutions has declined. The EU membership provides limited leverage to remedy domestic political issues.
Long term science and technology policy – russian priorities for 2030Vladimir Mesropyan
Currently the framework conditions for science and technology and innovation (STI) policy have changed significantly in Russia: a system of technology forecasting has been established, which focuses on ensuring the future needs of the manufacturing sector of the national economy. This system was supposed to be the main part of the state strategy planning system which is currently being formed. Over the last decade dozens of science and technology forward-looking projects have been implemented, among which 3 cycles of long-term S&T Foresight stand out prominently. The Foresight was developed by the request of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. The development of the 3rd cycle of long-term Foresight includes both normative ("market pull") and research ("technology push") approaches. The project involved more than 2,000 experts and more than 200 organizations. Within the project a network of six sectoral Foresight centers was created on the basis of leading universities. The article describes the most important issues of future studies in Russia and presents the principles which formed the basis for the long-term science and technology (S&T) Foresight until 2030. The authors explore its position in the national technology Foresight system and the possibilities for the implementation of its results by the key stakeholders of the national innovation system and on the level of STI policy. Eventually Russian experience could be fairly interesting and useful for many other countries with similar socio-economic features and barrier
The paper focuses on the social safety nets in Russian Federation and Ukraine in the view of changes on the labour market since the beginning of economic transition. The authors showed that many past phenomena (e.g. restructuring of the economy, wage and pension arrears, new groups at-risk-of-poverty, demographic transition) caused a need to change an old type social safety net (SSN) into the new one, better adapted to emerging more liberal economy problems.
Additionally, the authors analysed some gender specific issues related to social security that are caused mainly by inequalities in the labour market. Differences of earnings between men and women in Russia caused by sector segregation account for seem to be more important than the gap between gender earnings attributed to the position. In Ukraine the main contributors to gross gender differential of log earnings (that equals to 32%) explained by our model are sector segregation and occupation.
The authors also pointed out to future policy challenges in the area of social security systems in both countries. The retirement reforms introduced recently are a step in the right direction, although their impact will not be felt for a number of years. Other reforms, with more immediate results, are necessary. Social safety nets should be made more efficient and social benefits should be better targeted.
Authored by: Marek Gora, Grzegorz Kula, Oleksandr Rohozynsky, Magdalena Rokicka, Anna Ruzik-Sierdzinska
Published in 2009
Zemtsov S. Innovation potential of regions in Nothern EurasiaStepan Zemtsov
This document analyzes the innovation potential of regions in Northern Eurasia. It assesses the innovation potential, innovativeness, and regional innovation clusters of Russian regions. The hypothesis is that innovation potential is highest in large agglomerations and lower in Northern regions compared to other regions. The analysis identifies regions with the highest potential based on indicators related to socioeconomic conditions, development factors, and regional innovation systems. It finds that the largest cities act as innovation centers for Northern territories, with Tomsk, Perm, and Khabarovsk having the largest potential. Many Northern regions have low rates of diffusion and patent generation. However, coastal and border Northern regions show higher innovativeness. The document also analyzes an environmental management innovation
Slovakia and the Limits of European Integration Cláudio Carneiro
This document summarizes Slovakia's early views on European integration from 2000-2001 as its EU accession process advanced. It notes that Slovakia began articulating initial preferences in response to debates on reforming EU institutions for enlargement, though domestic discussion remained underdeveloped. The National Convention on Slovakia's European Future in 2001 represented Slovakia's first institutionalized debate on the EU's future, but views mainly supported further federalism and lacked differentiated or Euroskeptic positions. Overall, Slovakia did not meaningfully contribute to debates on the EU's shape in the lead-up to its accession negotiations being locked in. The document analyzes these early glimpses of Slovakia developing distinct preferences as its relationship with the EU became less asymmetric
This paper provides the results of analyses of key problems related to pension systems and their reforms in Russia and Ukraine. The pension systems and their reforms in both countries are compared. They are also compared with the general picture observed in the OECD or selected countries belonging to that area. The analysis focuses on long-term trends rather than short-term shocks. The recent economic crisis is not covered since the analysis was mostly completed by 2008.
Authored by: Marek Gora, Oleksandr Rohozynsky, Oksana Sinyavskaya
Published in 2010
The paper discusses possible directions and magnitudes of the relationship between the social security driven tax wedge, employment and shadow employment in Russia and Ukraine. The first section presents a summary of the economic and institutional background for development of the current size and structure of the socially driven tax wedge in both countries. The second section presents some theoretical considerations on the relationship between the social protection system, tax wedge, non-employment and finally, shadow employment. The third section contains an attempt to econometrically estimate the magnitude of the possible relationship between the tax wedge and total employment rates in both countries. In the fourth section, the authors try to discover the mechanism of influence of the last reform of the Ukrainian payroll tax system on the structure and size of shadow employment in the country. The last analytical section closes the circle leading the reader back from shadow employment to wages and finally to the issue of access to social security institutions. The last section concludes.
Authored by: Marek Gora, Oleksandr Rohozynsky, Irina Sinitsina, Mateusz Walewski
Published in 2009
Kazakhstan experienced substantial changes in migration patterns from 1999-2008, with notable breaks in trends from 2005-2008. Emigration began growing in 2007 after declining, while immigration fell starting in 2005 after previously increasing. There was also a net outflow of younger, more educated populations from 2007-2008. Immigration of ethnic Kazakhs specifically began declining significantly around 2005.
The unifished business of the fifth enlargement countries : country report Sl...ekonkafr
The project aims at the identification of specific problems the new member states are facing after their accession to the EU and on the basis of this, at proposing priority areas for common action on European level that might involve:
• Amendment of current common EU policies;
• Deliberation on issues outside the scope of common policies that might necessitate common action on EU level;
• Refraining from the adoption of common EU policies on issues that are considered to be addressed best at national level.
Eleven subsections/policy areas (Subsection B1 – Subsection B11) should be examined byn order to identify existing and/or potntial post-accession “problem areas”.
The analysis of each subsection (policy area) should conclude with:
Assessment of the existence or non-existence of EU leverage after the accession and its reform potential compared to the pre-accession period.
In case there is no EU-leverage, the Expert should realistically examine the possibility and consequences of introducing such a mechanism if relevant.
In case there is EU leverage, the Expert should assess its efficiency and effectiveness. In case it is negatively assessed, the Expert should consider if there is a necessity of abstaining from a common EU policy?
On the basis of the above considerations, the Expert should summarize if for the effective problem-solving in the respective policy area there is a need for:
• the introduction of EU leverage mechanisms in the form of a new common EU policy;
• the reform of an existing EU leverage mechanisms in order to improve its efficiency and effectiveness (and specify how exactly);
• abstaining from an adoption of a common EU policy.
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between labor share and unemployment in major OECD countries from 1972 to 2008. It analyzes whether the relationship has changed in a way that could indicate weakened bargaining power for labor. The study uses panel data and statistical methods for non-stationary panels to estimate wage curves and dynamic equations modeling how labor share adjusts to unemployment. Preliminary results suggest labor share declines in most OECD countries cannot be fully explained by rising unemployment and likely reflect weakened bargaining power for labor unions. The nature of the relationship may also differ between countries with varying wage-setting institutions and bargaining coordination.
This document analyzes trends in occupational polarization in the UK labor market pre- and post-financial crisis. It finds that mid-skilled occupations have declined while high- and low-skilled occupations have grown, resulting in a "hollowing out" of the middle. Technological change that automates routine tasks is a major driver of these trends. However, wage polarization has been limited, with similar wage growth across skill levels. While job polarization has played a role in rising inequality, other factors within occupations are also important. The trends raise questions about career prospects, worker mobility, and skills needs going forward.
Resolution Foundation held an event on job polarisation with guest speakers Craig Holmes, Economist at Pembroke College, Oxford and Andrea Salvatori, Research Fellow at the University of Essex.
Francesca Gagliardi is a research fellow at the University of Siena who has extensive experience working on poverty measures from various perspectives, including cross-sectional, longitudinal, multidimensional, absolute, and relative measures at national and local levels. She has been involved in several European research projects as a data manager and SAS analyst. Gagliardi has also consulted for organizations like OECD and Fondazione Brodolini. She has significant teaching experience at various levels, including international summer schools and university courses.
