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This document provides an overview of John Stuart Mill's utilitarian ethical theory. It discusses key aspects of Mill's view, including the principle of utility which holds that an action is right if it promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number. The document also examines some objections to Mill's utilitarianism, such as issues with act-based versus rule-based versions of the view. It provides context on Mill's life and influences on his thought. Finally, it evaluates Mill's theory and considers further implications regarding the possibility of a science of morality.
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Utilitarianism[UTILITARIANISM][Paperback] hardcover$@@
This document provides a summary of the book "Utilitarianism" by John Stuart Mill. According to the ethical theory of Utilitarianism, an act is considered morally right if it results in the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Mill's book is a major work that defends this view and argues that happiness consists of both higher pleasures like intellectual pursuits as well as basic physical pleasures. The book also discusses how Utilitarian theory relates to other ethical systems and makes powerful arguments for it, particularly regarding justice. It remains relevant for addressing moral dilemmas both personal and large-scale.
Unit 4 Utilitarian Ethics
Ethics seeks to address questions of morality and determine what is right versus wrong. There are two main approaches: consequentialism, which assesses the morality of an act based on its consequences, and non-consequentialism, which asserts actions are right or wrong in themselves regardless of consequences. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism that holds an action is morally right if it produces more overall happiness than any alternative action. Later critics argued utilitarianism failed to account for the quality of pleasure and could justify harmful actions.
Harmlessness and the Invocation of Peace
1) The document discusses the concept of harmlessness, which it defines as avoiding harming others in ways one wouldn't want to be harmed themselves (the Golden Rule).
2) It proposes a scale of harmlessness versus harm, ranging from brutality to advocacy, and argues we should develop reflexive habits of harmlessness.
3) The key message is that to truly invoke peace, one must first establish right human relations through positive harmlessness, goodwill, inclusiveness and addressing social injustices. Harmlessness is the essential quality needed to change human interactions for the better.
Sec 2 3
Utilitarian ethics focuses on maximizing the overall good or happiness. It was influenced by thinkers like Bentham and Mill who argued that happiness is the ultimate good and the consequences of actions should be judged by how they affect the general welfare and happiness of all. Utilitarianism supports democratic institutions and free market capitalism as the most effective means to satisfy the most wants and needs of the greatest number of people. It judges policies based on their overall consequences rather than intentions alone.
2. utilitarianism explored
The document outlines the historical context of utilitarianism and explores its key aspects. It discusses Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, the main proponents of utilitarianism. Bentham argued that actions should aim to maximize happiness for the greatest number of people. He developed a "hedonic calculus" to quantify pleasure versus pain. Mill agreed but distinguished between higher and lower pleasures. The document also differentiates between act and rule utilitarianism, describing how they apply the principle of utility.
Utility & Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory that judges the morality of actions based on their consequences. Specifically, whether they promote the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure among all affected individuals. Jeremy Bentham first proposed utilitarianism, focusing on maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain through a "hedonic calculus." John Stuart Mill later refined the theory, arguing that some pleasures are of higher quality than others. There are different forms of utilitarianism including act and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism assesses individual actions, while rule utilitarianism focuses on following rules that maximize well-being if generally followed.
What's Good about Happiness?
From Koheleth and Aristotle to Bentham and John Stuart Mill, happiness is seen as the end or goal of a good life. Here's the relation between happiness and ethics according to Mill.
Utilitarianism
1. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist moral theory that defines morality in terms of maximizing utility, or happiness, for all affected parties. It was most influentially developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.
2. The basic principle of utilitarianism is that actions are right to the degree that they promote the greatest good for the greatest number. However, there are objections to determining the consequences of actions and making the necessary calculations to apply the theory.
3. In response to objections, some propose rule utilitarianism, where behavior is evaluated based on rules that would lead to the greatest good if universally followed, rather than directly applying the utility principle to each act. However,
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Utilitarianism[UTILITARIANISM][Paperback] hardcover$@@
This document provides a summary of the book "Utilitarianism" by John Stuart Mill. According to the ethical theory of Utilitarianism, an act is considered morally right if it results in the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Mill's book is a major work that defends this view and argues that happiness consists of both higher pleasures like intellectual pursuits as well as basic physical pleasures. The book also discusses how Utilitarian theory relates to other ethical systems and makes powerful arguments for it, particularly regarding justice. It remains relevant for addressing moral dilemmas both personal and large-scale.
