The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the human digestive system. It describes the main organs that make up the digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It details the locations and functions of each organ, such as ingestion, propulsion, breakdown of food, absorption of nutrients, and defecation. Key features of each organ are outlined, such as the sections of the stomach, roles of the gastric glands and mucosa, and subdivisions of the small and large intestines.
The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food. It is a long, twisting tube that starts at the mouth and goes through the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.
The document provides an overview of the digestive system. It discusses that the digestive system breaks down food into smaller particles for absorption by cells in the body. The two main functions are digestion and absorption. The digestive system is divided into the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract extends from the mouth to the anus. Accessory organs include things like the liver and pancreas which release substances into the GI tract.
Anatomy and Physiology of Digestive system.
Different Digestive process for absorption of food in GIT.
Different parts GIT Tract where food move from Mouth to the anus.
The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. It begins with the mouth and oral cavity, which contains teeth for chewing and the tongue for taste. Saliva is produced by three pairs of salivary glands. Food then passes to the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where acids and enzymes begin digestion. The small intestine, including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, continues digestion and absorbs nutrients through villi in the intestinal mucosa. The large intestine, including the cecum, colon and rectum, absorbs water before waste is excreted.
The document summarizes the digestive system, including its organs and their functions. It describes how food travels through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Key digestive organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas produce enzymes and bile to break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed. The digestive tract is approximately 30 feet long and works through mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, as well as absorption and elimination of waste.
The gastrointestinal system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The GI tract is a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The GI tract walls are composed of four layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa/adventitia. The small intestine is further divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and has additional structures like villi and microvilli to aid in digestion and absorption. The large intestine consists of the c
The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food. It is a long, twisting tube that starts at the mouth and goes through the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anus.
The document provides an overview of the digestive system. It discusses that the digestive system breaks down food into smaller particles for absorption by cells in the body. The two main functions are digestion and absorption. The digestive system is divided into the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The gastrointestinal tract extends from the mouth to the anus. Accessory organs include things like the liver and pancreas which release substances into the GI tract.
Anatomy and Physiology of Digestive system.
Different Digestive process for absorption of food in GIT.
Different parts GIT Tract where food move from Mouth to the anus.
The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. It begins with the mouth and oral cavity, which contains teeth for chewing and the tongue for taste. Saliva is produced by three pairs of salivary glands. Food then passes to the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where acids and enzymes begin digestion. The small intestine, including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, continues digestion and absorbs nutrients through villi in the intestinal mucosa. The large intestine, including the cecum, colon and rectum, absorbs water before waste is excreted.
The document summarizes the digestive system, including its organs and their functions. It describes how food travels through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Key digestive organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas produce enzymes and bile to break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed. The digestive tract is approximately 30 feet long and works through mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, as well as absorption and elimination of waste.
The gastrointestinal system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs. The GI tract is a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The GI tract walls are composed of four layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa/adventitia. The small intestine is further divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and has additional structures like villi and microvilli to aid in digestion and absorption. The large intestine consists of the c
Assessment of the Gastrointestinal System.pptpavithram133923
The document discusses the structure and function of the gastrointestinal system. It describes the different organs that make up the GI tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It explains the roles of these organs in ingesting, digesting and eliminating food and waste. The document also provides details on nursing assessment of GI issues, including obtaining a patient history regarding diet, bowel habits and gastrointestinal complaints.
The digestive system begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. It consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anal canal. The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. It absorbs water and minerals and is home to beneficial bacteria. Waste products that cannot be absorbed, known as feces, are eliminated from the body through defecation.
The stomach is a J-shaped organ located in the upper left abdomen. It is divided into four regions - the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. The pylorus regulates emptying of chyme into the small intestine. The small intestine is further divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It has modifications like folds and villi that increase surface area for nutrient absorption. The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. The liver processes nutrients and secretes bile into the gallbladder for storage and concentration before emptying into the duodenum. The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions, secreting
Digestive system by dr tayyaba......pptxBIANOOR123
The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates. The stomach has a dilated structure and functions as a vital organ in the digestive system. The stomach is involved in the gastric phase of digestion, following chewing. It performs a chemical breakdown by means of enzymes and hydrochloric acid
The digestive system contains the digestive tract and associated organs. The digestive tract begins at the mouth and includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The major associated organs are the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
HAP 4 SEMESTER 2 BPHARMACY AS PER PCI SYLLABUSchristinajohn24
The document summarizes key aspects of the digestive system, including its main organs and functions. It describes the two main groups that make up the digestive system - the gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organs. It then provides details on the structure and functions of key organs like the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, and their role in digestion.
An important system of our body is known as digestive system which has its own role to play. This step of digestion serves as as a next route to the steps of absorption of nutrients by the small intestine and its respective transportation to the cells and tissues. This slide focuses on the different organs of digestion and their functions .