1) The document examines the channels that tourists use to search for hotel and travel information, including offline channels, online travel agents (OTAs), and social media sites.
2) It finds that international OTAs are the most important channel for searching hotel information, while social media sites are most important for travel information.
3) Web search skills influence which channels tourists use, with more skilled searchers more likely to use OTAs and less likely to use social media or offline channels. The findings provide implications for how hotels and tourism companies target different customer groups online.
The empirical analysis of the determinants of institutional development in transition countries as well as the qualitative country studies summarized in this publication allow for some optimism concerning a potential impact of the EU on institution building and governance quality in CIS countries. Regression analysis reveals a positive impact of EU cooperation agreements below a membership perspective. Alternatively to the EU, entry into the NATO accession process also exerts incentives for better institutions which are often overlooked. In contrast, WTO membership is not found to have any impact on institution building in CIS countries. While there is room for some EU-related optimism given the results from the regression analysis it depends on the country-specific ENP action plans and programs whether or not ENP cooperation actually leads to Europeanization or institutional convergence towards EU standards in the CIS. The case studies on the effectiveness of Neighborhood Europeanization through ENP in Ukraine, Georgia, and Azerbaijan reveal that current EU policies towards these countries can be, at best, seen as a catalyst but not as a main driver of institutional convergence. A perspective for a stake in the internal market is on the long horizon for Ukraine only. ENP mechanisms for conflict resolution in Georgia and Azerbaijan have been rather weak before the recent clash in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The top-down institutional convergence, i.e. an EU-first strategy, worked well for Enlargement Europeanization but implemented in the ENP it significantly reduces the leverage of the EU to create a ring of well-governed neighbour states.
Authored by: Thorsten Drautzburg, Andrea Gawrich, Inna Melnykovska, Rainer Schweickert
Published in 2008
Implementation of the Quota System in the Regional Assembly Elections: the An...Przegląd Politologiczny
The following article concerns selected aspects of the implementation of the quota system in
elections to the regional assemblies (Sejmik wojewódzki) in Poland. This comparative analysis concerns
two elections: in 2010 (before the quota system was introduced) and in 2014 (after its introduction). The
key questions the authors would like to address involve the number of women represented on the electoral lists in 2010 and 2014 respectively, and the number of mandates in regional assemblies awarded
to women before and after the quota system was introduced, as well as the relationship between the
position on the electoral list and mandates awarded to female candidates. The authors also focus on
the personnel policies of political parties. Out of all regional elections, the regional assembly elections
were characterized by the highest level of party dependency.
Introducing the quota system resulted in an increase in the number of women represented on electoral
lists, yet it did not help increase the number of mandates awarded to female candidates. One of the reasons for this situation was the strategy adopted when the positions on the electoral lists were awarded
by the parties with the largest political support. The representation of women on the upper positions of
the electoral lists is smaller than the quota of female representatives imposed by the electoral law, and
the larger number of women on the positions further below on the electoral lists translates into smaller
chances of these candidates gaining a mandate. The source data for this research analysis comes from
the National Electoral Commission.
This document summarizes research on the practice of bride abduction, or "ala kachuu", in Kyrgyzstan. It provides background on definitions of forced marriage and statistics showing that up to 1/3 of Kyrgyz women may have been kidnapped for marriage. The researchers conceptualize that kidnapping imposes psychological, emotional and physical costs on women. It can also impact birth outcomes and public health. Using a nationally representative survey, they find descriptive patterns relating abduction to lower education, birth weight, and life satisfaction among women. The researchers then build an economic model of marriage search and decision-making to explore why societies tolerate bride abduction despite its harms.
This document summarizes the economic and social transitions of post-Soviet countries over the past 25 years across several key dimensions. It finds that while most countries have made significant progress, countries that joined the EU ("EU10") have progressed further than countries in the Commonwealth of Independent States ("CIS") in areas like GDP per capita, human development, life expectancy, civil liberties, and political rights. Transition is still ongoing along many dimensions for most countries. The document also describes the work of SITE, a research institute that studies transition countries and communicates findings to policymakers, including through its role in the FREE network of economics institutions in the region.
This document summarizes research on the cultural legacy and democratic deficit in post-communist Russia. It finds that Russia lacks strong civic culture and democratic values due to the communist legacy and negative experiences in the post-communist transition period in the 1990s. Younger generations socialized under communism internalized those values, and the economic trauma of the 1990s undermined optimism about democracy and capitalism. As a result, Russian political and economic institutions developed along extractive rather than inclusive lines, locking the country into an authoritarian equilibrium and perpetuating the democratic deficit.
- CESEE countries have grown faster than Germany since 1995 but still have significantly lower GDP per capita due to lower labor input and productivity
- Labor input is lower due to lower employment rates and aging populations, while productivity is lower due to less capital investment and slowing total factor productivity growth
- To continue catching up to Germany, CESEE countries need to increase labor force participation, boost investment to grow capital stock, and implement reforms to improve institutions and raise total factor productivity through more efficient resource use
1) The document examines how politico-economic regimes and government policies affected attitudes toward work and gender roles, focusing on female workers under state socialism in East Germany and Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs).
2) It uses a spatial regression discontinuity design to compare attitudes of women living close to the East-West German border, finding that women in East Germany were more likely to say career success was important.
3) This difference may be explained by East Germany's policies increasing access to higher education and full-time employment for women under state socialism.
Long term science and technology policy – russian priorities for 2030Vladimir Mesropyan
Currently the framework conditions for science and technology and innovation (STI) policy have changed significantly in Russia: a system of technology forecasting has been established, which focuses on ensuring the future needs of the manufacturing sector of the national economy. This system was supposed to be the main part of the state strategy planning system which is currently being formed. Over the last decade dozens of science and technology forward-looking projects have been implemented, among which 3 cycles of long-term S&T Foresight stand out prominently. The Foresight was developed by the request of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. The development of the 3rd cycle of long-term Foresight includes both normative ("market pull") and research ("technology push") approaches. The project involved more than 2,000 experts and more than 200 organizations. Within the project a network of six sectoral Foresight centers was created on the basis of leading universities. The article describes the most important issues of future studies in Russia and presents the principles which formed the basis for the long-term science and technology (S&T) Foresight until 2030. The authors explore its position in the national technology Foresight system and the possibilities for the implementation of its results by the key stakeholders of the national innovation system and on the level of STI policy. Eventually Russian experience could be fairly interesting and useful for many other countries with similar socio-economic features and barrier
The paper focuses on the social safety nets in Russian Federation and Ukraine in the view of changes on the labour market since the beginning of economic transition. The authors showed that many past phenomena (e.g. restructuring of the economy, wage and pension arrears, new groups at-risk-of-poverty, demographic transition) caused a need to change an old type social safety net (SSN) into the new one, better adapted to emerging more liberal economy problems.
Additionally, the authors analysed some gender specific issues related to social security that are caused mainly by inequalities in the labour market. Differences of earnings between men and women in Russia caused by sector segregation account for seem to be more important than the gap between gender earnings attributed to the position. In Ukraine the main contributors to gross gender differential of log earnings (that equals to 32%) explained by our model are sector segregation and occupation.
The authors also pointed out to future policy challenges in the area of social security systems in both countries. The retirement reforms introduced recently are a step in the right direction, although their impact will not be felt for a number of years. Other reforms, with more immediate results, are necessary. Social safety nets should be made more efficient and social benefits should be better targeted.
