The document defines and describes Short Message Services (SMS) in GSM networks. It discusses three types of SMS: point-to-point, cell broadcast, and mobile originated/terminated SMS. It explains the process of a short message traveling from the SMS center to a terminating mobile station for mobile terminated SMS. Key nodes like the SMS gateway MSC and SMS interworking MSC are introduced.
Huawei BSC traffic statistics system provides perfect measurement types and rich
counters, facilitating the network operators to learn about the BSC running status, to
locate the network problems and to optimize the network.
Squire Technologies: Short Message Service Centre Presentation.
With the continuing growth and success of SMS traffic worldwide the SVI-SMSC Short Message Service Center can offer Operators with existing SS7 interconnects the ability to maximise their revenue by directly offering SMS services.
Huawei BSC traffic statistics system provides perfect measurement types and rich
counters, facilitating the network operators to learn about the BSC running status, to
locate the network problems and to optimize the network.
Squire Technologies: Short Message Service Centre Presentation.
With the continuing growth and success of SMS traffic worldwide the SVI-SMSC Short Message Service Center can offer Operators with existing SS7 interconnects the ability to maximise their revenue by directly offering SMS services.
MM-PNEMO: a mathematical model to assess handoff delay and packet lossjournalBEEI
Wireless networks incorporate Mobile Nodes (MNs) that use wireless access networks to communicate. However, the communication among these MNs are not remained stable due to the poor network coverage during inter mobility. Moreover, the wireless nodes are typically small that results in resource-constrained. Thus, it is uphill to use algorithms having giant processing power or memory footprint. Accordingly, it is essential to check schemes consistently to evaluate the performance within the probable application scenario. To do so, numerical analysis could be a notable method to grasp the performance of mobility management schemes as well as the constraint of evolving mobility management solutions specifically for multi-interfaced MR in Proxy NEMO environment. This paper analyzes handoff performance by using a mathematical model of Multihoming-based scheme to support Mobility management in Proxy NEMO (MM-PNEMO) environment. Moreover, a comparative study has been made among the standard Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP), Proxy NEMO (PNEMO) and MM-PNEMO scheme respectively. The performance metrics estimated for these schemes are mainly handoff delay and packet loss. This paper also analysed the packet loss ratio and handoff gain as a function of cell radius, number of SMR and velocity respectively. It is apparent that, the MM-PNEMO scheme shows lower packet loss ratio (1%) compared to NEMO-BSP (11%) and P-NEMO (6%).
The Internet of Things (IoT) has recently gained massive traction. IoT challenges enterprises, small companies, and developers with new problems to solve. While HTTP is
the de-facto protocol for the human web, communication between machines at scale requires a paradigm shift— steering away from request/response and leading towards publish/subscribe. This is where the ultra-lightweight, massively scalable, and easy-to-implement protocol MQTT enters the picture.
Part of the "Fourth Annual Health Law Year in P/Review" held at Harvard Law School on January 29, 2016.
This symposium featured leading experts discussing major developments during 2015 and what to watch out for in 2016. The discussion covered hot topics in such areas as health insurance, health care systems, public health, innovation, and other issues facing clinicians and patients.
This year's Health Law Year in P/Review was sponsored by the Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics at Harvard Law School, the New England Journal of Medicine, Health Affairs, the Hastings Center, Harvard Health Publications at Harvard Medical School, and the Center for Bioethics at Harvard Medical School, with support from the Oswald DeN. Cammann Fund at Harvard University.
Visit our website for more information: http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/fourth-annual-health-law-year-in-p-review.