Peritoneum, abdomen, quadrant and regions.
a) Alimentary digestive organs: Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, location and parts of stomach, parts of small and large
intestine, villi.
b) Accessory digestive organs: Salivary gland, liver, gall bladder,
pancreas.
Cardiovascular System: Mediastinum, divisions of mediastinum,
anatomy of heart, chambers of heart, opening and valves of the heart,
circulatory system
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the large and small intestines. It describes the main parts and functions of the large intestine, including the caecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. It also discusses disorders that can affect the large intestine. For the small intestine, it outlines the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and their functions in digesting and absorbing nutrients. The document provides references for more information on the intestines.
The document provides an overview of the human digestive system, including its main components and functions. It describes the digestive tract which processes food from the mouth through the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. It also outlines the accessory organs that help with digestion, such as the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The six main functions of the digestive system are ingestion, mechanical and chemical digestion, movement of food and waste, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) digests food and expels waste. It has 4 layers and is divided into upper and lower tracts. The upper tract includes the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. The stomach acidifies food and the lower tract, including the small and large intestines, further digests and absorbs nutrients before waste is excreted. Accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder produce substances like bile and enzymes to aid digestion. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine for excretion via the ureters, bladder, and urethra.
The document provides information on the structure and function of the digestive system. It begins with an overview of the basic components of the alimentary canal including the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anal canal, and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and bile duct. It then describes the layers of the alimentary canal including the peritoneum, muscle layers, submucosa, and mucosa. Specific structures like the tongue, teeth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine are examined in more detail. The functions of digestion and absorption in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessory organs are
The document describes the main components and functions of the human digestive system. It discusses the six major processes of digestion: ingestion, propulsion, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation. It names and describes the functions of the main digestive organs - mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It also outlines the roles of accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and salivary glands in aiding the digestion process.
The document summarizes the key parts and functions of the digestive system. It describes the esophagus as the muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach. The stomach acts as a storage tank that contains acids and enzymes to further digest food. The small intestine, including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, absorbs nutrients from food. The large intestine, including the ascending, transverse and descending colon, absorbs water and converts waste into feces. The rectum temporarily stores feces until defecation, while the anus is the opening through which feces leaves the body. Other organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder produce enzymes and bile to aid in digestion.
An overview of the GIT with detailed study of the organs, along with their anatomy and physiology. It will find u easier to go through this complex function within our body.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the digestive system. It describes the primary digestive organs including the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. It also discusses the accessory digestive organs such as teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver and pancreas. It provides details on the parts, functions and process of digestion in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract.
ANATOMY OF SMALL INTESTINE -presentationSaili Gaude
It includes the parts of small intestine and large intestine. Includes its layers, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. discussed also is duodenum, jejunum and ileum. and Cecum, ascending colon, descending colon , transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon. Also includes its functions, sphincters and blood and nerve supply
With this presentation we will learn to develop an understanding of the relationships between the structures and functions of the human digestive system and digestive processes which include the processes of digestion include six activities: ingestion, propulsion, mechanical or physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation
The digestive system breaks down ingested food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. The main organs include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. In the mouth, food is chewed and mixed with saliva. The esophagus transports food to the stomach through peristalsis. The stomach mixes food with acids and enzymes to form chyme. The small intestine further digests food with enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. Nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal walls. Undigested waste passes to the large intestine, where water is absorbed before waste is excreted as feces through the anus
The digestive system breaks down ingested food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. It consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is ingested, digested, absorbed, and waste is eliminated in a multi-step process involving both mechanical and chemical breakdown as well as nutrient absorption throughout the alimentary canal.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Assessment of the Gastrointestinal System.pptpavithram133923
The document discusses the structure and function of the gastrointestinal system. It describes the different organs that make up the GI tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It explains the roles of these organs in ingesting, digesting and eliminating food and waste. The document also provides details on nursing assessment of GI issues, including obtaining a patient history regarding diet, bowel habits and gastrointestinal complaints.
The digestive system begins at the mouth and ends at the anus. It consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anal canal. The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. It absorbs water and minerals and is home to beneficial bacteria. Waste products that cannot be absorbed, known as feces, are eliminated from the body through defecation.