Unit 4 Utilitarian Ethics
Ethics seeks to address questions of morality and determine what is right versus wrong. There are two main approaches: consequentialism, which assesses the morality of an act based on its consequences, and non-consequentialism, which asserts actions are right or wrong in themselves regardless of consequences. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism that holds an action is morally right if it produces more overall happiness than any alternative action. Later critics argued utilitarianism failed to account for the quality of pleasure and could justify harmful actions.
Harmlessness and the Invocation of Peace
1) The document discusses the concept of harmlessness, which it defines as avoiding harming others in ways one wouldn't want to be harmed themselves (the Golden Rule).
2) It proposes a scale of harmlessness versus harm, ranging from brutality to advocacy, and argues we should develop reflexive habits of harmlessness.
3) The key message is that to truly invoke peace, one must first establish right human relations through positive harmlessness, goodwill, inclusiveness and addressing social injustices. Harmlessness is the essential quality needed to change human interactions for the better.
Sec 2 3
Utilitarian ethics focuses on maximizing the overall good or happiness. It was influenced by thinkers like Bentham and Mill who argued that happiness is the ultimate good and the consequences of actions should be judged by how they affect the general welfare and happiness of all. Utilitarianism supports democratic institutions and free market capitalism as the most effective means to satisfy the most wants and needs of the greatest number of people. It judges policies based on their overall consequences rather than intentions alone.
2. utilitarianism explored
The document outlines the historical context of utilitarianism and explores its key aspects. It discusses Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, the main proponents of utilitarianism. Bentham argued that actions should aim to maximize happiness for the greatest number of people. He developed a "hedonic calculus" to quantify pleasure versus pain. Mill agreed but distinguished between higher and lower pleasures. The document also differentiates between act and rule utilitarianism, describing how they apply the principle of utility.
Utility & Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory that judges the morality of actions based on their consequences. Specifically, whether they promote the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure among all affected individuals. Jeremy Bentham first proposed utilitarianism, focusing on maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain through a "hedonic calculus." John Stuart Mill later refined the theory, arguing that some pleasures are of higher quality than others. There are different forms of utilitarianism including act and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism assesses individual actions, while rule utilitarianism focuses on following rules that maximize well-being if generally followed.
What's Good about Happiness?
From Koheleth and Aristotle to Bentham and John Stuart Mill, happiness is seen as the end or goal of a good life. Here's the relation between happiness and ethics according to Mill.
Utilitarianism
1. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist moral theory that defines morality in terms of maximizing utility, or happiness, for all affected parties. It was most influentially developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.
2. The basic principle of utilitarianism is that actions are right to the degree that they promote the greatest good for the greatest number. However, there are objections to determining the consequences of actions and making the necessary calculations to apply the theory.
3. In response to objections, some propose rule utilitarianism, where behavior is evaluated based on rules that would lead to the greatest good if universally followed, rather than directly applying the utility principle to each act. However,
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John Stuart Mill believed in individual rights and freedoms, including freedom of speech, with the only limitation being actions that could harm others. He lived in an era where these ideas were considered radical. Pierre Elliot Trudeau also supported individual rights and freedoms, including for Aboriginal peoples and in terms of privacy in people's personal lives. John Locke believed that power comes from within individuals rather than from God, and that government should protect life, liberty and property to optimize human flourishing. John Maynard Keynes developed the idea that government should spend more during economic booms and less during recessions to lessen the economic impact.
Utilitarianism Revision (RS Review Online)
This document discusses developments in utilitarianism after Jeremy Bentham. It covers the views of philosophers like Henry Sidgwick, G.E. Moore, and Karl Popper. It introduces concepts like negative utilitarianism, which aims to minimize suffering rather than maximize happiness. It also discusses preference utilitarianism and how later philosophers like R.M. Hare and Peter Singer incorporated considering all preferences equally rather than just happiness. The document outlines both strengths and weaknesses of the utilitarian view.