MM-PNEMO: a mathematical model to assess handoff delay and packet lossjournalBEEI
Wireless networks incorporate Mobile Nodes (MNs) that use wireless access networks to communicate. However, the communication among these MNs are not remained stable due to the poor network coverage during inter mobility. Moreover, the wireless nodes are typically small that results in resource-constrained. Thus, it is uphill to use algorithms having giant processing power or memory footprint. Accordingly, it is essential to check schemes consistently to evaluate the performance within the probable application scenario. To do so, numerical analysis could be a notable method to grasp the performance of mobility management schemes as well as the constraint of evolving mobility management solutions specifically for multi-interfaced MR in Proxy NEMO environment. This paper analyzes handoff performance by using a mathematical model of Multihoming-based scheme to support Mobility management in Proxy NEMO (MM-PNEMO) environment. Moreover, a comparative study has been made among the standard Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP), Proxy NEMO (PNEMO) and MM-PNEMO scheme respectively. The performance metrics estimated for these schemes are mainly handoff delay and packet loss. This paper also analysed the packet loss ratio and handoff gain as a function of cell radius, number of SMR and velocity respectively. It is apparent that, the MM-PNEMO scheme shows lower packet loss ratio (1%) compared to NEMO-BSP (11%) and P-NEMO (6%).
The Internet of Things (IoT) has recently gained massive traction. IoT challenges enterprises, small companies, and developers with new problems to solve. While HTTP is
the de-facto protocol for the human web, communication between machines at scale requires a paradigm shift— steering away from request/response and leading towards publish/subscribe. This is where the ultra-lightweight, massively scalable, and easy-to-implement protocol MQTT enters the picture.
Part of the "Fourth Annual Health Law Year in P/Review" held at Harvard Law School on January 29, 2016.
This symposium featured leading experts discussing major developments during 2015 and what to watch out for in 2016. The discussion covered hot topics in such areas as health insurance, health care systems, public health, innovation, and other issues facing clinicians and patients.
This year's Health Law Year in P/Review was sponsored by the Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics at Harvard Law School, the New England Journal of Medicine, Health Affairs, the Hastings Center, Harvard Health Publications at Harvard Medical School, and the Center for Bioethics at Harvard Medical School, with support from the Oswald DeN. Cammann Fund at Harvard University.
Visit our website for more information: http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/fourth-annual-health-law-year-in-p-review.
How to Manage Stress & Achieve Greater ImpactColette Ellis
Did you know that up to 60% of common, chronic health conditions have stress as an underlying cause? The leading causes of stress are related to workload along with juggling work and personal responsibilities. Each of us has the opportunity to create solutions that address key issues facing our world, but when you're on the front lines, how do you give yourself “permission” for self-care?
Even if you’re constantly on the go, working long hours, or are extremely busy it is possible to make healthy lifestyle changes when you have the right tools and support. Learn proven, mindful stress reduction techniques so you can achieve greater social impact while improving your own well-being. Recognize the link between wellness and sustainability, and receive guidance from Coach Colette to help ditch your stress and anxiety for lasting results.
This is ideal for: entrepreneurs, business owners, and creative/tech freelancers looking to reduce stress, increase motivation, and experience less burnout in their quest to drive change; purpose-driven professionals looking to experience greater intention and fulfillment in their work and life
Esta presentación es acerca de los movimientos que se dieron en el siglo XIX y XX en Europa y Estados Unidos los cuales dieron un cambio a los conceptos del arte. Tambien por los avances tecnológicos (cámara fotografíca, psicología, etc.) el artista buscará de manera propia superar el clasisismo y de enfrentarse a un futuro que requería de creatividad y mucho talento (original) ante los cambios que sobrevenian a la humanidad.
The Digital Wireless Telephony comprise of two main working technologies:
GSM which stands for Global System for Mobile Communication.
CDMA which stands for Code Division Multiple Access.
Rest is explained in the slides
Global system for mobile communication Introduction, GSM architecture, GSM interfaces, Signal processing in GSM,
Frame structure of GSM, Channels used in GSM
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. 12 SMS
Objectives
After this chapter the student will:
• be able to define different types of SMS.
• be able to describe new functions in a GSM-network which
supports SMS.
• be able to follow a SM from SMS-C to terminating MS.