The stomach is a J-shaped organ located in the upper left abdomen. It is divided into four regions - the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. The pylorus regulates emptying of chyme into the small intestine. The small intestine is further divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. It has modifications like folds and villi that increase surface area for nutrient absorption. The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. The liver processes nutrients and secretes bile into the gallbladder for storage and concentration before emptying into the duodenum. The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions, secreting
Digestive system by dr tayyaba......pptxBIANOOR123
The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates. The stomach has a dilated structure and functions as a vital organ in the digestive system. The stomach is involved in the gastric phase of digestion, following chewing. It performs a chemical breakdown by means of enzymes and hydrochloric acid
The digestive system contains the digestive tract and associated organs. The digestive tract begins at the mouth and includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The major associated organs are the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
HAP 4 SEMESTER 2 BPHARMACY AS PER PCI SYLLABUSchristinajohn24
The document summarizes key aspects of the digestive system, including its main organs and functions. It describes the two main groups that make up the digestive system - the gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organs. It then provides details on the structure and functions of key organs like the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, salivary glands, and their role in digestion.
An important system of our body is known as digestive system which has its own role to play. This step of digestion serves as as a next route to the steps of absorption of nutrients by the small intestine and its respective transportation to the cells and tissues. This slide focuses on the different organs of digestion and their functions .
Peritoneum, abdomen, quadrant and regions.
a) Alimentary digestive organs: Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, location and parts of stomach, parts of small and large
intestine, villi.
b) Accessory digestive organs: Salivary gland, liver, gall bladder,
pancreas.
Cardiovascular System: Mediastinum, divisions of mediastinum,
anatomy of heart, chambers of heart, opening and valves of the heart,
circulatory system
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the large and small intestines. It describes the main parts and functions of the large intestine, including the caecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. It also discusses disorders that can affect the large intestine. For the small intestine, it outlines the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and their functions in digesting and absorbing nutrients. The document provides references for more information on the intestines.
The document provides an overview of the human digestive system, including its main components and functions. It describes the digestive tract which processes food from the mouth through the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. It also outlines the accessory organs that help with digestion, such as the liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The six main functions of the digestive system are ingestion, mechanical and chemical digestion, movement of food and waste, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) digests food and expels waste. It has 4 layers and is divided into upper and lower tracts. The upper tract includes the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. The stomach acidifies food and the lower tract, including the small and large intestines, further digests and absorbs nutrients before waste is excreted. Accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder produce substances like bile and enzymes to aid digestion. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine for excretion via the ureters, bladder, and urethra.
The document provides information on the structure and function of the digestive system. It begins with an overview of the basic components of the alimentary canal including the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anal canal, and accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and bile duct. It then describes the layers of the alimentary canal including the peritoneum, muscle layers, submucosa, and mucosa. Specific structures like the tongue, teeth, stomach, small intestine and large intestine are examined in more detail. The functions of digestion and absorption in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessory organs are
The document describes the main components and functions of the human digestive system. It discusses the six major processes of digestion: ingestion, propulsion, mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation. It names and describes the functions of the main digestive organs - mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It also outlines the roles of accessory organs like the liver, pancreas, and salivary glands in aiding the digestion process.
The document summarizes the key parts and functions of the digestive system. It describes the esophagus as the muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach. The stomach acts as a storage tank that contains acids and enzymes to further digest food. The small intestine, including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, absorbs nutrients from food. The large intestine, including the ascending, transverse and descending colon, absorbs water and converts waste into feces. The rectum temporarily stores feces until defecation, while the anus is the opening through which feces leaves the body. Other organs like the liver, pancreas and gallbladder produce enzymes and bile to aid in digestion.
An overview of the GIT with detailed study of the organs, along with their anatomy and physiology. It will find u easier to go through this complex function within our body.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the digestive system. It describes the primary digestive organs including the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. It also discusses the accessory digestive organs such as teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver and pancreas. It provides details on the parts, functions and process of digestion in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract.
ANATOMY OF SMALL INTESTINE -presentationSaili Gaude
It includes the parts of small intestine and large intestine. Includes its layers, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. discussed also is duodenum, jejunum and ileum. and Cecum, ascending colon, descending colon , transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon. Also includes its functions, sphincters and blood and nerve supply
With this presentation we will learn to develop an understanding of the relationships between the structures and functions of the human digestive system and digestive processes which include the processes of digestion include six activities: ingestion, propulsion, mechanical or physical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation
The digestive system breaks down ingested food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. The main organs include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. In the mouth, food is chewed and mixed with saliva. The esophagus transports food to the stomach through peristalsis. The stomach mixes food with acids and enzymes to form chyme. The small intestine further digests food with enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. Nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal walls. Undigested waste passes to the large intestine, where water is absorbed before waste is excreted as feces through the anus
The digestive system breaks down ingested food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body. It consists of the alimentary canal and accessory organs. The alimentary canal includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Accessory organs include the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Food is ingested, digested, absorbed, and waste is eliminated in a multi-step process involving both mechanical and chemical breakdown as well as nutrient absorption throughout the alimentary canal.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
4. Functions of digestive system
• Ingestion. Food must be placed into the mouth before it
can be acted on; this is an active, voluntary process called
ingestion.
