The document discusses the development of fine motor and handwriting skills. It covers typical development from birth to age 7, prerequisites for handwriting, components related to handwriting performance, and strategies for intervention. The occupational therapist's role is to evaluate factors interfering with writing and apply frames of reference like neurodevelopmental, sensory, and acquisitional to address needs through strengthening, sensory, and practice-based activities.
This document provides an assessment of a child's handwriting skills by an occupational therapist. It notes concerns about the child's poor pencil grip, writing difficulties, and fine motor issues. The therapist conducted standardized tests to evaluate the child's visual motor integration, visual perception, and motor coordination. Intervention recommendations include activities to improve strength, positioning, grasp patterns, visual motor skills, bilateral coordination, and fine motor skills. Brain gym exercises are also suggested to help integrate body and mind.
This document provides information on normal developmental hand skills for young school children, including:
- By age 4, most children can hold a crayon or pencil using a tripod grasp. Drawing, coloring and writing skills continue developing through elementary school.
- Most 5-year-olds can hold scissors correctly and cut out simple shapes. Scissor skills improve with practice cutting various materials.
- Kindergarteners should be able to dress and use the bathroom independently, with help on difficult fasteners only. Tying shoes is difficult and taught through first grade.
- An occupational therapist can provide suggestions to support development of handwriting, cutting, dressing and fine motor skills through fun activities and adaptive tools
Sensory Integration, Occupational Therapy Speech ,Language and Communicationjilu123
Sensory Integration, Occupational Therapy, Speech, Language and Communication are discussed. Sensory Integration involves organizing sensory information from the body and environment for daily life use. Occupational Therapy focuses on developing motor, self-care, and cognitive skills through purposeful activities. Speech and Language issues can cause delays in communication development. Therapists assess deficits and set SMART goals to improve integration of senses, motor skills, communication, and independence through therapy techniques.
Child Development & Occupational therapyAbility India
Mr. Debadutta Mishra is having experience (over 10 years) in the field of disability management, social development and corporate social responsibility with reputed NGOs and corporate organizations. He has substantial experience in strategy development, policy development, stakeholder management, project management, program implementation, reporting, organizational management, social marketing, development communication and process documentation in the field of disability and development.
Occupational therapy plays an important role in evaluating and managing learning disabilities. The evaluation process uses standardized tests and observations to identify strengths and weaknesses across sensory processing, cognition, executive functions, prewriting skills, and more. Intervention focuses on developing skills in these areas through sensory integration activities, strategies to improve attention and memory, visual perception training, organizing techniques, and prewriting skill development. Compensatory techniques include adapting tasks, environments, and using assistive devices. Therapists also address deficits in attention, motor skills, and sensory processing that may accompany learning disabilities.
Sensory processing disorder is a condition where the brain has difficulty processing sensory information from the environment. People with sensory processing disorder may be over-sensitive or under-sensitive to stimuli like sounds, textures, or movement. They may struggle with motor coordination, spatial awareness, focus, and adapting to changes. While the causes are unknown, it may relate to genetics, birth complications, or environmental factors. Occupational therapy aims to help individuals learn to tolerate and respond appropriately to sensory experiences through playful challenges.
Early intervention aims to provide support and experiences to children from birth to age 3 who are at risk of developmental delays or disabilities. It focuses on screening and identification, promoting child development, and enhancing family support. Key aspects of early intervention include assessing vision, hearing, motor skills and cognition; identifying risk factors; providing stimulation and services through home visits or early intervention centers; and taking a team approach involving professionals from multiple disciplines. The goal is to support the child's development and maximize their abilities.
Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) is a condition where individuals have difficulty processing sensory information like touch, sound, and movement. It affects around 1 in 20 children. People with SPD may feel overwhelmed by sensory input or seek intense sensations. They have trouble with motor skills, social skills, and school performance. Occupational therapy helps teach skills to manage sensory input but the causes and best treatments are still being researched. SPD is being considered for inclusion in the DSM-V diagnostic manual.
This document provides an assessment of a child's handwriting skills by an occupational therapist. It notes concerns about the child's poor pencil grip, writing difficulties, and fine motor issues. The therapist conducted standardized tests to evaluate the child's visual motor integration, visual perception, and motor coordination. Intervention recommendations include activities to improve strength, positioning, grasp patterns, visual motor skills, bilateral coordination, and fine motor skills. Brain gym exercises are also suggested to help integrate body and mind.