Authored by: Marek Gora, Grzegorz Kula, Oleksandr Rohozynsky, Magdalena Rokicka, Anna Ruzik-Sierdzinska
Published in 2009
Zemtsov S. Innovation potential of regions in Nothern EurasiaStepan Zemtsov
This document analyzes the innovation potential of regions in Northern Eurasia. It assesses the innovation potential, innovativeness, and regional innovation clusters of Russian regions. The hypothesis is that innovation potential is highest in large agglomerations and lower in Northern regions compared to other regions. The analysis identifies regions with the highest potential based on indicators related to socioeconomic conditions, development factors, and regional innovation systems. It finds that the largest cities act as innovation centers for Northern territories, with Tomsk, Perm, and Khabarovsk having the largest potential. Many Northern regions have low rates of diffusion and patent generation. However, coastal and border Northern regions show higher innovativeness. The document also analyzes an environmental management innovation
Slovakia and the Limits of European Integration Cláudio Carneiro
This document summarizes Slovakia's early views on European integration from 2000-2001 as its EU accession process advanced. It notes that Slovakia began articulating initial preferences in response to debates on reforming EU institutions for enlargement, though domestic discussion remained underdeveloped. The National Convention on Slovakia's European Future in 2001 represented Slovakia's first institutionalized debate on the EU's future, but views mainly supported further federalism and lacked differentiated or Euroskeptic positions. Overall, Slovakia did not meaningfully contribute to debates on the EU's shape in the lead-up to its accession negotiations being locked in. The document analyzes these early glimpses of Slovakia developing distinct preferences as its relationship with the EU became less asymmetric
This paper provides the results of analyses of key problems related to pension systems and their reforms in Russia and Ukraine. The pension systems and their reforms in both countries are compared. They are also compared with the general picture observed in the OECD or selected countries belonging to that area. The analysis focuses on long-term trends rather than short-term shocks. The recent economic crisis is not covered since the analysis was mostly completed by 2008.
Authored by: Marek Gora, Oleksandr Rohozynsky, Oksana Sinyavskaya
Published in 2010
The paper discusses possible directions and magnitudes of the relationship between the social security driven tax wedge, employment and shadow employment in Russia and Ukraine. The first section presents a summary of the economic and institutional background for development of the current size and structure of the socially driven tax wedge in both countries. The second section presents some theoretical considerations on the relationship between the social protection system, tax wedge, non-employment and finally, shadow employment. The third section contains an attempt to econometrically estimate the magnitude of the possible relationship between the tax wedge and total employment rates in both countries. In the fourth section, the authors try to discover the mechanism of influence of the last reform of the Ukrainian payroll tax system on the structure and size of shadow employment in the country. The last analytical section closes the circle leading the reader back from shadow employment to wages and finally to the issue of access to social security institutions. The last section concludes.
Authored by: Marek Gora, Oleksandr Rohozynsky, Irina Sinitsina, Mateusz Walewski
Published in 2009
Kazakhstan experienced substantial changes in migration patterns from 1999-2008, with notable breaks in trends from 2005-2008. Emigration began growing in 2007 after declining, while immigration fell starting in 2005 after previously increasing. There was also a net outflow of younger, more educated populations from 2007-2008. Immigration of ethnic Kazakhs specifically began declining significantly around 2005.
The unifished business of the fifth enlargement countries : country report Sl...ekonkafr
The project aims at the identification of specific problems the new member states are facing after their accession to the EU and on the basis of this, at proposing priority areas for common action on European level that might involve:
• Amendment of current common EU policies;
• Deliberation on issues outside the scope of common policies that might necessitate common action on EU level;
• Refraining from the adoption of common EU policies on issues that are considered to be addressed best at national level.
Eleven subsections/policy areas (Subsection B1 – Subsection B11) should be examined byn order to identify existing and/or potntial post-accession “problem areas”.
The analysis of each subsection (policy area) should conclude with:
Assessment of the existence or non-existence of EU leverage after the accession and its reform potential compared to the pre-accession period.
In case there is no EU-leverage, the Expert should realistically examine the possibility and consequences of introducing such a mechanism if relevant.
In case there is EU leverage, the Expert should assess its efficiency and effectiveness. In case it is negatively assessed, the Expert should consider if there is a necessity of abstaining from a common EU policy?
On the basis of the above considerations, the Expert should summarize if for the effective problem-solving in the respective policy area there is a need for:
• the introduction of EU leverage mechanisms in the form of a new common EU policy;
• the reform of an existing EU leverage mechanisms in order to improve its efficiency and effectiveness (and specify how exactly);
• abstaining from an adoption of a common EU policy.
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between labor share and unemployment in major OECD countries from 1972 to 2008. It analyzes whether the relationship has changed in a way that could indicate weakened bargaining power for labor. The study uses panel data and statistical methods for non-stationary panels to estimate wage curves and dynamic equations modeling how labor share adjusts to unemployment. Preliminary results suggest labor share declines in most OECD countries cannot be fully explained by rising unemployment and likely reflect weakened bargaining power for labor unions. The nature of the relationship may also differ between countries with varying wage-setting institutions and bargaining coordination.
This document analyzes trends in occupational polarization in the UK labor market pre- and post-financial crisis. It finds that mid-skilled occupations have declined while high- and low-skilled occupations have grown, resulting in a "hollowing out" of the middle. Technological change that automates routine tasks is a major driver of these trends. However, wage polarization has been limited, with similar wage growth across skill levels. While job polarization has played a role in rising inequality, other factors within occupations are also important. The trends raise questions about career prospects, worker mobility, and skills needs going forward.
Resolution Foundation held an event on job polarisation with guest speakers Craig Holmes, Economist at Pembroke College, Oxford and Andrea Salvatori, Research Fellow at the University of Essex.
Francesca Gagliardi is a research fellow at the University of Siena who has extensive experience working on poverty measures from various perspectives, including cross-sectional, longitudinal, multidimensional, absolute, and relative measures at national and local levels. She has been involved in several European research projects as a data manager and SAS analyst. Gagliardi has also consulted for organizations like OECD and Fondazione Brodolini. She has significant teaching experience at various levels, including international summer schools and university courses.
1) The document examines the channels that tourists use to search for hotel and travel information, including offline channels, online travel agents (OTAs), and social media sites.
2) It finds that international OTAs are the most important channel for searching hotel information, while social media sites are most important for travel information.
3) Web search skills influence which channels tourists use, with more skilled searchers more likely to use OTAs and less likely to use social media or offline channels. The findings provide implications for how hotels and tourism companies target different customer groups online.
The empirical analysis of the determinants of institutional development in transition countries as well as the qualitative country studies summarized in this publication allow for some optimism concerning a potential impact of the EU on institution building and governance quality in CIS countries. Regression analysis reveals a positive impact of EU cooperation agreements below a membership perspective. Alternatively to the EU, entry into the NATO accession process also exerts incentives for better institutions which are often overlooked. In contrast, WTO membership is not found to have any impact on institution building in CIS countries. While there is room for some EU-related optimism given the results from the regression analysis it depends on the country-specific ENP action plans and programs whether or not ENP cooperation actually leads to Europeanization or institutional convergence towards EU standards in the CIS. The case studies on the effectiveness of Neighborhood Europeanization through ENP in Ukraine, Georgia, and Azerbaijan reveal that current EU policies towards these countries can be, at best, seen as a catalyst but not as a main driver of institutional convergence. A perspective for a stake in the internal market is on the long horizon for Ukraine only. ENP mechanisms for conflict resolution in Georgia and Azerbaijan have been rather weak before the recent clash in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The top-down institutional convergence, i.e. an EU-first strategy, worked well for Enlargement Europeanization but implemented in the ENP it significantly reduces the leverage of the EU to create a ring of well-governed neighbour states.
Authored by: Thorsten Drautzburg, Andrea Gawrich, Inna Melnykovska, Rainer Schweickert
Published in 2008
Implementation of the Quota System in the Regional Assembly Elections: the An...Przegląd Politologiczny
The following article concerns selected aspects of the implementation of the quota system in
elections to the regional assemblies (Sejmik wojewódzki) in Poland. This comparative analysis concerns
two elections: in 2010 (before the quota system was introduced) and in 2014 (after its introduction). The
key questions the authors would like to address involve the number of women represented on the electoral lists in 2010 and 2014 respectively, and the number of mandates in regional assemblies awarded
to women before and after the quota system was introduced, as well as the relationship between the
position on the electoral list and mandates awarded to female candidates. The authors also focus on
the personnel policies of political parties. Out of all regional elections, the regional assembly elections
were characterized by the highest level of party dependency.
Introducing the quota system resulted in an increase in the number of women represented on electoral
lists, yet it did not help increase the number of mandates awarded to female candidates. One of the reasons for this situation was the strategy adopted when the positions on the electoral lists were awarded
by the parties with the largest political support. The representation of women on the upper positions of
the electoral lists is smaller than the quota of female representatives imposed by the electoral law, and
the larger number of women on the positions further below on the electoral lists translates into smaller
chances of these candidates gaining a mandate. The source data for this research analysis comes from
the National Electoral Commission.