• Propulsion. If foods are to be processed by more than
one digestive organ, they must be propelled from one
organ to the next; swallowing is one example of food
movement that depends largely on the propulsive process
called peristalsis (involuntary, alternating waves of
contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the organ
wall).
• Food breakdown: a) mechanical digestion. prepares
food for further degradation by enzymes by physically
fragmenting the foods into smaller pieces. Mixing of food
in the mouth by the tongue, churning of food in the
stomach, and segmentation in the small intestine.
5. • b) chemical digestion. The sequence of steps in which
the large food molecules are broken down by enzymes is
called chemical digestion.
• Absorption. Transport of digested end products from the
lumen of the GI tract to the blood or lymph is absorption,
and for absorption to happen, the digested foods must
first enter the mucosal cells by active or passive transport
processes.
• Defecation. Defecation is the elimination of indigestible
residues from the GI tract via the anus in the form
of feces.
6. Introduction
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract, also known as the
alimentary canal, commences at the buccal cavity of
the mouth and terminates at the anus. It can be
divided into an
upper GI tract
mouth,
pharynx,
esophagus
stomach)
lower GI tract
small intestines
large intestines
7. Organs of theAlimentaryCanal
• The alimentary canal, also called the gastrointestinal tract, is a
continuous, hollow muscular tube that winds through the
ventral body cavity and is open at both ends. Its organs
include the following:
• Mouth
• Pharynx
• Esophagus
8. GI tract
• Food enters the digestive tract through the mouth, or oral
cavity, a mucous membrane-lined cavity.
• Lips. The lips (labia) protect its anterior opening.
• Cheeks. The cheeks form its lateral walls.
• Palate. The hard palate forms its anterior roof, and the soft
palate forms its posterior roof.
• Uvula. The uvula is a fleshy finger-like projection of the soft
palate, which extends inferiorly from the posterior edge of the
soft palate.
• Vestibule. The space between the lips and the cheeks
externally and the teeth and gums internally is the vestibule.
9. • Oral cavity proper. The area contained by the teeth is the oral
cavity proper.
• Tongue. The muscular tongue occupies the floor of the mouth
and has several bony attachments- two of these are to the
hyoid bone and the styloid processes of the skull.
• Lingual frenulum. The lingual frenulum, a fold of mucous
membrane, secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth and
limits its posterior movements.
• Palatine tonsils: At the posterior end of the oral cavity are
paired masses of lymphatic tissue, the palatine tonsils.
• Lingual tonsil. The lingual tonsils cover the base of the tongue
just beyond part of the autonomic nervous system and help
regulate the mobility and secretory activity of the GI tract
organs.
10. Esophagus
Anatomy:-
The esophagus is a 25- cm
long muscular tube that
connects the pharynx to the
stomach
The esophagus extends from
the lower border of the cricoid
cartilage (at the level of the
sixth cervical vertebra) to the
cardiac orifice of the stomach at
the side of the body of the 11th
thoracic vertebra
11. Stomach
The stomach is hollow organ situated just below the
diaphragm on the left side in the abdominal cavity.
Shape:- ‘J’shaped
Volume :- 50 ml
Location:- 10 Thoracic and 3 lumber
Parts of stomach:-
1. Cardia region
2. Fundus
3. Body
4. Antrum
5. Pylorus
12.
13. Stomach
• Location. The J-shaped stomach is on the left side of the
abdominal cavity, nearly hidden by the liver and the
diaphragm.
• Function. The stomach acts as a temporary “storage
tank” for food as well as a site for food breakdown.
• Cardiac region. The cardiac region surrounds the cardio-
esophageal sphincter, through which food enters the
stomach from the esophagus.
• Fundus. The fundus is the expanded part of the stomach
lateral to the cardiac region.
14. Anatomy of stomach
• Body. The body is the mid-portion, and as it narrows inferiorly, it
becomes the pyloric antrum, and then the funnel-shaped pylorus.
• Pylorus. The pylorus is the terminal part of the stomach and it is
continuous with the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter or
valve.
• Size. The stomach varies from 15 to 25 cm in length, but its
diameter and volume depend on how much food it contains; when it
is full, it can hold about 4 liters (1 gallon) of food, but when it is
empty it collapses inward on itself.
• Rugae. The mucosa of the stomach is thrown into large folds called
rugae when it is empty.
15. Anatomy of stomach
• Greater curvature. The convex lateral surface of the stomach is the
greater curvature.
• Lesser curvature. The concave medial surface is the lesser
curvature.
• Lesser omentum. The lesser omentum, a double layer of
peritoneum, extends from the liver to the greater curvature.
• Greater omentum. The greater omentum, another extension of the
peritoneum, drapes downward and covers the abdominal organs like
a lacy apron before attaching to the posterior body wall, and is
riddled with fat, which helps to insulate, cushion, and protect the
abdominal organs.