This document provides information on normal developmental hand skills for young school children, including:
- By age 4, most children can hold a crayon or pencil using a tripod grasp. Drawing, coloring and writing skills continue developing through elementary school.
- Most 5-year-olds can hold scissors correctly and cut out simple shapes. Scissor skills improve with practice cutting various materials.
- Kindergarteners should be able to dress and use the bathroom independently, with help on difficult fasteners only. Tying shoes is difficult and taught through first grade.
- An occupational therapist can provide suggestions to support development of handwriting, cutting, dressing and fine motor skills through fun activities and adaptive tools
Sensory Integration, Occupational Therapy Speech ,Language and Communicationjilu123
Sensory Integration, Occupational Therapy, Speech, Language and Communication are discussed. Sensory Integration involves organizing sensory information from the body and environment for daily life use. Occupational Therapy focuses on developing motor, self-care, and cognitive skills through purposeful activities. Speech and Language issues can cause delays in communication development. Therapists assess deficits and set SMART goals to improve integration of senses, motor skills, communication, and independence through therapy techniques.
Child Development & Occupational therapyAbility India
Mr. Debadutta Mishra is having experience (over 10 years) in the field of disability management, social development and corporate social responsibility with reputed NGOs and corporate organizations. He has substantial experience in strategy development, policy development, stakeholder management, project management, program implementation, reporting, organizational management, social marketing, development communication and process documentation in the field of disability and development.
Occupational therapy plays an important role in evaluating and managing learning disabilities. The evaluation process uses standardized tests and observations to identify strengths and weaknesses across sensory processing, cognition, executive functions, prewriting skills, and more. Intervention focuses on developing skills in these areas through sensory integration activities, strategies to improve attention and memory, visual perception training, organizing techniques, and prewriting skill development. Compensatory techniques include adapting tasks, environments, and using assistive devices. Therapists also address deficits in attention, motor skills, and sensory processing that may accompany learning disabilities.
Sensory processing disorder is a condition where the brain has difficulty processing sensory information from the environment. People with sensory processing disorder may be over-sensitive or under-sensitive to stimuli like sounds, textures, or movement. They may struggle with motor coordination, spatial awareness, focus, and adapting to changes. While the causes are unknown, it may relate to genetics, birth complications, or environmental factors. Occupational therapy aims to help individuals learn to tolerate and respond appropriately to sensory experiences through playful challenges.
Early intervention aims to provide support and experiences to children from birth to age 3 who are at risk of developmental delays or disabilities. It focuses on screening and identification, promoting child development, and enhancing family support. Key aspects of early intervention include assessing vision, hearing, motor skills and cognition; identifying risk factors; providing stimulation and services through home visits or early intervention centers; and taking a team approach involving professionals from multiple disciplines. The goal is to support the child's development and maximize their abilities.
Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) is a condition where individuals have difficulty processing sensory information like touch, sound, and movement. It affects around 1 in 20 children. People with SPD may feel overwhelmed by sensory input or seek intense sensations. They have trouble with motor skills, social skills, and school performance. Occupational therapy helps teach skills to manage sensory input but the causes and best treatments are still being researched. SPD is being considered for inclusion in the DSM-V diagnostic manual.
The document summarizes a study on sensory integration dysfunction in children ages 2 to 5. The study observed 5 children with known sensory sensitivities and found they exhibited behaviors linked to dysfunction in bilateral integration, praxis, somatosensory processing, and regulating emotions. Techniques like deep pressure, joint squeezing and tight wrapping calmed and grounded the children by helping them feel more connected to their physical environment. The study did not prove a connection between sensory sensitivity and other SI issues but suggests more research is needed.
Effective Teaching Strategies For Students With A S D 09Jennifer Reynolds
The document discusses teaching strategies for students with autism. It describes characteristics of autism like difficulties with social skills, communication, and repetitive behaviors. It then provides strategies for supporting visual learning styles and addressing challenges with attention, organization, and sensory processing. The rest of the document outlines the TEACCH method and other teaching approaches like discrete trial training, visual supports, routines, and generalization strategies to help students with autism learn.
Sensory integration is the ability to process sensory information from our environment to respond appropriately. It involves the tactile, auditory, visual, gustatory, olfactory, vestibular and proprioceptive senses. As teachers, we need to be aware of students' sensory needs and implement strategies like fidget toys, noise-cancelling headphones, weighted lap pads, and movement breaks to help students properly process sensory input. Meeting students' sensory needs allows them to better focus and learn.