12.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................2
12.2 SMS POINT-TO-POINT .............................................................2
12.3 SMS CELL BROADCAST ...........................................................3
12.4 SMS MOBILE ORIGINATED/PP .................................................4
12.5 SMS MOBILE TERMINATED/PP ................................................5
Michael Quek 1
2. 12.1 Introduction
Short Messages Services (SMS) are character based and can be used in
GSM for sending and receiving text messages. There are three Short
Messages Services defined for GSM:
• Short message MO/PP (Mobile Originated / Point-to-Point)
• Short message MT/PP (Mobile Terminated / Point-to-Point)
• Short message CB (Cell Broadcast)
MO/PP or MT/PP service allows for an acknowledged exchange of a short
message (SM) between an MS and an SMS-Centre (SMS-C). The user
information carried in the SM could be used by other applications than
text. The exchange of messages between two MSs is only possible via the
SMS-C. The CB service allows the operator to broadcast messages, e.g.
weather reports, to all MSs in idle mode on a cell basis.
12.2 SMS Point-to-Point
The user service of delivering an SM from one MS to another is divided
into two services and involves an SMS-C.
• Short message MO/PP denotes the capability of the GSM system to
transfer a short message submitted from an MS to the SMS-C and to
report a result (acknowledgement or error) about the delivery back to
the MS.
• Short message MT/PP denotes the capability of the GSM system to
transfer a short message delivered from an SMS-C to one MS and to
report a result (acknowledgement or error) about the delivery back to
the SMS-C.
The SMS-C is the node that the SMs are submitted to, stored in and
delivered from. The short messages are sent to the SMS-C from e.g. an
MS, e-mail or data terminal. Each SM is time stamped by the SMS-C
when submitted and this timestamp will accompany the SM to the
recipient. The SMS-C also makes it possible to send a receipt to the
message originator when a message has been received at the other end. If
the delivery attempt does not succeed, the SMS-C will be informed and the
message stored. Depending on the network the SMS-C can be alerted to
send the message again if the failure was due to unavailability or lack of
memory in the MS. The notifications and messages are stored and will be
deleted once the message is delivered or when a time limit has expired.
The time limit is requested by the submitting MS but can be restricted by
the operator. Values of the time limit range from 5 min. to 63 weeks.
Michael Quek 2
3. Two complementary functions (or software packages) are needed, the
SMS-Gateway MSC (SMS-GMSC) and the SMS-Interworking MSC
(SMS-IWMSC). They will be integrated with an MSC or directly built into
the SMS-C. The mobile terminating SMs are sent from the SMS-C to the
network through an SMS-GMSC. The purpose of SMS-GMSC is to
interrogate the HLR to find the address to the MSC where the MS is
located. A mobile originating SM will be sent to the SMS-IWMSC where
it will be routed from the MSC to the receiving SMS-C.
An SM contains up to 140 octets of user data The text messages are
produced with a predefined alphabet. The default SMS alphabet consists of
128 characters, each consisting of 7 bits. One SM can hereby contain a
maximum of 160 characters. This is the normal text version. There is also
a possibility to use the information for other applications than text. The
default alphabet is complemented with a new alphabet, the “Universial
MultipleOctet Coded Character Set 2”, UCS2. The characters are then
coded with 16 bits, which means that a SM can carry 70 UCS2.
The MS should be able to receive and submit an SM both in ”idle” mode,
using SDCCH, and ”busy” mode, using SACCH. Note that the SMS can
be handled even though there is a call going on. The MS should also be
capable of using the MO and MT services at the same time, i.e. receive
and submit short messages simultaneously. Of the Supplementary Services
defined in GSM only the barring services may be used in combination with
the Short Message Service.
12.3 SMS Cell Broadcast
Short message CB denotes the capability of the GSM system to transfer a
short message submitted from the operator to all idle mobile stations in a
given geographical area on a cell basis. There is no acknowledging
message sent back to the system about the delivery. The CB short message
contains a maximum of 93 alphanumeric characters from the default
alphabet. This can be used for advertising or reserved for messages like
traffic information and weather reports.
One important difference between CB and the other types of SMS is that
the CB message is loaded from a Cell Broadcast Centre to the BSC. CB-
Centre is considered to be a node outside the PLMN and can be connected
to several BSCs. The messages sent from the Cell Broadcast Centre may
originate from different sources called Cell Broadcast Entities. The
coverage areas will be assigned by agreement between the service provider
and the network operator.