• Stomach mucosa. The mucosa of the stomach is a simple columnar
epithelium composed entirely of mucous cells that produce a
protective layer of bicarbonate-rich alkaline mucus that clings to the
stomach mucosa and protects the stomach wall from being
damaged by acid and digested by enzymes.
16. • Gastric glands. This otherwise smooth lining is dotted with millions
of deep gastric pits, which lead into gastric glands that secrete the
solution called gastric juice.
• Intrinsic factor. Some stomach cells produce intrinsic factor, a
substance needed for the absorption of vitamin b12 from the small
intestine.
• Chief cells. The chief cells produce protein-digesting enzymes,
mostly pepsinogens.
• Parietal cells. The parietal cells produce corrosive hydrochloric acid,
which makes the stomach contents acidic and activates the
enzymes.
• Enteroendocrine cells. The enteroendocrine cells produce local
hormones such as gastrin, that are important to the digestive
activities of the stomach.
• Chyme. After food has been processed, it resembles heavy cream
and is called chyme.
17.
18.
19. Small intestine
• The small intestine is the body’s major digestive organ.
• Location. The small intestine is a muscular tube extending
from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine.
• Size. It is the longest section of the alimentary tube, with an
average length of 2.5 to 7 m (8 to 20 feet) in a living person.
• Subdivisions. The small intestine has three subdivisions:
the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum, which contribute
5 percent, nearly 40 percent, and almost 60 percent of the
small intestine, respectively.
• Ileocecal valve. The ileum meets the large intestine at the
ileocecal valve, which joins the large and small intestine.
20. • Hepatopancreatic ampulla. The main pancreatic and bile
ducts join at the duodenum to form the flask like
hepatopancreatic ampulla, literally, the ” liver-pacreatic-
enlargement”.
• Duodenal papilla. From there, the bile and pancreatic juice
travel through the duodenal papilla and enter the duodenum
together.
• Microvilli. Microvilli are tiny projections of the plasma
membrane of the mucosa cells that give the cell surface a fuzzy
appearance, sometimes referred to as the brush border; the
plasma membranes bear enzymes (brush border enzymes) that
complete the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates in the
small intestine.
21. • Villi. Villi are fingerlike projections of the mucosa that
give it a velvety appearance and feel, much like the soft
nap of a towel.
• Circular folds. Circular folds, also called plicae circulares,
are deep folds of both mucosa and submucosa layers, and
they do not disappear when food fills the small intestine.
• Peyer’s patches. These are the lymphoid follicles in mucus
membrane that lines small intestine. These play important
role in immuno-serveillance of materials in digestive
system.
22. Large intestine
• The large intestine is much larger in diameter than the small
intestine but shorter in length.
23. Large intestine
• Size. About 1.5 m (5 feet) long, it extends from the ileocecal
valve to the anus.
• Functions. Its major functions are to dry out indigestible food
residue by absorbing water and to eliminate these residues
from the body as feces.
• Subdivisions. It frames the small intestines on three sides and
has the following subdivisions: cecum, appendix, colon,
rectum, and anal canal.
• Cecum. The saclike cecum is the first part of the large
intestine.
24. Large intestine
• Appendix. Hanging from the cecum is the wormlike appendix,
a potential trouble spot because it is an ideal location for
bacteria to accumulate and multiply.
• Ascending colon. The ascending colon travels up the right side
of the abdominal cavity and makes a turn, the right colic (or
hepatic) flexure, to travel across the abdominal cavity.
• Transverse colon. The ascending colon makes a turn and
continuous to be the transverse colon as it travels across the
abdominal cavity.
25. • Descending colon. It then turns again at the left colic (or
splenic) flexure, and continues down the left side as the
descending colon.
• Sigmoid colon. The intestine then enters the pelvis, where it
becomes the S-shaped sigmoid colon.
• Anal canal. The anal canal ends at the anus which opens to the
exterior.
• External anal sphincter. The anal canal has an external
voluntary sphincter, the external anal sphincter, composed of
skeletal muscle.
• Internal involuntary sphincter. The internal involuntary
sphincter is formed by smooth muscles.
26. Accessory Digestive Organs
• Other than the intestines and the stomach, the following are
also part of the digestive system:
• A. Tooth
• B. Salivary Glands
• Parotid glands. The large parotid glands lie anterior to the
ears and empty their secretions into the mouth.
• Submandibular and sublingual glands. The submandibular
and sublingual glands empty their secretions into the floor of
the mouth through tiny ducts.
• Saliva. The product of the salivary glands, saliva, is a mixture
of mucus and serous fluids.