This document summarizes research on the practice of bride abduction, or "ala kachuu", in Kyrgyzstan. It provides background on definitions of forced marriage and statistics showing that up to 1/3 of Kyrgyz women may have been kidnapped for marriage. The researchers conceptualize that kidnapping imposes psychological, emotional and physical costs on women. It can also impact birth outcomes and public health. Using a nationally representative survey, they find descriptive patterns relating abduction to lower education, birth weight, and life satisfaction among women. The researchers then build an economic model of marriage search and decision-making to explore why societies tolerate bride abduction despite its harms.
This document summarizes the economic and social transitions of post-Soviet countries over the past 25 years across several key dimensions. It finds that while most countries have made significant progress, countries that joined the EU ("EU10") have progressed further than countries in the Commonwealth of Independent States ("CIS") in areas like GDP per capita, human development, life expectancy, civil liberties, and political rights. Transition is still ongoing along many dimensions for most countries. The document also describes the work of SITE, a research institute that studies transition countries and communicates findings to policymakers, including through its role in the FREE network of economics institutions in the region.
This document summarizes research on the cultural legacy and democratic deficit in post-communist Russia. It finds that Russia lacks strong civic culture and democratic values due to the communist legacy and negative experiences in the post-communist transition period in the 1990s. Younger generations socialized under communism internalized those values, and the economic trauma of the 1990s undermined optimism about democracy and capitalism. As a result, Russian political and economic institutions developed along extractive rather than inclusive lines, locking the country into an authoritarian equilibrium and perpetuating the democratic deficit.
- CESEE countries have grown faster than Germany since 1995 but still have significantly lower GDP per capita due to lower labor input and productivity
- Labor input is lower due to lower employment rates and aging populations, while productivity is lower due to less capital investment and slowing total factor productivity growth
- To continue catching up to Germany, CESEE countries need to increase labor force participation, boost investment to grow capital stock, and implement reforms to improve institutions and raise total factor productivity through more efficient resource use
1) The document examines how politico-economic regimes and government policies affected attitudes toward work and gender roles, focusing on female workers under state socialism in East Germany and Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs).
2) It uses a spatial regression discontinuity design to compare attitudes of women living close to the East-West German border, finding that women in East Germany were more likely to say career success was important.
3) This difference may be explained by East Germany's policies increasing access to higher education and full-time employment for women under state socialism.
Individuals born around the transition from communism to markets in post-Soviet countries are on average almost 1 cm shorter. However, these individuals are 14 percentage points more likely to report being satisfied with life and have higher levels of education. The negative impact on height is driven by individuals from less privileged households with lower maternal education and lower maternal labor force participation, as well as those from Eastern Europe and Central Asia and Russia. Attitudes among these individuals are more supportive of markets and democracy. Various robustness checks and alternative identification strategies confirm these results.
This document summarizes a presentation on the economic transition of formerly socialist economies and the development of alternative institutions. It discusses how 25 years after transition, political institutions diverged more than economic institutions. It also presents analysis showing the density of connections between Russian business and political elites increased over time, and early connections were linked to greater business success, especially in oil industries. The analysis suggests alternative institutions like personal connections filled the gap when appropriate market institutions did not develop fully.
The document discusses the evolution of post-communist economic systems in Central and Eastern Europe and China over the past 25+ years. It argues that in Central and Eastern Europe, the collapse of communism led to a process of disintegration of the communist state apparatus and competition between networks seeking to grab power and assets, resulting in weak institutions, corruption and kleptocracy. In contrast, China's transition involved the communist party consciously replacing central planning with market forces to maintain control. Accession to the EU helped strengthen institutions in some Central European countries.
This year marks the 25 year anniversary of the breakup of the Soviet Union. Countries in the region display wide variety in their progress towards market economies with democratic political systems and strong and independent judicial institutions. There are many reasons brought up in the literature for these differences in outcomes, such as initial conditions, a history of democracy and EU integration. The main point, though, is that transition is still an unfinished business in parts of the region. Furthermore, the lessons learned from the region’s experience, and the subfield of economics that emerged from the transition experience, is also increasingly seen as relevant for understanding global challenges with economic and political transitions, as for instance seen in the Middle East and North Africa region. The consequences of the unfinished transition is particularly pertinent today, with economic, political and demographic challenges also spilling into global geo-political tensions and frictions within the European Union.
The Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics will host an academic conference at the Stockholm School of Economics to bring together researchers with an interest in transition economics, broadly defined, to contribute to a scholarly debate on the current state of transition, transition economics and the implications for the future of the region and its global implications. Among already confirmed speakers are Gerard Roland, Konstantin Sonin, Erik Berglöf, Anders Åslund, Ruben Enikolopov, John Earle, Guido Friebel, and Leonid Polischuk.
Read more: https://www.hhs.se/site
Learn The Difference Between Winning a Contract or Walking Away Empty-Handed!
There are two types of government contractors: those that have been a party to a bid protest and those that will soon find themselves involved in a protest.
As federal budgets continue to shrink, the competition between contractors' increases and the number of bid protests will rise.
The people against the government, images of the national protest day Onnet
This is a workers national protest in Chile.
The Central Unitaria de Trabajadores (CUT), called all the workers to protesting in opposition to the capitalism.
The Chilean police reacted in a very violent way, And many persons were hurt.
The result of this day of national protest; they were more than 600 arrested and many injured persons.
We fight for the end of the exploitation of the man by the man, we fight for the freedom of the mankind. Long live LatinAmerica
The document discusses the history and tactics of campus protests. It provides examples of historic campus protests around issues like apartheid, civil rights, and sweatshop labor. More recent examples include protests against Donald Trump's election at UCLA and the University of Texas in November 2016. The document explores concepts of student activism and tactical performance, which involves using performance techniques in social movements to encourage change and discourage violence.
This paper investigates the causal effect of education on various health outcomes and behaviors in Italy, exploiting a 1963 reform that raised compulsory schooling by three years. The reform provides exogenous variation in education levels needed for causal identification. Using survey data on Italians, the paper analyzes effects on chronic diseases, BMI, smoking, physical activity, preventive health behaviors, and more. Considering multiple outcomes simultaneously allows for a more comprehensive assessment than prior studies examining only one or a few measures. The results provide new causal evidence on how education impacts health in Italy.
So, what's it all about then? Why we share research dataDanny Kingsley
This document summarizes a presentation about open research and data sharing. It discusses several drivers for data sharing, including funder requirements and cultural expectations among researchers. It also examines blockers to sharing such as concerns about data being stolen or reused without permission. The presentation argues that an overemphasis on high-impact publications and journal metrics is creating problems like hyperauthorship, reproducibility issues, and retractions. It advocates for increasing transparency through measures like preregistering trials, peer reviewing methodologies, and making data openly accessible. The goal is to overhaul how research is conducted, assessed and shared in a more open and collaborative manner.
Indigenous groups in the Andes region of South America have increasingly protested against neoliberal economic policies promoted since the 1980s, such as privatization of natural resources and free trade agreements. Protests were organized by indigenous and peasant organizations and involved tactics such as road blockades, strikes, and demonstrations. These protests have led to concessions from governments, repeal of neoliberal reforms, new constitutions recognizing indigenous rights, and increased indigenous political representation and control over lands and resources in countries like Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru.
Peter Joyce “Policing Protest Since 1945: Publishing Academic Textbooks”Phil302
Dr Peter Joyce, Principal Lecturer in Criminology, Manchester Metropolitan University delivered this guest lecture in the UCBC Lecture Theatre on Monday 14th November 2016 (5-6pm).
This document provides an overview of a poetry workshop on protest poetry and climate advocacy. It discusses the purpose and power of protest poetry, focusing people's attention on climate change and motivating action. The workshop schedule is outlined, including reading protest poems from different cultures and languages, workshopping original climate poems, and opportunities for publication. Key aspects of protest poetry discussed include using forms to subvert dominant paradigms, addressing both specific issues and universal themes, and engaging readers through language and rhythm to involve them emotionally and intellectually in the protest.