Good recap and rule utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham developed Act Utilitarianism, which judges the morality of individual acts based on their consequences and ability to maximize happiness as calculated by his hedonic calculus. John Stuart Mill modified this approach with Rule Utilitarianism, which judges acts based on whether they conform to rules that maximize overall happiness if universally followed. A key difference is that Rule Utilitarianism prohibits acts like torture that maximize happiness in isolated cases but undermine the social rules required for general well-being.
Utilitarianism
There are two main ethical systems: deontological ethics which focuses on the intrinsic moral value of acts themselves, and teleological ethics which focuses on the consequences of acts. Utilitarianism is a form of teleological ethics that argues the morally right action is one that maximizes happiness or pleasure and minimizes harm or pain. There are two main types of utilitarianism: act utilitarianism which assesses individual acts, and rule utilitarianism which assesses rules that govern acts. Utilitarianism focuses on producing the greatest good for the greatest number but has weaknesses in knowing all future consequences of acts and balancing different types of happiness. Islam critiques utilitarianism for making morality too demanding, going beyond
Presentation1
This document discusses several ethical theories including teleological, utilitarianism, and Kantian ethics. It provides background on key concepts in each theory. For teleological theories, it notes they are concerned with the ends or outcomes of decisions. For utilitarianism, it outlines the views of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill who believed actions should maximize happiness and well-being. It also discusses act and rule utilitarianism. For Kantian ethics, it states that motive is the most important factor in determining what is ethical according to Kant.
Chapt 3 evaluating business ethics
This document discusses various ethical theories that can be used to analyze business decisions and behaviors. It outlines normative and descriptive ethical theories, as well as two extremes of ethical absolutism and relativism. It then contrasts Anglo-American and European approaches to business ethics based on differences in views of individual versus institutional morality, capitalism, and justifying versus applying moral norms. The document proceeds to describe various consequentialist and non-consequentialist ethical theories, including utilitarianism, Kant's categorical imperative, natural rights, justice, virtue ethics, feminist ethics, discourse ethics, and postmodern ethics.
Utilitarianism and Doing the Right Thing
The document discusses different approaches to moral philosophy, including utilitarianism founded by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, and deontology as described by Immanuel Kant. Utilitarianism focuses on producing the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people by measuring pleasure and pain. Kant's deontology holds that the only intrinsically good thing is having a good will, and we must act through universal moral duties and respect all people as ends in themselves.
Utilitarian
This document discusses different ethical theories including teleological theories like utilitarianism which focus on consequences, deontological theories like Kant's which focus on duties and rules, and virtue ethics which focus on character. It provides details on the classical utilitarian theories developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, which advocate determining the morality of actions based on their consequences in order to achieve the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. The document also discusses act and rule utilitarianism and some criticisms of utilitarianism.
L6 questions of morality
This document discusses ethics and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in ethics. It defines ethics as the systematic study of reflective choice and standards of right and wrong. There are three major areas of ethics: descriptive ethics, which seeks to identify moral experiences and conduct; normative ethics, which deals with acceptable judgments of what ought to be; and metaethics, which analyzes the language and reasoning used in ethical discussions. The document also outlines different ideas about morality, such as skepticism, subjectivism, egoism, hedonism, and the five main ethical frameworks of divine-command ethics, consequentialism, deontological ethics, virtue ethics, and relativism.
Chapter 6: Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences, specifically whether they maximize happiness and well-being for the greatest number of people. There are two main types: act utilitarianism assesses individual actions, while rule utilitarianism evaluates actions based on whether they conform to rules that maximize overall well-being. Utilitarianism was developed by philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. While utilitarianism aims to promote well-being, it faces criticisms around how to measure happiness and whether consequences can truly be known, as well as objections regarding justice, integrity, and obligations to future generations.
L10 the utilitarians
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill were influential utilitarian philosophers. Bentham believed that the morally best act is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. He equated happiness with pleasure and believed actions should be evaluated based on their ability to produce pleasure. John Stuart Mill modified Bentham's view, arguing that some pleasures are of higher quality than others due to their intellectual nature, and these should be preferred over greater quantities of lower quality pleasure. Mill believed both the quality and quantity of pleasure must be considered when evaluating actions.
John Stuart Mill
Born in 1806 in London, John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher, political economist, and civil servant. He made contributions to social theory, political theory, and political economy. He began studying Greek at age 3, Latin at age 8, and was introduced to political economy at age 13, studying Adam Smith and David Ricardo. Among his major works were On Liberty, Utilitarianism, and Principles of Political Economy.