• Salivary amylase. The clear serous portion contains an
enzyme, salivary amylase, in a bicarbonate-rich juice that
begins the process of starch digestion in the mouth.
27. Pancreas
• Location. The pancreas is a soft, pink triangular gland that
extends across the abdomen from the spleen to the duodenum;
but most of the pancreas lies posterior to the parietal
peritoneum, hence its location is referred to
as retroperitoneal.
• Pancreatic enzymes. The pancreatic enzymes are secreted into
the duodenum in an alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic
chyme coming in from the stomach.
• Endocrine function. The pancreas also has an endocrine
function; it produces hormones insulin and glucagon.
28. Liver
• The liver is the largest gland in the body.
• Location. Located under the diaphragm, more to the right side
of the body, it overlies and almost completely covers the
stomach.
• Falciform ligament. The liver has four lobes and is suspended
from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by a delicate
mesentery cord, the falciform ligament.
• Function. The liver’s digestive function is to produce bile.
• Bile. Bile is a yellow-to-green, watery solution containing bile
salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, phospholipids, and a variety
of electrolytes.
• Bile salts. Bile does not contain enzymes but its bile salts
emulsify fats by physically breaking large fat globules into
smaller ones, thus providing more surface area for the fat-
digesting enzymes to work on.
29. Gallbladder
• In the gallbladder, bile is concentrated by the removal of
water.
• Location. The gallbladder is a small, thin-walled green sac that
snuggles in the inferior surface of the liver.
• Cystic duct. When food digestion is not occurring, bile backs
up the cystic duct and enters the gallbladder to be stored.
30. Activities Occurring in the Mouth,
Pharynx, and Esophagus
• The activities that occur in the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus are food
ingestion, food breakdown, and food propulsion.
• Food Ingestion and Breakdown
• Once food is placed in the mouth, both mechanical and chemical
digestion begin.
• Physical breakdown. First, the food is physically broken down into
smaller particles by chewing.
• Chemical breakdown. Then, as the food is mixed with saliva, salivary
amylase begins the chemical digestion of starch, breaking it down into
maltose.
• Stimulation of saliva. When food enters the mouth, much larger
amounts of saliva pour out; however, the simple pressure of anything put
into the mouth and chewed will also stimulate the release of saliva.
• Passageways. The pharynx and the esophagus have no digestive
function; they simply provide passageways to carry food to the next
processing site, the stomach.
• Food Propulsion – Swallowing and Peristalsis
• For food to be sent on its way to the mouth, it must first be swallowed.
31. • Deglutition. Deglutition, or swallowing, is a complex process that
involves the coordinated activity of several structures (tongue, soft
palate, pharynx, and esophagus).
• Buccal phase of deglutition. The first phase, the voluntary buccal
phase, occurs in the mouth; once the food has been chewed and well
mixed with saliva, the bolus (food mass) is forced into the pharynx by
the tongue.
• Pharyngeal-esophageal phase. The second phase,
the involuntary pharyngeal-esophageal phase, transports food through
the pharynx and esophagus; the parasympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous system controls this phase and promotes the mobility
of the digestive organs from this point on.
• Food routes. All routes that the food may take, except the desired route
distal into the digestive tract, are blocked off; the tongue blocks off the
mouth; the soft palate closes off the nasal passages; the larynx rises so
that its opening is covered by the flaplike epiglottis.
• Stomach entrance. Once food reaches the distal end of the esophagus, it
presses against the cardioesophageal sphincter, causing it to open, and
food enters the stomach
32. The activities of the stomach
• The activities of the stomach involve food breakdown and food propulsion.
• Food Breakdown
• The sight, smell, and taste of food stimulate parasympathetic nervous system
reflexes, which increase the secretion of gastric juice by the stomach glands
• Gastric juice. Secretion of gastric juice is regulated by both neural and hormonal
factors.
• Gastrin. The presence of food and a rising pH in the stomach stimulate the
stomach cells to release the hormone gastrin, which prods the stomach glands to
produce still more of the protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogen), mucus, and
hydrochloric acid.
• Pepsinogen. The extremely acidic environment that hydrochloric acid provides is
necessary, because it activates pepsinogen to pepsin, the active protein-digesting
enzyme.
• Rennin. Rennin, the second protein-digesting enzyme produced by the stomach,
works primarily on milk protein and converts it to a substance that looks like sour
milk.
• Food entry. As food enters and fills the stomach, its wall begins to stretch (at the
same time as the gastric juices are being secreted).
33. • Stomach wall activation. Then the three muscle layers of the stomach wall
become active; they compress and pummel the food, breaking it apart physically,
all the while continuously mixing the food with the enzyme-containing gastric
juice so that the semifluid chyme is formed.
• Food Propulsion
• Peristalsis is responsible for the movement of food towards the digestive site until
the intestines.