The document discusses the development of fine motor skills in children from 9 months to 5 years, including typical milestones, ways to develop these skills through interactive activities, and factors that influence fine motor control. It provides examples of activities that parents and educators can do with children, such as playing with play dough, doing art projects, and encouraging writing, to help improve hand-eye coordination and perform everyday tasks. Challenges in developing fine motor skills and ways to address them are also covered.
OT for Kids - Assessing and Improving Handwriting for Occupational Therapists...Nathan Varma
OT for Kids are a private paediatric Occupational Therapy company. We reegulalry run courses, and on saturday 16th August we ran a handwriting course for Occupational Therapists. This course was a great opportunity to learn more about writing and how Occupational Therapy can assess, improve and treat children with handwriting difficulties.
These slides are for both those people who attended the course and for any Slideshare users who are interested in learning more about OT for Kids, Occupational Therapy and handwriting.
The document provides recommendations for several common handwriting problems:
1) A student has difficulty with spatial organization when writing. Recommendations include using markers to signal spacing, emphasizing large spaces, and using specialized paper.
2) A student writes too slowly. Recommendations are to ensure letters are learned, use timed writing practice, and reduce writing workload.
3) A student has difficulty copying from the board. Suggestions involve addressing visual problems, limiting copying, and making copies available.
- Babies are born with basic sensory abilities that develop rapidly in the first months of life, including vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.
- By 2 months, babies can see in color and focus at varying distances, their peripheral vision has more than doubled from birth, and they can discern differences in sounds as subtle as "bah" vs. "pah" through habituation experiments.
- Babies show preferences for visual stimuli like faces and complex patterns from an early age, and can recognize and orient towards their mother's unique scent within their first weeks.
This document discusses sensory processing disorder and how it can lead to challenging behaviors in children. It defines sensory processing disorder as difficulty processing and responding to sensory information from the senses. Children with autism or developmental disabilities often have sensory issues. The causes are not fully known but may involve irregular brain function. The document describes how children can be either sensory seekers who crave stimulation or sensory avoiders who are overstimulated easily. It provides interventions for each type and tips for managing tantrums which may result from sensory overload.
Occupational Therapy in Jewel Autism Centre Document SharingKeerthanaNandhan1
The Occupational Therapy department of Jewel Autism Centre provides one of the world’s best occupational therapy service with timely updations and therapy materials under the sensory integration therapy approaches. Our Occupational therapy program focuses on evaluation and training of gross motor skills, fine motor skills, cognitive-perceptual skills, pre-writing skills, activities of daily living, social skills, play skills, and sensory integrative dysfunction.
This presentation provides an overview of sensory processing difficulties and regulation by occupational therapist Cynthia Miller-Lautman. It discusses how sensory processing issues can affect learning, behavior, and daily living. The presentation offers suggestions for parents and schools, such as providing movement breaks, outdoor time, and fidget tools. It also outlines what an occupational therapy evaluation involves and common sensory-based techniques used in therapy.
This document discusses inclusion and interventions for autistic students. It begins by characterizing autism spectrum disorder and discussing its causes, which include both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors like identical twins sharing traits and higher risk for siblings are noted. Environmental factors like prenatal conditions are also studied. Signs and symptoms in social skills, communication, and repetitive behaviors are outlined. The diagnosis process and early intervention programs incorporating applied behavior analysis therapy are described. Common therapies include speech, occupational, physical and medical therapies to help autistic individuals develop skills.
Sensory integration is a neurological process that allows individuals to make sense of sensations from their body and environment. Sensory integration disorder occurs when this process is not functioning properly, making it difficult for individuals to respond appropriately. Sensory integration therapy aims to stimulate the senses through activities involving movement, touch, sound, and vision to help brains better process sensory information. Research suggests this therapy can help brains of children with sensory integration disorder change and develop through rich sensory experiences.
Sensory processing disorder affects how the brain processes sensory information from the environment. It can cause individuals to be over-responsive or under-responsive to sensory input like touch, sound, and movement. A sensory room is designed to help individuals with SPD by providing controlled sensory activities and equipment tailored to their needs, with the goal of improving their ability to regulate and respond to sensory stimulation.