JS Mill's Utilitarianism
These slides are for a course called Introduction to Philosophy at the University of British Columbia-Vancouver, Canada. They talk about Chapters 1, 2, 4 and 5 of John Stuart Mill's book called Utilitarianism. There is also a bit at the end about act and rule utilitarianism
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism emerged from a desire to construct a moral theory through the scientific method based on empirical evidence rather than speculative concepts. Jeremy Bentham developed this view, arguing that humans seek pleasure and avoid pain, and the morally right act is that which produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number. John Stuart Mill modified this view to argue that some higher pleasures, like knowledge and virtue, are more valuable than lower pleasures. Later utilitarians like Henry Sidgwick and George Edward Moore further developed and refined utilitarian concepts.
5 utilitarianism cognitivism and consequentialism
Utilitarianism holds that an action is morally right if it produces the greatest balance of happiness and suffering. Jeremy Bentham established the utilitarian principle that considers the total utilities, or benefits and harms, of all people affected by an action. Utilitarianism guides many government policies but faces challenges in measuring and comparing utilities. Kantian ethics focuses on intentions and treating people as ends rather than means. In contrast to utilitarianism, Kant's categorical imperative evaluates actions based on universalizability and respect for human autonomy rather than consequences.
Utilitarianism
1) Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialist ethics that argues actions are morally right if they maximize happiness and wrong if they cause unhappiness. John Stuart Mill was a major proponent of utilitarianism.
2) Mill argues that higher pleasures like intellectual pleasures are more valuable than lower sensory pleasures. True happiness involves a balance of excitement and tranquility over one's lifetime.
3) According to utilitarianism, morality is based on producing the greatest amount of overall happiness in society. Individual happiness is less important than the general welfare. Justice can be understood through this framework of maximizing utility.
Utilitarianism
The document discusses the moral philosophy of utilitarianism. It provides information on the key concepts of act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism evaluates the consequences of individual acts, while rule utilitarianism focuses on following rules that maximize well-being. The document also contrasts the views of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill on utilitarianism and discusses how the philosophy addresses various moral issues.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism aims to maximize happiness and well-being in society by focusing on happiness, minimizing pain, and creating a better society. However, utilitarianism could justify causing terrible harm to a few people if it benefits many, could require self-sacrifice that leads to terrible personal suffering, and assumes accurate prediction of how actions may affect future happiness which is difficult to measure.
Phil21 wk6 utilitarianism
This document provides an overview of the moral philosophy of utilitarianism as developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. It discusses key concepts in Bentham's act utilitarianism including the principle of maximizing happiness or pleasure for the greatest number. It also covers Mill's modifications focusing on distinguishing higher and lower qualities of pleasure. The document outlines criticisms of utilitarianism and alternative formulations like rule utilitarianism. It analyzes debates around applying the utilitarian calculus and issues of personal integrity raised by critics like Bernard Williams.
UTILITARIANISM.pptx, pptx,pptx,pptx,pptx
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines the morality of actions based on their consequences. It holds that the morally right action is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Classic utilitarian philosophers like Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Henry Sidgwick argued that pleasure is the only intrinsic good and pain the only intrinsic bad. They advocated acting in a way that maximizes net happiness in the world by increasing pleasure and reducing pain for all affected individuals.
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John Stuart Mill believed in individual rights and freedoms, including freedom of speech, with the only limitation being actions that could harm others. He lived in an era where these ideas were considered radical. Pierre Elliot Trudeau also supported individual rights and freedoms, including for Aboriginal peoples and in terms of privacy in people's personal lives. John Locke believed that power comes from within individuals rather than from God, and that government should protect life, liberty and property to optimize human flourishing. John Maynard Keynes developed the idea that government should spend more during economic booms and less during recessions to lessen the economic impact.
Utilitarianism Revision (RS Review Online)
This document discusses developments in utilitarianism after Jeremy Bentham. It covers the views of philosophers like Henry Sidgwick, G.E. Moore, and Karl Popper. It introduces concepts like negative utilitarianism, which aims to minimize suffering rather than maximize happiness. It also discusses preference utilitarianism and how later philosophers like R.M. Hare and Peter Singer incorporated considering all preferences equally rather than just happiness. The document outlines both strengths and weaknesses of the utilitarian view.