• Peristalsis. Once the food has been well mixed, a rippling peristalsis begins in
the upper half of the stomach, and the contractions increase in force as the food
approaches the pyloric valve.
• Pyloric passage. The pylorus of the stomach, which holds about 30 ml of chyme,
acts like a meter that allows only liquids and very small particles to pass through
the pyloric sphincter; and because the pyloric sphincter barely opens, each
contraction of the stomach muscle squirts 3 ml or less of chyme into the small
intestine.
• Enterogastric reflex. When the duodenum is filled with chyme and its wall is
stretched, a nervous reflex, the enterogastric reflex, occurs; this reflex “puts the
brakes on” gastric activity and slows the emptying of the stomach by inhibiting
the vagus nerves and tightening the pyloric sphincter, thus allowing time for
intestinal processing to catch up.
34. Activities of the Small
Intestine
• The activities of the small intestine are food breakdown and
absorption and food propulsion.
• Food Breakdown and Absorption
• Food reaching the small intestine is only partially digested.
• Digestion. Food reaching the small intestine is only partially
digested; carbohydrate and protein digestion has begun, but
virtually no fats have been digested up to this point.
• Brush border enzymes. The microvilli of small intestine cells bears a
few important enzymes, the so-called brush border enzymes, that
break down double sugars into simple sugars and complete protein
digestion.
• Pancreatic juice. Foods entering the small intestine are literally
deluged with enzyme-rich pancreatic juice ducted in from the
pancreas, as well as bile from the liver; pancreatic juice contains
enzymes that, along with brush border enzymes, complete the
digestion of starch, carry out about half of the protein digestion, and
are totally responsible for fat digestion and digestion of nucleic
acids.
35. • Chyme stimulation. When chyme enters the small intestine, it stimulates the
mucosa cells to produce several hormones; two of these are secretin
and cholecystokinin which influence the release of pancreatic juice and bile.
• Absorption. Absorption of water and of the end products of digestion occurs
all along the length of the small intestine; most substances are absorbed
through the intestinal cell plasma membranes by the process of active
transport.
• Diffusion. Lipids or fats are absorbed passively by the process of diffusion.
• Debris. At the end of the ileum, all that remains are some water, indigestible
food materials, and large amounts of bacteria; this debris enters the large
intestine through the ileocecal valve.
• Food Propulsion
• Peristalsis is the major means of propelling food through the digestive tract.
• Peristalsis. The net effect is that the food is moved through the small
intestine in much the same way that toothpaste is squeezed from the tube.
• Constrictions. Rhythmic segmental movements produce local constrictions
of the intestine that mix the chyme with the digestive juices, and help to
propel food through the intestine.
36. Activities of the Large
Intestine
• The activities of the large intestine are food breakdown and absorption and
defecation.
• Food Breakdown and Absorption
• What is finally delivered to the large intestine contains few nutrients, but that
residue still has 12 to 24 hours more to spend there.
• Metabolism. The “resident” bacteria that live in its lumen metabolize some of the
remaining nutrients, releasing gases (methane and hydrogen sulfide) that
contribute to the odor of feces.
• Flatus. About 50 ml of gas (flatus) is produced each day, much more when
certain carbohydrate-rich foods are eaten.
• Absorption. Absorption by the large intestine is limited to the absorption of
vitamin K, some B vitamins, some ions, and most of the remaining water.
• Feces. Feces, the more or less solid product delivered to the rectum, contains
undigested food residues, mucus, millions of bacteria, and just enough water to
allow their smooth passage.
• Propulsion of the Residue and Defecation
• When presented with residue, the colon becomes mobile, but its contractions are
sluggish or short-lived.
37. Activities of large intestine
• Haustral contractions. The movements most seen in the colon are haustral
contractions, slow segmenting movements lasting about one minute that occur
every 30 minutes or so.
• Propulsion. As the haustrum fills with food residue, the distension stimulates its
muscle to contract, which propels the luminal contents into the next haustrum.
• Mass movements. Mass movements are long, slow-moving, but powerful
contractile waves that move over large areas of the colon three or four times daily
and force the contents toward the rectum.
• Rectum. The rectum is generally empty, but when feces are forced into it by mass
movements and its wall is stretched, the defecation reflex is initiated.
• Defecation reflex. The defecation reflex is a spinal (sacral region) reflex that
causes the walls of the sigmoid colon and the rectum to contract and anal
sphincters to relax.
• Impulses. As the feces is forced into the anal canal, messages reach the brain
giving us time to make a decision as to whether the external voluntary sphincter
should remain open or be constricted to stop passage of feces.
• Relaxation. Within a few seconds, the reflex contractions end and rectal walls
relax; with the next mass movement, the defecation reflex is initiated again.