Slides for Guest Lecture Skype with COMM 4370 New Media Technologies and Communicationat Schreiner University, February 28, 2013. Focuses on the role of the Internet and social media in democracy, protest, activism, and social change.
Presentation at Social Media & Society 2014 conference, TorontoPetr Lupac
This document summarizes a study on social media use and its impact on gains from internet use in the Czech Republic. It found that daily social media users and non-users differed in their declared knowledge gains, contact with friends, and life satisfaction from internet use. However, the intensity of social media use itself did not seem to have a direct effect on gains. Instead, informational digital skills, variety of other online activities, and network capital were stronger predictors of gains from internet use.
AET/508 The Future of Community Based Services and Education Emily Lehsten
The document discusses anticipated changes to community-based services and education in the future, including more intensive community organizations, a more diverse elderly population, and greater use of technology. Technological advances that could be useful include smart pill bottles that notify when to take medication and 3D printing. Funding may come from community programs, government sources, or cooperative models. Changes to education may include lifelong learning, shorter adult programs, and more online learning.
City Horizons: what does the future hold for China’s cities?Centre for Cities
Centre for Cities was pleased to welcome the OECD’s Senior Councillor William Tompson to talk about the progress and challenges of China's urbanisation in our third City Horizons event. Click through the slides above, and listen to the audio from the event here: http://www.centreforcities.org/multimedia/event-catch-up-what-does-the-future-hold-for-chinas-cities
OMT Distinguished Scholar 2016 - John MeyerOMT Division
This document discusses the institutionalization of organizations and prospects for the future. It begins with an introduction by John Meyer from Stanford University's sociology department. It then provides several charts and tables analyzing data on topics like world higher education enrollment, occupational structures, the expansion of professions and organizations, and the effects of education on economic development. Finally, it outlines the administrative structure of Stanford University with the various deans, vice provosts, and other administrators that report to the Provost.
Diffusion of innovation and innovativeness of Russian regions (ICT-products a...Stepan Zemtsov
The authors explored the potential of new information and communications technologies (ICT) absorption in Russian regions primarily on an example of mobile communication
Patterns of public eService development across European citiesLuigi Reggi
1) There is significant heterogeneity in public e-service development across EU15 nations and cities. While some countries and cities are front-runners with development above the EU average across multiple service categories, others are only above average in one or two categories.
2) Sweden, Denmark, the UK, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands tend to be front-runners. Germany and Ireland are considered good performers with one or two services above the EU average.
3) An analysis of 229 cities across 15 EU countries finds patterns of public e-service development are highly heterogeneous both across countries and cities. City characteristics like "smartness" may influence levels of development.
Urbanization is increasing globally as more people migrate from rural to urban areas. This migration is driven by push factors in rural areas like lack of opportunity and pull factors in cities like increased employment opportunities. Rapid urbanization creates challenges for public health in cities as health services and infrastructure often struggle to meet the needs of growing urban populations. Health inequities between rich and poor residents also increase as urban growth is often uncontrolled. Ensuring universal access to water, sanitation, health information and services is vital for public health but becomes more difficult with large urban populations.
Envisioning the future of education and jobsEduSkills OECD
Revolution. Contained within that often-frightening word is another, less-destabilising one: evolution. If we look at this fourth Industrial Revolution as the end result of a series of advances propelled by the force of global trends, then we have a better chance of meeting the challenges it presents, rather than being ambushed by it. We will also be better equipped to help our children prepare for their future.
This report, the product of a collaboration between the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the UK-based charity, Education and Employers, offers a glimpse of how children see their future, and the forces that, if properly understood and harnessed, will drive them forward to realise their dreams. Through concerted actions by educators and business leaders, we can help our children develop the kinds of skills needed not only to weather, but to take advantage of this revolution.
The future will be about pairing the artificial intelligence of computers with the cognitive, social and emotional capabilities of humans, so that we educate first-class humans, not second-class robots. It is our responsibility, as concerned adults, to acknowledge and understand the trends that are shaping this industrial revolution, and to impart that understanding to our children as early as possible. It is our responsibility, in other words, to help our children get ready for their future.
Download the paper at http://www.oecd.org/education/Envisioning-the-future-of-education-and-jobs.pdf
The document provides information on Seoul's e-government initiatives and accomplishments. It discusses Seoul's e-government system, strategies, and history. Some of its key accomplishments highlighted include providing open and transparent administration through initiatives like its open government website, mobile apps, and public data disclosure. It also aims to create a smart administration through big data, sharing, and collaboration. Seoul established WeGO to help share its e-government experiences with other global cities.
Urbanization is driven by industrialization as factories create jobs and economic opportunities that attract people to cities. As more people migrate to cities, the population grows, requiring further infrastructure development. While urbanization brings benefits like more jobs, it also creates challenges such as pollution, overcrowding, and increased health problems. Sustainable development aims to balance human and economic growth with environmental protection to address the issues caused by rapid urbanization in developing nations.
The document discusses the knowledge gap hypothesis and digital divide. It summarizes previous research showing that those with higher socioeconomic status tend to acquire information from mass media at a faster rate, widening the knowledge gap between higher and lower socioeconomic groups. It also discusses four levels of the digital divide related to motivation, access, skills, and usage. Several studies from different countries find support for both the knowledge gap and usage gap, with those of higher education engaging in more advanced online activities. The document calls for future research to consider additional factors beyond just socioeconomic status that may influence online knowledge acquisition and activities.
- Web data from sources like online surveys, job vacancies, social media are increasingly being used in labor market research due to limitations of traditional data sources.
- Analysis of a decade of WageIndicator survey data from the Netherlands found the sample composition remained relatively stable, suggesting biases could be addressed through controls.
- Scrapping job vacancy data from portals in Central European countries found language requirements, especially English, correlated with higher wages for occupations.
- Combining WageIndicator self-reported computer use data with text-mined skills from job postings showed occupations where computers are more important aligned with those requiring greater skills and complexity.
Iatss aging society in bangkok and the factors affecting mobility of elderl...Dr.Sariya Srichuae
This research article examines factors affecting the mobility of elderly people in accessing public spaces and transportation in Bangkok, Thailand. It utilized surveys of elderly people aged 60 and older living in three urban areas of Bangkok with different development densities. The study found that ability to travel without assistance, distribution of accessible public spaces and transportation services, urban density, and development patterns influenced elder mobility. It suggests including universal design principles in public projects and integrating transportation planning with urban development to improve mobility for the aging population.
Learning in Chinese Cities: Do Rural Migrants Benefit from Labor Market Agglo...STLLab
Cities facilitate learning and human capital accumulation. In a dense, local labor market, workers can benefit from knowledge spillovers and therefore enhance their productivity. This is supported by many empirical studies from developed countries. Less is known in cities in developing countries. Using micro data from the 2004 manufacturing census and 2005 population census in China, we find that overall workers benefit from labor market pooling and knowledge spillovers in Chinese cities but rural migrants benefit much less than do local urban residents. This is not because rural migrants are low skilled or work in informal sectors. This may be because they lack social network and suffer “double discrimination” for being “rural” and being “migrant.” Our findings suggest that social interactions in cities provide a channel of learning alternative to formal schooling. Our findings also have policy implications on how Chinese cities can become “skilled” during the rapid urbanization process coupled with global competition.
Topmost cited 2011 - International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chain...ijmvsc
The International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains ( IJMVSC ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles that contribute new results in all areas of value and supply chain management. The journal provides a platform to disseminate new ideas and new research, advance theories, and propagate best practices in the management of value and supply chain management, looking across both product and service-based businesses. This will include works based in service management, logistics and distribution, operations management, process management, flow control, and customer service. The journal offers a forum in which academics, consultants, and practitioners in a variety of fields can exchange ideas to further research and improve practices in all areas of business. The International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains ( IJMVSC ) seek to establish new collaborations, new best practices, and new theories in the management of both product and service-based organizations around the world.
The document discusses Korea's achievements and challenges in information and communication technologies. It notes that while Korea has seen robust growth in its ICT sector GDP share, exports, consumption, and R&D, growth rates have begun converging to zero recently. It also discusses challenges from emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, including potential job losses, need for reskilling workers, and implications for industry and barriers/promoters. The document argues comprehensive government strategies are needed to respond proactively to changes from new computing paradigms.