The message will be distributed from the BSC to the BTSs of the area to
be covered. The message is sent on the CB CHannel (CBCH) which uses
Michael Quek 3
4. the SDCCH, sub-channel no. 2, and can there be monitored by all MSs in
idle mode.
Up to 15 of these messages (with 93 characters) may be concatenated to
form a macromessage. Each page of such a macromessage will have the
same message identifier, (indicating the source of the message), and the
same serial number. Using this information the MS is able to identify and
ignore rebroadcasts of already received messages.
AUC
CB-C EIR
Cell Broadcast, CB
VLR
HLR
BSC MSC
Gateway
GMSC SMS-C
Inter-
BSC
Working
VLR SM can be routed to one
of several SMS-C by IW
MSC
Mobile Terminated, MT
PSTN
BSC
SMS-C
In another PLMN
Mobile Originated, MO
Short Message Services
12.4 SMS Mobile Originated/PP
The MS generates an SM which contains the telephone number to the
receiving MS. The “telephone number” of the SMS-C will be added as
destination address. Now the MS will establish a signalling link and sends
the message via a specific protocol to the MSC. Assuming that this MSC is
an Interworking-MSC the SM will be sent in a signalling message to the
SMS-C. Confirmation to the MS is sent back the same way. Now the
SMS-C can start the MT service.
Michael Quek 4
5. 12.5 SMS Mobile Terminated/PP
The MT/PP is initiated when the SMS-C is reached by a SM. How the
message reaches SMS-C is out of scope of the GSM specification except
when it is sent from a GSM MS. Other entities, e.g. email, data terminals,
mailbox systems etc. could be used.
AUC
CB-C EIR
VLR
HLR
BSC MSC 2)
1)
Gateway
GMSC SMS-C
3)
Inter-
BSC Working
4)
VLR 7)
5) MSC
6)
Mobile Terminated, MT PSTN
BSC
SMS mobile terminated point-to-point transfer
1) The SM, with added information of original sender and a timestamp, is
conveyed to the SMS-GMSC that hosts the subscriber.
2) The SMS-GMSC interrogates the HLR for routing information. The
HLR checks the database to find out whether the MSISDN is known
and that the MS has an SMS subscription.
If the service is not barred, the MS must be reachable and have enough
storage memory. Flags in HLR may set the availability and memory
information. The HLR then returns the routing information (IMSI and
routing address for the MSC/VLR).
If it isn’t possible to deliver the SM a rejection message, with error
cause, will be sent to the SMS-C. In that case the SMS-C will store the
information for a limited period of time. The limit is requested by the
originator but can be restricted by the operator. The SM can be sent if
the SMS-C is alerted within this time period.
The routing information does not need to include a MSRN because the
SM will use signalling channels to be transported to the visited MSC.
Michael Quek 5
6. 3) The SMS-GMSC reroutes the SM to the MSC/VLR, which serves the
MS for the moment.
4) The MSC checks in the VLR if the MS is attached or not and if the MS
is busy for other SMs. If the MS has capability for SMS handling and is
attached to the system, a paging message will be sent to the MS.
5) The MS sends a channel request and receives an SDCCH and an
SACCH in the same way as for an ordinary call set-up.
6) The MS will send a “Paging Response” to MSC/VLR. It is then up to
the MSC to choose what security procedures to perform, e.g.
authentication, ciphering etc. On the positive outcome from the security
procedures the SM will be transmitted to the MS, still on the SDCCH.
The MS will acknowledge after reception of the whole SM.
7) If the delivery was successful a delivery report is sent from MSC/VLR
to the SMS-C. An unsuccessful delivery result in a failure report sent to
SMS-C.
In case of unsuccessful delivery due to unavailability, the VLR sets a
flag indicating that there is a message to be delivered to the MS.
Optionally the HLR also stores information about unsuccessful
deliveries. The HLR will then also hold a list of addresses to those
SMS-C which have made unsuccessful delivery attempts. If the reason
for the unsuccessful delivery then cease to exist the HLR can alert these
SMS-C which can re-start the SMS MT.
Michael Quek 6