This document discusses motor development in children. It describes how children develop both gross motor skills that use large muscles like running, and fine motor skills that use small muscles like cutting. Developing these skills gives children the building blocks to engage in activities. The document then provides examples of activities that help develop gross motor skills like jumping rope, and fine motor skills like playing with blocks. It also outlines typical developmental milestones in motor skills from ages 1 to 7.
Occupational Therapy ADHD Case Study AssessmentCamilla_Mahon
Sean is a 4-year-old Irish traveler boy who has been referred to occupational therapy by the public health nurse due to concerns about his upcoming school transition. He has been diagnosed with ADHD and exhibits difficulties with attention, impulse control, and engagement in sedentary activities. The occupational therapist will use several assessments to evaluate Sean, including the SCOPE interview, COSA adapted as a game, and the Revised Knox Preschool Play Scale during observations of Sean's play. The assessments aim to understand Sean's skills, motivations, and challenges in order to create goals and an intervention plan to support his occupational participation and prepare him for school.
Oral motor therapies involve exercises that target the muscles involved in speech production. These include exercises for blowing, sucking, chewing, licking, and tongue movements. Therapists recommend 5-10 minutes of oral motor exercises as part of a 30 minute therapy session or 5-10 minutes as part of daily home practice. Examples of exercises include blowing bubbles, sucking through straws, chewing crunchy foods, licking popsicles, and tongue exercises like tongue pushes and pops. The goal is to strengthen the muscles for speech and improve articulation.
Amy Carroll presented on occupational therapy in school settings. She has over 25 years of experience as an occupational therapist working in public schools. Her presentation covered the role of occupational therapy in schools, the evaluation and intervention process for children with learning disabilities, and specific intervention activities and tools. Common areas of concern that prompt referrals for occupational therapy in schools include handwriting, work completion, attention, and behavior issues. Evaluations involve understanding the referral, gathering background information, observations, and standardized assessments. Intervention addresses areas like posture, shoulder stability, wrist position, grasp, bilateral integration, visual skills, sensory regulation, praxis, and organization. A variety of activities and tools are used to target these areas.
Performance assessments measure students' skills through authentic tasks that require applying knowledge, such as activities, exercises, problems or projects. These assessments are more valid than selected response tests because students must actively demonstrate their understanding. Effective performance assessments utilize rubrics to evaluate student work against specific criteria.
The document summarizes a study on sensory integration dysfunction in children ages 2 to 5. The study observed 5 children with known sensory sensitivities and found they exhibited behaviors linked to dysfunction in bilateral integration, praxis, somatosensory processing, and regulating emotions. Techniques like deep pressure, joint squeezing and tight wrapping calmed and grounded the children by helping them feel more connected to their physical environment. The study did not prove a connection between sensory sensitivity and other SI issues but suggests more research is needed.
Effective Teaching Strategies For Students With A S D 09Jennifer Reynolds
The document discusses teaching strategies for students with autism. It describes characteristics of autism like difficulties with social skills, communication, and repetitive behaviors. It then provides strategies for supporting visual learning styles and addressing challenges with attention, organization, and sensory processing. The rest of the document outlines the TEACCH method and other teaching approaches like discrete trial training, visual supports, routines, and generalization strategies to help students with autism learn.
Sensory integration is the ability to process sensory information from our environment to respond appropriately. It involves the tactile, auditory, visual, gustatory, olfactory, vestibular and proprioceptive senses. As teachers, we need to be aware of students' sensory needs and implement strategies like fidget toys, noise-cancelling headphones, weighted lap pads, and movement breaks to help students properly process sensory input. Meeting students' sensory needs allows them to better focus and learn.
The document discusses the development of fine motor skills in children from 9 months to 5 years, including typical milestones, ways to develop these skills through interactive activities, and factors that influence fine motor control. It provides examples of activities that parents and educators can do with children, such as playing with play dough, doing art projects, and encouraging writing, to help improve hand-eye coordination and perform everyday tasks. Challenges in developing fine motor skills and ways to address them are also covered.
OT for Kids - Assessing and Improving Handwriting for Occupational Therapists...Nathan Varma
OT for Kids are a private paediatric Occupational Therapy company. We reegulalry run courses, and on saturday 16th August we ran a handwriting course for Occupational Therapists. This course was a great opportunity to learn more about writing and how Occupational Therapy can assess, improve and treat children with handwriting difficulties.