This document discusses the future of international volunteering. It notes several challenges facing the sector such as economic uncertainty following Brexit, global crises, and changing demographics. However, domestic volunteering rates have remained stable in recent years and the proportion of young people volunteering continues to grow. Additionally, the income and staffing of international non-governmental organizations are increasing. The document also examines debates around who benefits from volunteering and how to ensure it focuses on development and poverty reduction.
Similar to Social Media and Protest Participation: Evidence from Russia (20)
Presented by Anastasia Luzgina during the conference "Belarus at the crossroads: The complex role of sanctions in the context of totalitarian backsliding" on April 23, 2024.
Presented by Erlend Bollman Bjørtvedt during the conference "Belarus at the crossroads: The complex role of sanctions in the context of totalitarian backsliding" on April 23, 2024.
Presented by Dzimtry Kruk during the conference "Belarus at the crossroads: The complex role of sanctions in the context of totalitarian backsliding" on April 23, 2024.
Presented by Lev Lvovskiy during the conference "Belarus at the crossroads: The complex role of sanctions in the context of totalitarian backsliding" on April 23, 2024.
Presented by Chloé Le Coq, Professor of Economics, University of Paris-Panthéon-Assas, Economics and Law Research Center (CRED), during SITE 2023 Development Day conference.
This year’s SITE Development Day conference will focus on the Russian war on Ukraine. We will discuss the situation in Ukraine and neighbouring countries, how to finance and organize financial support within the EU and within Sweden, and how to deal with the current energy crisis.
This year’s SITE Development Day conference will focus on the Russian war on Ukraine. We will discuss the situation in Ukraine and neighbouring countries, how to finance and organize financial support within the EU and within Sweden, and how to deal with the current energy crisis.
The document provides an agenda for an event titled "#AcademicsStandWithUkraine" being held on December 6, 2022 in Stockholm, Sweden. The day-long event will feature discussions on supporting Ukraine, the EU response, and the energy crisis, with panels including representatives from Ukrainian and European universities and organizations, as well as the Swedish and European governments. Speakers will discuss fiscal policy in Ukraine, Swedish and EU support for Ukraine, and the regional impact of the war.
The (Ce)² Workshop is organised as an initiative of the FREE Network by one of its members, the Centre for Economic Analysis (CenEA, Poland) together with the Centre for Microdata Methods and Practice (CeMMAP, UK). This will be the seventh edition of the workshop which will be held in Warsaw on 27-28 June 2022.
The (Ce)2 workshop is organised as an initiative of the FREE Network by one of its members, the Centre for Economic Analysis (CenEA, Poland) together with the Centre for Microdata Methods and Practice (CeMMAP, UK). This will be the seventh edition of the workshop which will be held in Warsaw on 27-28 June 2022.
The (Ce)2 workshop is organised as an initiative of the FREE Network by one of its members, the Centre for Economic Analysis (CenEA, Poland) together with the Centre for Microdata Methods and Practice (CeMMAP, UK). This will be the seventh edition of the workshop which will be held in Warsaw on 27-28 June 2022.
The (Ce)2 workshop is organised as an initiative of the FREE Network by one of its members, the Centre for Economic Analysis (CenEA, Poland) together with the Centre for Microdata Methods and Practice (CeMMAP, UK). This will be the seventh edition of the workshop which will be held in Warsaw on 27-28 June 2022.
Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio ProblemMajid Iqbal
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
Enhancing Asset Quality: Strategies for Financial Institutionsshruti1menon2
Ensuring robust asset quality is not just a mere aspect but a critical cornerstone for the stability and success of financial institutions worldwide. It serves as the bedrock upon which profitability is built and investor confidence is sustained. Therefore, in this presentation, we delve into a comprehensive exploration of strategies that can aid financial institutions in achieving and maintaining superior asset quality.
Every business, big or small, deals with outgoing payments. Whether it’s to suppliers for inventory, to employees for salaries, or to vendors for services rendered, keeping track of these expenses is crucial. This is where payment vouchers come in – the unsung heroes of the accounting world.
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
An accounting information system (AIS) refers to tools and systems designed for the collection and display of accounting information so accountants and executives can make informed decisions.
Dr. Alyce Su Cover Story - China's Investment Leadermsthrill
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Social Media and Protest Participation: Evidence from Russia
1. Social Media and Protest Participation:
Evidence from Russia
Ruben Enikolopov,1,2,3,4,5 Alexey Makarin,6, and Maria Petrova,1,2,3,4,5
1ICREA
2Instute of Political Economy and Governance
3Universitat Pompeu Fabra
4Barcelona GSE
5New Economic School
6Northwestern University
SITE, December 5, 2016
2. Collective action and online social networks
Collective action problems = obstacles to achieving socially beneficial
outcomes (Olson 1968, Hardin 1982, Ostrom 1990), e.g.
Low levels of social capital made collective action problems especially
acute in transitional economies.
Do online social networks (=horizontal communication technologies)
reduce the costs of overcoming collective action problems?
Look at this question using the example of online social networks and
protest participation in Russia in 2011-2012
3. Main Idea
Estimating causal impact of social media is challenging:
I endogeneity problem - social media usage is a choice variable
I lack of geographical variation - protests in a small number of locations
does not allow to study effects of availability of social media
Russia in 2011-2012 is perfect example for the empirical investigation
I unexpected wave of protests triggered by elections, first large-scale
protests since the end of USSR
I significant geographical variation
F 625 cities, 133 cities with protests
Social media dominated by VKontakte (VK)
I Russian version of Facebook with 55 million users in 2011
I use information about the history of the creation of VK for
identification
F origins of students studying at SPbSU at the time of creation
7. Background on VK
Timeline
October 2006 – VKontakte (VK) created as a Russian clone of
Facebook
I founder - Pavel Durov, who was at that time a student of philology
department
I initially, by invitation only (through student forum, created also by
Durov)
First VK users
I mostly students from SPbSU; different home cities
I most of them never returned to their home cities, but still had networks
of friends and relatives there
End of November 2006 – open registration
Later:
I Summer 2008 – Facebook offered Russian interface
I 2011 – 55 million VKontakte users, 6 million Facebook users
8. Source of variation
Argument: idiosyncratic variation in the distribution of early users has
a long lasting effect
I attract new users through network externalities
I deter opening Facebook accounts
Instrument: fluctuations in inter-city student flows
I Originally, accounts by invitation only
I Early penetration can be correlated with unobserved taste parameter
I We use information on city origins of the students studying in St
Petersburg State University by cohort
F separate cohort studying with the VK founder (+- 2 years) from older
or yonger cohorts
9. VK penetration and inter-city student flows
Coefficients for the number of students of different origin as determinants
of 2011 VK penetration
in a regression with all baseline controls includedFigure 1. Social media penetration and SPbSU student cohorts.