Good recap and rule utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham developed Act Utilitarianism, which judges the morality of individual acts based on their consequences and ability to maximize happiness as calculated by his hedonic calculus. John Stuart Mill modified this approach with Rule Utilitarianism, which judges acts based on whether they conform to rules that maximize overall happiness if universally followed. A key difference is that Rule Utilitarianism prohibits acts like torture that maximize happiness in isolated cases but undermine the social rules required for general well-being.
Utilitarianism
There are two main ethical systems: deontological ethics which focuses on the intrinsic moral value of acts themselves, and teleological ethics which focuses on the consequences of acts. Utilitarianism is a form of teleological ethics that argues the morally right action is one that maximizes happiness or pleasure and minimizes harm or pain. There are two main types of utilitarianism: act utilitarianism which assesses individual acts, and rule utilitarianism which assesses rules that govern acts. Utilitarianism focuses on producing the greatest good for the greatest number but has weaknesses in knowing all future consequences of acts and balancing different types of happiness. Islam critiques utilitarianism for making morality too demanding, going beyond
Presentation1
This document discusses several ethical theories including teleological, utilitarianism, and Kantian ethics. It provides background on key concepts in each theory. For teleological theories, it notes they are concerned with the ends or outcomes of decisions. For utilitarianism, it outlines the views of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill who believed actions should maximize happiness and well-being. It also discusses act and rule utilitarianism. For Kantian ethics, it states that motive is the most important factor in determining what is ethical according to Kant.
Chapt 3 evaluating business ethics
This document discusses various ethical theories that can be used to analyze business decisions and behaviors. It outlines normative and descriptive ethical theories, as well as two extremes of ethical absolutism and relativism. It then contrasts Anglo-American and European approaches to business ethics based on differences in views of individual versus institutional morality, capitalism, and justifying versus applying moral norms. The document proceeds to describe various consequentialist and non-consequentialist ethical theories, including utilitarianism, Kant's categorical imperative, natural rights, justice, virtue ethics, feminist ethics, discourse ethics, and postmodern ethics.
Utilitarianism and Doing the Right Thing
The document discusses different approaches to moral philosophy, including utilitarianism founded by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, and deontology as described by Immanuel Kant. Utilitarianism focuses on producing the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people by measuring pleasure and pain. Kant's deontology holds that the only intrinsically good thing is having a good will, and we must act through universal moral duties and respect all people as ends in themselves.
Utilitarian
This document discusses different ethical theories including teleological theories like utilitarianism which focus on consequences, deontological theories like Kant's which focus on duties and rules, and virtue ethics which focus on character. It provides details on the classical utilitarian theories developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, which advocate determining the morality of actions based on their consequences in order to achieve the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. The document also discusses act and rule utilitarianism and some criticisms of utilitarianism.
L6 questions of morality
This document discusses ethics and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in ethics. It defines ethics as the systematic study of reflective choice and standards of right and wrong. There are three major areas of ethics: descriptive ethics, which seeks to identify moral experiences and conduct; normative ethics, which deals with acceptable judgments of what ought to be; and metaethics, which analyzes the language and reasoning used in ethical discussions. The document also outlines different ideas about morality, such as skepticism, subjectivism, egoism, hedonism, and the five main ethical frameworks of divine-command ethics, consequentialism, deontological ethics, virtue ethics, and relativism.
Chapter 6: Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences, specifically whether they maximize happiness and well-being for the greatest number of people. There are two main types: act utilitarianism assesses individual actions, while rule utilitarianism evaluates actions based on whether they conform to rules that maximize overall well-being. Utilitarianism was developed by philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. While utilitarianism aims to promote well-being, it faces criticisms around how to measure happiness and whether consequences can truly be known, as well as objections regarding justice, integrity, and obligations to future generations.
L10 the utilitarians
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill were influential utilitarian philosophers. Bentham believed that the morally best act is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. He equated happiness with pleasure and believed actions should be evaluated based on their ability to produce pleasure. John Stuart Mill modified Bentham's view, arguing that some pleasures are of higher quality than others due to their intellectual nature, and these should be preferred over greater quantities of lower quality pleasure. Mill believed both the quality and quantity of pleasure must be considered when evaluating actions.