These slides are for both those people who attended the course and for any Slideshare users who are interested in learning more about OT for Kids, Occupational Therapy and handwriting.
The document provides recommendations for several common handwriting problems:
1) A student has difficulty with spatial organization when writing. Recommendations include using markers to signal spacing, emphasizing large spaces, and using specialized paper.
2) A student writes too slowly. Recommendations are to ensure letters are learned, use timed writing practice, and reduce writing workload.
3) A student has difficulty copying from the board. Suggestions involve addressing visual problems, limiting copying, and making copies available.
- Babies are born with basic sensory abilities that develop rapidly in the first months of life, including vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.
- By 2 months, babies can see in color and focus at varying distances, their peripheral vision has more than doubled from birth, and they can discern differences in sounds as subtle as "bah" vs. "pah" through habituation experiments.
- Babies show preferences for visual stimuli like faces and complex patterns from an early age, and can recognize and orient towards their mother's unique scent within their first weeks.
This document discusses sensory processing disorder and how it can lead to challenging behaviors in children. It defines sensory processing disorder as difficulty processing and responding to sensory information from the senses. Children with autism or developmental disabilities often have sensory issues. The causes are not fully known but may involve irregular brain function. The document describes how children can be either sensory seekers who crave stimulation or sensory avoiders who are overstimulated easily. It provides interventions for each type and tips for managing tantrums which may result from sensory overload.
Occupational Therapy in Jewel Autism Centre Document SharingKeerthanaNandhan1
The Occupational Therapy department of Jewel Autism Centre provides one of the world’s best occupational therapy service with timely updations and therapy materials under the sensory integration therapy approaches. Our Occupational therapy program focuses on evaluation and training of gross motor skills, fine motor skills, cognitive-perceptual skills, pre-writing skills, activities of daily living, social skills, play skills, and sensory integrative dysfunction.
This presentation provides an overview of sensory processing difficulties and regulation by occupational therapist Cynthia Miller-Lautman. It discusses how sensory processing issues can affect learning, behavior, and daily living. The presentation offers suggestions for parents and schools, such as providing movement breaks, outdoor time, and fidget tools. It also outlines what an occupational therapy evaluation involves and common sensory-based techniques used in therapy.
This document discusses inclusion and interventions for autistic students. It begins by characterizing autism spectrum disorder and discussing its causes, which include both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors like identical twins sharing traits and higher risk for siblings are noted. Environmental factors like prenatal conditions are also studied. Signs and symptoms in social skills, communication, and repetitive behaviors are outlined. The diagnosis process and early intervention programs incorporating applied behavior analysis therapy are described. Common therapies include speech, occupational, physical and medical therapies to help autistic individuals develop skills.
Sensory integration is a neurological process that allows individuals to make sense of sensations from their body and environment. Sensory integration disorder occurs when this process is not functioning properly, making it difficult for individuals to respond appropriately. Sensory integration therapy aims to stimulate the senses through activities involving movement, touch, sound, and vision to help brains better process sensory information. Research suggests this therapy can help brains of children with sensory integration disorder change and develop through rich sensory experiences.
Sensory processing disorder affects how the brain processes sensory information from the environment. It can cause individuals to be over-responsive or under-responsive to sensory input like touch, sound, and movement. A sensory room is designed to help individuals with SPD by providing controlled sensory activities and equipment tailored to their needs, with the goal of improving their ability to regulate and respond to sensory stimulation.
This document discusses motor development in children. It describes how children develop both gross motor skills that use large muscles like running, and fine motor skills that use small muscles like cutting. Developing these skills gives children the building blocks to engage in activities. The document then provides examples of activities that help develop gross motor skills like jumping rope, and fine motor skills like playing with blocks. It also outlines typical developmental milestones in motor skills from ages 1 to 7.
Occupational Therapy ADHD Case Study AssessmentCamilla_Mahon
Sean is a 4-year-old Irish traveler boy who has been referred to occupational therapy by the public health nurse due to concerns about his upcoming school transition. He has been diagnosed with ADHD and exhibits difficulties with attention, impulse control, and engagement in sedentary activities. The occupational therapist will use several assessments to evaluate Sean, including the SCOPE interview, COSA adapted as a game, and the Revised Knox Preschool Play Scale during observations of Sean's play. The assessments aim to understand Sean's skills, motivations, and challenges in order to create goals and an intervention plan to support his occupational participation and prepare him for school.