A. SPbSU cohorts from different cities and VK Penetration in 2011
10. VK penetration and inter-city student flows
Log (SPbSU students), same 5-year cohort as VK founder 0.1581*** 0.1322*** 0.1393*** 0.1371*** 0.1360***
[0.0425] [0.0489] [0.0482] [0.0463] [0.0488]
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort younger than VK founder -0.0292 -0.0452 -0.0433 -0.0464 -0.0457
[0.0552] [0.0461] [0.0468] [0.0472] [0.0474]
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort older than VK founder 0.025 0.0161 0.0175 0.0137 0.0142
[0.0523] [0.0468] [0.0467] [0.0445] [0.0454]
Regional center 0.2952*** 0.3015* 0.2563* 0.3008* 0.3026*
[0.0899] [0.1583] [0.1526] [0.1539] [0.1523]
Distance to Saint Petersburg, km 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0000
[0.0001] [0.0001] [0.0001] [0.0001]
Distance to Moscow, km -0.0002 -0.0002 -0.0003 -0.0001
[0.0001] [0.0001] [0.0002] [0.0001]
Rayon center (county seat) -0.0142 -0.0134 -0.0056 -0.0155
[0.0873] [0.0869] [0.0906] [0.0843]
Log (average wage), city-level, 2011 0.2108 0.1977 0.1756 0.1386
[0.1637] [0.1686] [0.1691] [0.1571]
Presence of a university in a city, 2011 -0.0224 -0.0087 -0.0348 -0.0056
[0.1496] [0.1468] [0.1478] [0.1441]
Internet penetration, region-level, 2011 -0.1190 -0.1572 -0.0677 -0.0875
[0.2304] [0.2144] [0.2272] [0.2254]
Log (number of Odnoklassniki users), 2014 0.1475* 0.1391* 0.1322 0.1706**
[0.0798] [0.0806] [0.0801] [0.0793]
Ethnic fractionalization, 2010 0.4041* 0.4872** 0.5660*** 0.4599**
[0.2149] [0.2073] [0.2016] [0.2197]
Observations 625 625 625 625 625
R-squared 0.8263 0.8517 0.8546 0.8550 0.8540
Population controls Yes*** Yes*** Yes** Yes*** Yes***
Age cohort controls Yes** Yes*** Yes** Yes**
Education controls Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes***
Electoral controls, 1995 Yes
Electoral controls, 1999 Yes*
Electoral controls, 2003 Yes
Log (number of VK users), Aug 2011
11. Probability of a protest and inter-city student flows
Coefficients for the number of students of different origin as determinants
of dummy for protest
in a regression with all baseline controls included
B. SPbSU cohorts from different cities and the incidence of protests
13. VK penetration and protest participation
Panel A. Number of protesters
IV IV IV IV OLS OLS OLS OLS
Log (number of VK users), Aug 2011 1.912** 1.863** 1.920** 2.015** 0.228*** 0.216*** 0.216*** 0.227***
[0.900] [0.862] [0.886] [0.906] [0.072] [0.072] [0.074] [0.076]
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort younger than VK founder 0.238* 0.231* 0.227* 0.252* 0.224** 0.224** 0.211* 0.236**
[0.124] [0.125] [0.125] [0.131] [0.107] [0.109] [0.108] [0.108]
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort older than VK founder -0.106 -0.105 -0.108 -0.097 0.013 0.019 0.011 0.027
[0.143] [0.143] [0.136] [0.144] [0.092] [0.091] [0.089] [0.092]
Population controls Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes***
Age cohort controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes* Yes* Yes** Yes**
Education controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Other controls Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes***
Electoral controls, 1995 Yes Yes
Electoral controls, 1999 Yes Yes
Electoral controls, 2003 Yes* Yes**
Observations 625 625 625 625 625 625 625 625
Effective F-statistics (Olea Montiel and Pflueger 2013) 276.8 274 274 274
Panel B. Probability of protests
IV IV IV IV OLS OLS OLS OLS
Log (number of VK users), Aug 2011 0.466*** 0.446*** 0.464*** 0.481*** 0.039*** 0.037*** 0.037*** 0.039***
[0.180] [0.169] [0.174] [0.181] [0.013] [0.013] [0.013] [0.014]
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort younger than VK founder 0.033 0.030 0.031 0.034 0.029 0.029 0.027 0.031
[0.025] [0.026] [0.026] [0.027] [0.020] [0.021] [0.021] [0.020]
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort older than VK founder -0.024 -0.023 -0.025 -0.021 0.006 0.007 0.005 0.009
[0.029] [0.029] [0.028] [0.030] [0.017] [0.017] [0.017] [0.018]
Population controls Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes***
Age cohort controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes** Yes** Yes** Yes**
Education controls Yes Yes Yes* Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Other controls Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes***
Electoral controls, 1995 Yes Yes**
Electoral controls, 1999 Yes Yes
Electoral controls, 2003 Yes Yes**
Observations 625 625 625 625 625 625 625 625
Effective F-stat (Montiel Olea and Pflueger 2013) 276.8 274 274 274
Log (number of protesters), Dec 2011
Incidence of protests, dummy, Dec 2011
14. Placebo tests
There is no effect on
Protests before 2006
Election results before 2006
The effect of the distribution of students in Durov’s cohort on VK
penetration is specific to SPbSU:
Replicate similar calculations for 64 other top Russian universities and
rank coefficients
Effect for Durov’s cohort for SPbSU is in top 5%
Effects for the other two cohors are in the middle of the distribution.
15. Mechanisms
Social media can affect individual decision regarding protest
participation by changing
1 The share of people who think that the regime is “bad”
2 Perceived instrumental benefits of participation
I but the marginal increase in the probability that the protest is
successful if a person decides to participate is close to zero
3 Non-instrumental benefits
I social pressure
I social image concerns
4 Costs of participation
I coordination costs
I the probability of being beaten up/detained
We refer to (1) as the information channel and (3)-(4) as the
collective action channel
17. Information channel: survey evidence
Good and
getting
better
Good and
remains the
same
Good and
getting
worse
Bad, but
getting
better
Bad and
remains
the same
Bad and
getting
worse
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Log (number of VK users), Aug 2011 0.207** -0.070 -0.046 -0.081* -0.014 0.027
[0.097] [0.113] [0.048] [0.047] [0.066] [0.052]
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort younger than VK founder -0.009 0.009 0.001 0.011** 0.002 0.005
[0.015] [0.008] [0.006] [0.005] [0.009] [0.007]
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort older than VK founder -0.012 -0.016 -0.004 0.004 -0.011 -0.005
[0.016] [0.013] [0.010] [0.006] [0.009] [0.007]
Good and
getting
better
Good and
remains the
same
Good and
getting
worse
Bad, but
getting
better
Bad and
remains
the same
Bad and
getting
worse
Log (number of VK users), Aug 2011 0.163* -0.062 0.008 -0.053 -0.054 -0.007
[0.095] [0.104] [0.039] [0.033] [0.062] [0.048]
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort younger than VK founder -0.017 0.011 0.001 0.006** 0.006 0.003
[0.016] [0.008] [0.005] [0.003] [0.008] [0.006]
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort older than VK founder -0.006 -0.022 -0.009 0.005 -0.003 -0.003
[0.016] [0.014] [0.007] [0.005] [0.010] [0.007]
Good and
getting
better
Good and
remains the
same
Good and
getting
worse
Bad, but
getting
better
Bad and
remains
the same
Bad and
getting
worse
Log (number of VK users), Aug 2011 0.258*** 0.090 -0.104* -0.069 -0.064 -0.017
[0.097] [0.105] [0.057] [0.064] [0.088] [0.077]
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort younger than VK founder -0.013 0.018 0.003 0.012** -0.003 -0.001
[0.017] [0.013] [0.007] [0.006] [0.011] [0.009]
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort older than VK founder -0.013 -0.026 0.005 0.005 -0.014 0.001
[0.017] [0.016] [0.011] [0.009] [0.010] [0.010]
How do you assess the work of president Dmitry Medvedev
How do you assess the work of the government
How do you assess the work of prime minister Vladimir Putin
18. Pre-election intentions
United
Russia
Just Russia LDPR KPRF Patriots of
Russia
Yabloko
Log (number of VK users), Aug 2011 0.220* 0.038 -0.045 -0.029 -0.001 -0.007
[0.124] [0.047] [0.043] [0.054] [0.007] [0.011]
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort younger than VK founder -0.001 0.000 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.001
[0.015] [0.005] [0.004] [0.005] [0.001] [0.001]
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort older than VK founder -0.039** -0.004 0.004 0.001 0.000 -0.002
[0.020] [0.007] [0.008] [0.007] [0.001] [0.002]
Admit Exclude Difficult to
answer
Log (number of VK users), Aug 2011 -0.238* 0.085 0.161
[0.130] [0.155] [0.111]
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort younger than VK founder -0.006 -0.001 0.006
[0.013] [0.014] [0.011]
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort older than VK founder 0.023 -0.023 -0.002
[0.017] [0.023] [0.020]
Which party are you planning to vote for in December elections
Do you personally admit or exclude a possibility to take part in any protests
19. Fractionalization
People in the same city can join several online social networks and
usually use only one intensively
Other things being equal, cities with more fracitonalized networks are
less likely to experience mass protests
I with unexpected protests, coordination is more difficult
I social pressure is smaller
Two online social networks very similar in terms of functions and even
colors of interface: Facebook and VKontakte
20. Channels: fractionalization
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Fractionalization of social media networks (Facebook+Vkontakte) -0.903 -1.009 -0.914 -0.906 -3.193** -3.973** -2.761* -3.553**
[0.670] [0.685] [0.687] [0.674] [1.420] [1.592] [1.507] [1.557]
Log (number of users in both networks) 1.722*** 1.697*** 1.682*** 1.731*** 1.404** 1.324** 1.606*** 1.615***
[0.321] [0.312] [0.319] [0.315] [0.553] [0.572] [0.596] [0.593]
Population controls Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes** Yes** Yes** Yes**
Age cohort controls Yes** Yes** Yes** Yes** Yes** Yes Yes** Yes***
Education controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Electoral controls, 1995 Yes* Yes
Electoral controls, 1999 Yes* Yes*
Electoral controls, 2003 Yes* Yes
Observations 625 625 625 625 158 158 158 158
R-squared 0.832 0.834 0.836 0.834 0.817 0.832 0.833 0.833
Fractionalization of social media networks (Facebook+Vkontakte) -0.132 -0.148 -0.135 -0.129 -0.656** -0.702** -0.578* -0.723**
[0.135] [0.135] [0.135] [0.136] [0.313] [0.307] [0.307] [0.321]
Log (number of users in both networks) 0.266*** 0.262*** 0.259*** 0.264*** 0.148 0.156 0.177 0.203*
[0.063] [0.061] [0.061] [0.061] [0.108] [0.103] [0.110] [0.106]
Population controls Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes*** Yes** Yes*** Yes** Yes***
Age cohort controls Yes** Yes** Yes** Yes** Yes*** Yes* Yes** Yes***
Education controls Yes* Yes* Yes* Yes* Yes Yes* Yes** Yes*
Electoral controls, 1995 Yes* Yes
Electoral controls, 1999 Yes Yes
Electoral controls, 2003 Yes** Yes**
Observations 625 625 625 625 158 158 158 158
R-squared 0.780 0.784 0.784 0.784 0.767 0.789 0.784 0.796
Log (protesters in December 2011)
Panel A. Network fractionalization and protest participation.