John Stuart Mill
Born in 1806 in London, John Stuart Mill was a British philosopher, political economist, and civil servant. He made contributions to social theory, political theory, and political economy. He began studying Greek at age 3, Latin at age 8, and was introduced to political economy at age 13, studying Adam Smith and David Ricardo. Among his major works were On Liberty, Utilitarianism, and Principles of Political Economy.
JS Mill's Utilitarianism
These slides are for a course called Introduction to Philosophy at the University of British Columbia-Vancouver, Canada. They talk about Chapters 1, 2, 4 and 5 of John Stuart Mill's book called Utilitarianism. There is also a bit at the end about act and rule utilitarianism
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism emerged from a desire to construct a moral theory through the scientific method based on empirical evidence rather than speculative concepts. Jeremy Bentham developed this view, arguing that humans seek pleasure and avoid pain, and the morally right act is that which produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number. John Stuart Mill modified this view to argue that some higher pleasures, like knowledge and virtue, are more valuable than lower pleasures. Later utilitarians like Henry Sidgwick and George Edward Moore further developed and refined utilitarian concepts.
5 utilitarianism cognitivism and consequentialism
Utilitarianism holds that an action is morally right if it produces the greatest balance of happiness and suffering. Jeremy Bentham established the utilitarian principle that considers the total utilities, or benefits and harms, of all people affected by an action. Utilitarianism guides many government policies but faces challenges in measuring and comparing utilities. Kantian ethics focuses on intentions and treating people as ends rather than means. In contrast to utilitarianism, Kant's categorical imperative evaluates actions based on universalizability and respect for human autonomy rather than consequences.
Utilitarianism
1) Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialist ethics that argues actions are morally right if they maximize happiness and wrong if they cause unhappiness. John Stuart Mill was a major proponent of utilitarianism.
2) Mill argues that higher pleasures like intellectual pleasures are more valuable than lower sensory pleasures. True happiness involves a balance of excitement and tranquility over one's lifetime.
3) According to utilitarianism, morality is based on producing the greatest amount of overall happiness in society. Individual happiness is less important than the general welfare. Justice can be understood through this framework of maximizing utility.
Utilitarianism
The document discusses the moral philosophy of utilitarianism. It provides information on the key concepts of act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism evaluates the consequences of individual acts, while rule utilitarianism focuses on following rules that maximize well-being. The document also contrasts the views of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill on utilitarianism and discusses how the philosophy addresses various moral issues.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism aims to maximize happiness and well-being in society by focusing on happiness, minimizing pain, and creating a better society. However, utilitarianism could justify causing terrible harm to a few people if it benefits many, could require self-sacrifice that leads to terrible personal suffering, and assumes accurate prediction of how actions may affect future happiness which is difficult to measure.
Phil21 wk6 utilitarianism
This document provides an overview of the moral philosophy of utilitarianism as developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. It discusses key concepts in Bentham's act utilitarianism including the principle of maximizing happiness or pleasure for the greatest number. It also covers Mill's modifications focusing on distinguishing higher and lower qualities of pleasure. The document outlines criticisms of utilitarianism and alternative formulations like rule utilitarianism. It analyzes debates around applying the utilitarian calculus and issues of personal integrity raised by critics like Bernard Williams.
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Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines the morality of actions based on their consequences. It holds that the morally right action is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Classic utilitarian philosophers like Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, and Henry Sidgwick argued that pleasure is the only intrinsic good and pain the only intrinsic bad. They advocated acting in a way that maximizes net happiness in the world by increasing pleasure and reducing pain for all affected individuals.
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BUSINESS ETHICS
This document discusses various ethical theories, divided into traditional and contemporary ethics. Regarding traditional ethics, it covers normative and descriptive approaches, and normative theories including consequentialist theories like utilitarianism and egoism, and non-consequentialist theories like deontology and virtue ethics. Contemporary ethics discussed include ethical relativism and postmodern ethics. The document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts within these ethical frameworks.
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This document discusses various ethical theories and concepts relevant to public relations, including:
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2. Kant's deontological ethics and the categorical imperative, which holds that people should be treated as ends rather than means. Actions must be universalizable.