38. Regulation of acid secretion
• Acid is secreted by parietal cells in the proximal two
thirds (body) of the stomach.
• Gastric acid aids digestion by creating the optimal pH for
pepsin and gastric lipase and by stimulating pancreatic
bicarbonate secretion.
• Acid secretion is initiated by food: the thought, smell, or
taste of food effects vagal stimulation of the gastrin-
secreting G cells located in the distal one third (antrum)
of the stomach.
39. Regulation of acid secretion
• The arrival of protein to the stomach further stimulates
gastrin output. Circulating gastrin triggers the release of
histamine from entero-chromaffin-like cells in the body
of the stomach.
• Histamine stimulates the parietal cells via their H2
receptors. The parietal cells secrete acid, and the resulting
drop in pH causes the antral D cells to release
somatostatin, which inhibits gastrin release (negative
feedback control).
40. Regulation of acid secretion
• Acid secretion is present at birth and reaches adult levels
(on a weight basis) by age 2.
• There is a decline in acid output in older patients who
develop chronic gastritis, but acid output is otherwise
maintained throughout life.
• Normally, the gastrointestinal mucosa is protected by
several distinct mechanisms: Mucosal production of
mucus and HCO3 creates a pH gradient from the gastric
lumen (low pH) to the mucosa (neutral pH). The mucus
serves as a barrier to the diffusion of acid and pepsin.
41. Regulation of acid secretion
• Factors that interfere with mucosal defenses
(particularly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
[NSAIDs] and Helicobacter pylori infection)
predispose to gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
• NSAIDs promote mucosal inflammation and ulcer
formation (sometimes with gastrointestinal bleeding)
both topically and systemically. By inhibiting
prostaglandin production via blockage of the enzyme
cyclooxygenase (COX), NSAIDs reduce gastric
blood flow, reduce mucus and HCO3 secretion, and
decrease cell repair and replication.
42. Regulation of acid secretion
• Also, because NSAIDs are weak acids and are non-
ionized at gastric pH, they diffuse freely across the mucus
barrier into gastric epithelial cells, where H+ ions are
liberated, leading to cellular damage. Because gastric
prostaglandin production involves the COX-1 isoform,
NSAIDs that are selective COX-2 inhibitors have fewer
adverse gastric effects than other NSAIDs.
43. Mechanism of acid production
• The key player in acid secretion is a H+/K+ ATPase or "proton
pump" located in the cannalicular membrane.
• This ATPase is magnesium-dependent, and not inhibitable by
ouabain. The current model for explaining acid secretion is as
follows:
• Hydrogen ions are generated within the parietal cell from dissociation
of water. The hydroxyl ions formed in this process rapidly combine
with carbon dioxide to form bicarbonate ion, a reaction cataylzed by
carbonic anhydrase.
• Bicarbonate is transported out of the basolateral membrane in
exchange for chloride. The outflow of bicarbonate into blood results
in a slight elevation of blood pH known as the "alkaline tide".
• This process serves to maintain intracellular pH in the parietal cell.
44. Mechanism of acid production
• Chloride and potassium ions are transported into the lumen of
the cannaliculus by conductance channels, and such is
necessary for secretion of acid.
• Hydrogen ion is pumped out of the cell, into the lumen, in
exchange for potassium through the action of the proton pump;
potassium is thus effectively recycled.
• Accumulation of osmotically-active hydrogen ion in the
cannaliculus generates an osmotic gradient across the
membrane that results in outward diffusion of water - the
resulting gastric juice is 155 mM HCl and 15 mM KCl with a
small amount of NaCl.
46. Absorption of nutrients from
GIT
• The intestines absorb essential nutrients and minerals from
digested food. Columnar epithelial cells lining the small
intestine allow nutrients to diffuse into the bloodstream.
• The inner lining called mucosa contains wrinkles or folds
called plicae circulares. Villi–finger-like structures are present
within plicae circulares.
• Villi increase the surface area for absorption. Blood and lymph
vessels run close to the villi for faster transport of nutrients.
• The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of the small intestine have
been assigned the role of absorption.
47. Absorption of nutrients from
GIT
• Cells lining the duodenum secrete enzymes like amylase,
lipase, and sucrase, allowing the absorption of fats and sugars.
• Jejunum helps in digestion. Ileum absorbs amino acids and fat-
soluble vitamins.
• 90% of absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins occurs
in the small intestine.
• Absorption of water, sodium, potassium and other ions takes
place in the colon. The absorbed nutrients provide energy for
our cells to function and facilitate complex substances like
proteins.
48.
49. Disorders of GIT
1. Gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• Angle of his- causes burning and inflammation of esophageal
tissues.
• Factors contributing to GERD
• Zollinger ellison syndrome
• Obesity
• Hernia
• Hypercalcemia
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• Gall stones