Panel B. Network fractionalization and the incidence of protest
Incidence of protests in December 2011 (dummy)
Whole sample Cities with more than 100 000 inhabitants
Whole sample Cities with more than 100 000 inhabitants
21. Conclusions
Evidence consistent with social media boosting protest participation
I Cross-city results for the leading Russian social network, VKontakte
I Use overtime student flows fluctuations for identification
Consistent with reducing the costs of collective action
I More pro-government vote with social media
I Fractionalization is important
22. Effect for different population thresholds
Notes: The graphs show the magnitude of the coefficients for Log (VK users in 2011) on Log (protesters in
December 2011) for specification reported in column 1 of Table 4 (upper panel) and a dummy for protest
23. Protest participation and inter-city student flows
Coefficients for the number of students of different origin as determinants
of protest participation
in a regression with all baseline controls includedFigure 2. Protest acitivity and SPbSU student cohorts
A. SPbSU cohorts from different cities and protest participation
24. Early VK penetration and inter-city student flows
Coefficients for the number of students of different origin as determinants
of early VK penetration
in a regression with all baseline controls includedB. SPbSU cohorts from different cities and early (November 2006) VK penetration
25. Panel data analysis: city FE results
Panel A. Protest participation over Time.
Log (VK users in 2011)*Time -0.0015*** -0.0015*** -0.0015*** -0.0015***
[0.0005] [0.0005] [0.0005] [0.0005]
Time 0.0403** 0.0369** 0.0324* 0.0316
[0.0186] [0.0184] [0.0192] [0.0198]
City Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes Yes
Baseline controls interacted with Time Yes Yes Yes Yes
Voting controls 1995, interacted with Time Yes
Voting controls 1999, interacted with Time Yes
Voting controls 2003, interacted with Time Yes
Observations 26,292 26,292 26,292 26,292
R-squared 0.120 0.120 0.120 0.120
Panel B. Protest incidence over Time.
Log (VK users in 2011)*Time -0.0003*** -0.0003*** -0.0003*** -0.0003***
[0.0001] [0.0001] [0.0001] [0.0001]
Time 0.0061* 0.0053 0.0044 0.0046
[0.0033] [0.0034] [0.0035] [0.0035]
City Fixed Effects Yes Yes Yes Yes
Baseline controls interacted with Time Yes Yes Yes Yes
Voting controls 1995, interacted with Time Yes
Voting controls 1999, interacted with Time Yes
Voting controls 2003, interacted with Time Yes
Observations 26,292 26,292 26,292 26,292
R-squared 0.121 0.122 0.122 0.122
Log (protesters)
Incidence of protest demonstrations (dummy)
26. Critical MassFigures 3. Nonparametric Relationship Between VK Penetration and Number of
Protesters.
27. Heterogeneity of the effect
Log (protesters in December 2011)
Education
lower than
median
Education
higher than
median
Wage lower
than median
Wage higher
than median
Trust lower
than
median
Trust higher
than median
Log (VK users in 2011) 0.178 3.422* 1.308 1.962** 0.097 4.798**
[0.278] [1.811] [1.776] [0.961] [1.215] [2.290]
-0.023 0.123 0.143 0.286* 0.161 -0.060
[0.057] [0.261] [0.240] [0.165] [0.209] [0.485]
-0.046 -0.169 -0.069 -0.179 0.218 -0.728
[0.052] [0.273] [0.159] [0.202] [0.177] [0.448]
Population controls Yes*** Yes*** Yes** Yes*** Yes*** Yes**
Age cohort controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Education controls Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes*** Yes
Observations 313 312 315 310 231 231
Effective F-statistics (Olea Montiel and Pflueger 2013) 41.66 196.4 137.1 114.6 122.3 103.9
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort younger than VK
founder
Log (SPbSU students), one cohort older than VK founder
28. Placebo: pre-VK voting
Panel A. Parliamentary elections
Pro-government
party vote share
Yabloko vote share Communists vote
share
LDPR vote share Turnout Against all share
Voting results in 1995, IV with SPbSU cohorts -0.016 -0.019 0.101 0.022 0.023 -0.009
[0.027] [0.019] [0.074] [0.050] [0.038] [0.008]
Voting results in 1999, IV with SPbSU cohorts 0.059 0.000 0.047 -0.009 -0.086 -0.002
[0.048] [0.015] [0.049] [0.011] [0.061] [0.007]
Voting results in 2003 IV with SPbSU cohorts -0.003 -0.018 -0.016 -0.007 -0.013 -0.017
[0.003] [0.011] [0.024] [0.025] [0.041] [0.012]
Panel B. Presidential elections
Year 1996, 1st round Yeltsin vote share Yavlinsky vote share Zyuganov vote share Lebedev vote share Turnout Against all share
Voting results, IV with SPbSU cohorts -0.114 0.007 0.120 -0.009 0.013 -0.002
[0.082] [0.017] [0.092] [0.041] [0.025] [0.003]
Year 1996, 2nd round Yeltsin vote share Zyuganov vote share Turnout Against all share
Voting results, IV with SPbSU cohorts -0.108 - 0.124 - 0.008 -0.008
[0.089] - [0.094] - [0.029] [0.010]
Year 2000 Putin vote share Yavlinsky vote Zyuganov vote Tuleev vote share Turnout Against all share
Voting results, IV with SPbSU cohorts 0.129* -0.027** -0.056 0.004 0.001 -0.012**
[0.074] [0.013] [0.054] [0.028] [0.029] [0.005]
Dependent variable
32. Network growth and Bass model with a ceiling
dN(t)
dt
=
⇣
p +
q
m
N(t)
⌘
(m N(t))
N(t) = m
1 e (p+q)t
1+ q
p e (p+q)t
!
0100002000030000
PredictedNumberofVKUsers
Dec06 Jun06 Dec07 Jun07 Dec08 Jun08 Dec09 Jun09 Dec10 Jun10 Dec11
Bass Model Prediction
0100002000030000
ActualNumberofVKUsers
Dec06 Jun06 Dec07 Jun07 Dec08 Jun08 Dec09 Jun09 Dec10 Jun10 Dec11
Actual Data
Cities w/o Early Users (ID<100k) Cities w/ Early Users