3. Utilitarian ethics as developed by Bentham and Mill, which holds that the morally right action maximizes well-being and happiness for the greatest number of people. Consequences are most important.
4. Various criticisms of these approaches are also discussed, such as how utilitarianism could justify lying, stealing
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These slides are for an Introduction to Philosophy course at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, BC, Canada. They cover chapters 1, 2 and 5 of Mill's text called Utilitarianism. There is also a slide towards the end distinguishing act and rule utilitarianism.
Business ethics ethical theory
This document provides an overview of ethical theories, including both traditional and contemporary approaches. It discusses the normative nature of ethical theories and describes some key traditional consequentialist theories like utilitarianism, egoism, and hedonism. It also outlines non-consequentialist approaches including deontology based on duties and virtues. Contemporary ethics discussed include ethical relativism and postmodern approaches. The document serves as an introductory guide to the major concepts and debates in ethical theory.
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This document discusses different concepts of self-interest and self-realization in ethics. It defines self-interest as focusing on one's own needs and desires, which is necessary for individuals and organizations to survive, but too much can diminish group benefits. Enlightened self-interest holds that serving others ultimately serves one's own interests, while unenlightened self-interest prioritizes short-term selfishness over cooperation, hurting the group overall. Self-realization in ethics means actualizing one's human potential, with views that it involves becoming well-rounded, concentrating on a dominant theme, or fulfilling innate desires.
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This document discusses different concepts of self-interest and self-realization in ethics. It defines self-interest as focusing on one's own needs and desires, which is necessary for individuals and organizations to survive, but too much can diminish group benefits. Enlightened self-interest holds that serving others ultimately serves one's own interests, while unenlightened self-interest prioritizes short-term selfishness over cooperation, hurting the group overall. Self-realization in ethics means actualizing one's human potential, with views that it involves becoming well-rounded, concentrating on a dominant theme, or fulfilling innate desires.
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This document discusses different philosophical concepts of justice, including:
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- Deontological ethics, championed by Kant, which holds that people have a duty to act based on universal moral principles of reason, not consequences.
- Libertarianism, which emphasizes individual liberty as the highest moral value and views forced redistribution as unjust.
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- Conservatism, which believes in natural law and tradition as
Utilitarianism (good)
Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences. Key scholars include Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, G.E. Moore, and others. Bentham advocated act utilitarianism, judging each act based on its consequences. Mill argued some pleasures are of higher quality than others. Sidgwick viewed justice as treating similar cases similarly. Moore proposed ideal utilitarianism where friendship and beauty have intrinsic value beyond maximizing happiness.
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Utilitarianism is a family of ethical theories that prescribe actions which maximize happiness and well-being for all affected individuals. It was founded by Jeremy Bentham and further developed by John Stuart Mill. Bentham viewed utility as anything producing benefit, pleasure, or preventing pain, while Mill considered both quantity and quality of pleasure. Utilitarianism's core principles are: 1) pleasure/happiness is intrinsically valuable, 2) actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause unhappiness, and 3) everyone's happiness counts equally. Critics argue it is impractical to consider only consequences and not actions themselves, or to treat all individuals' happiness as equally important.
Utilitarianism
- Utilitarianism emerged as a moral theory that aimed to be based on empirical evidence and scientific methodology rather than speculative concepts. It evaluated actions based on their consequences and ability to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
- Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill were early proponents of utilitarianism. Bentham argued actions should be evaluated based on their ability to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Mill believed happiness involved higher intellectual and spiritual pursuits, not just pleasure.
- Later philosophers like Henry Sidgwick and G. E. Moore refined and critiqued utilitarianism. Sidgwick categorized moral theories and believed utilitarianism best reconciled individual and general happiness. Moore
Revision Powerpoint
This document provides an overview of different approaches to ethics, including metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. It discusses major ethical theories such as virtue ethics, deontology, utilitarianism, and their key concepts.
The document outlines three main categories of ethics: metaethics focuses on the nature of moral statements; normative ethics provides theories of right and wrong action; and applied ethics examines specific moral issues. It also summarizes cognitivist and non-cognitivist metaethical views.
The document then examines the three main normative theories - virtue ethics focusing on moral character, deontology focusing on duty, and consequentialism focusing on outcomes. For each theory, it outlines their
Sandel intro
This document presents concepts and scenarios related to different philosophies of justice, including utilitarianism, deontological ethics, libertarianism, liberalism, and conservatism. It discusses views on topics like torture, redistribution of wealth, equality of opportunity, and individual versus collective interests. Test cases at the end pose ethical dilemmas about taxation, education policy, medical procedures, patriotism, and crime to examine how each philosophy might approach them.
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(๐๐๐ ๐๐๐) (๐๐๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐)-๐๐ซ๐๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ
๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐๐ฌ:
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Sloan-C Trial, Screencast
- 1. Millโs Utilitarianism The Greatest Happiness Principle
- 2. Objectives for the Day โEccentricity has always abounded when and where strength of character had abounded; and the amount of eccentricity in a society has generally been proportional to the amount of genius, mental vigor, and courage which it contained.โ โThat so few now dare to be eccentric, marks the chief danger of the time.โ โI have learned to seek my happiness by limiting my desires, rather than in attempting to satisfy them.โ John Stuart Mill Ethics, as a discipline The Greatest Happiness Principle Counterexamples to Millโs Utilitarianism Further Considerations Evaluations of the View
- 3. John Stuart Mill Mill, not Mills (1806-1873) Severe Upbringing ๏ Mental Breakdowns His life with Harriet Taylor Empiricism vs. Rationalism Millโs Utilitarian Doctrine Divergence from Bentham
- 4. The Field of Ethics Pre-Theoretical: What makes an action good or bad, right or wrong? What is Ethics? Practical Applications Theoretical Formulations Metaethical Considerations
- 6. What is Valuable? What has Intrinsic Value?
- 7. The Qualitative Difference Between Pleasures
- 8. Intensity
- 9. Duration
- 10. Certainty
- 11. Propinquity
- 12. Fecundity
- 13. Purity
- 15. Key Tenets of Millโs Utilitarianism โIt is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfiedโฆ And if the fool, or the pig, are of a different opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the equation.โ (p. 1062) Remind you of anyone?
- 16. Counterexamples to the View: Act-Based Utilitarianism The Question of Rights The Result of Abominable Acts
- 17. Counterexamples to the View: The Transplant Case Group Work: โEveryone counts as one, no one as more than one.โ
- 18. Counterexamples to the View: Rule-based Utilitarianism (p. 1067) Cheating the rules & making exceptions Is a Rule-Based Utilitarianism Coherent? But this is an violation commonly done Millโs response (1070) So what determines the exceptional cases? Utility, itself!
- 19. Counterexamples to the View: The Trolley Case Group Work: โEveryone counts as one, no one as more than one.โ
- 20. Further Considerations Calculability (1069) Cold & Disinterested (1067) Exacting Too Much (1066) The Notion of Pleasure Against Desires Against Virtue
- 21. Further Considerations You, the Philosopher: How do we develop morality? โHow can the will be virtuous, where it does not exist in sufficient force, be implanted or awakened? Only by making the person desire virtueโby making him think of it in a pleasurable light.โ (1078)
- 22. Further Considerations The Nature of Morality: โIf the opinion which I have now states is psychologically trueโif human nature is so constituted as to desire nothing which is not either a part of happiness or a means to happinessโwe can have no other proof, and we require no other, that these are the only things desirable.โ Could there be a science of morality?
- 23. Evaluations of the View Final Considerations: โYet no one who opinion deserves a momentโs consideration can doubt that most of the great positive evils of the world are in themselves removable, and will, if human affairs continue to improve, be in the end reduced to narrow limitsโฆEven that most intractable of enemies, disease, may be indefinitely reduced in dimensions by good physical and moral education and proper control of noxious influences.โ
- 24. Millโs On Liberty โฆon the freedom of thoughtโฆ โฆthe freedom of speechโฆ โฆand all other dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and controlโฆ
Editor's Notes
- Discuss itโs relation to deontic traditions Problems, consequences are all that matter Consider the case of saving a person only to torture themDiscuss the idea of pleasure, how we define thatDiscuss these different attributes
- Read from the text.Ask and board work.
- Common quoteSocratesProblem of judgesโฆwhat makes the judges correct?
- Calculability๏ Same for the bible, having to reread it every time!โEveryone counts as oneโ ๏ Donโt we have special obligations to our family?
- Think on further problems you will have, i.e. taxation, self-harm, etc.