Oral motor therapies involve exercises that target the muscles involved in speech production. These include exercises for blowing, sucking, chewing, licking, and tongue movements. Therapists recommend 5-10 minutes of oral motor exercises as part of a 30 minute therapy session or 5-10 minutes as part of daily home practice. Examples of exercises include blowing bubbles, sucking through straws, chewing crunchy foods, licking popsicles, and tongue exercises like tongue pushes and pops. The goal is to strengthen the muscles for speech and improve articulation.
Amy Carroll presented on occupational therapy in school settings. She has over 25 years of experience as an occupational therapist working in public schools. Her presentation covered the role of occupational therapy in schools, the evaluation and intervention process for children with learning disabilities, and specific intervention activities and tools. Common areas of concern that prompt referrals for occupational therapy in schools include handwriting, work completion, attention, and behavior issues. Evaluations involve understanding the referral, gathering background information, observations, and standardized assessments. Intervention addresses areas like posture, shoulder stability, wrist position, grasp, bilateral integration, visual skills, sensory regulation, praxis, and organization. A variety of activities and tools are used to target these areas.
Performance assessments measure students' skills through authentic tasks that require applying knowledge, such as activities, exercises, problems or projects. These assessments are more valid than selected response tests because students must actively demonstrate their understanding. Effective performance assessments utilize rubrics to evaluate student work against specific criteria.
Living with a learning disability can be difficult. Every learning disability is different and every child is different. With dysgraphia, it may always take extra time to write a paper, or to do math homework. But there are many technologies that can ease the transition to be better students
This document discusses nonverbal learning disabilities (NLD), including what they are, common characteristics, strengths and weaknesses, academic difficulties, and strategies. NLD is characterized by difficulties with visual-spatial skills and nonverbal reasoning. Students with NLD often have strong verbal abilities but struggle with tasks requiring visual processing, organization, math, and social skills. The document outlines four subtypes of NLD and suggests strategies like chunking assignments, explaining concepts verbally, and encouraging questions to help students with NLD leverage their verbal strengths.
Reaching All Learners: Differentiating with TechnologyOHIO ITSCO
1. The document discusses differentiating instruction using technology to meet the individual needs of students. It provides examples of how to use tools like webquests, blogs, videos, and graphic organizers to vary content, process, and products.
2. Formative and summative assessments are important aspects of differentiation discussed. Examples are given of using tools for pre-assessment, tracking assessment data, and student self-assessment.
3. Instructional strategies like tiered activities, learning contracts, choice boards, and RAFTs are provided to demonstrate how teachers can structure differentiated lessons.
Learning to Write and Writing to Learn.pdfDarioUbarte
This document discusses effective writing instruction strategies based on research. It summarizes that research shows students should be taught the writing process, explicit writing strategies, and be given opportunities for increased writing practice. Content area teachers have an important role in teaching "writing to learn" skills to help students understand their subjects. The Common Core standards emphasize teaching students writing skills across subjects to prepare them for college and careers.
This document provides guidance for teachers on key teaching practices, including giving clear directions, modeling, monitoring student work, being sensitive to student needs, using the board effectively, using visual aids, cueing students, eliciting responses from students, checking comprehension, correcting errors effectively, and providing feedback. The document discusses techniques for each practice and emphasizes the importance of clear communication, understanding students' abilities and needs, actively involving students, and avoiding embarrassment when correcting errors.
This document summarizes the key topics and agenda covered in a professional development training for teachers. The training focused on improving instructional strategies to enhance student learning and engagement. Specific topics included examining feedback and assessment practices, building a professional learning community, setting personal goals to improve student outcomes, and exploring teaching methods like inquiry-based and experiential learning. The agenda outlined sessions on backward design, formative assessment, classroom management, questioning techniques, and character education. Overall, the training aimed to help teachers develop as professionals and create optimal learning environments for students.
The document discusses various aspects of the writing process. It defines writing and describes its key purposes and stages. The stages include prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. Assessment of writing occurs throughout the process, with teachers taking on roles like motivator, collaborator, and evaluator. Methods of assessment include teacher observation and portfolios. The document also discusses how writing can encourage effective teaching and learning by allowing choice, fostering positive attitudes, and emphasizing communication.
The document discusses language learning strategies and their integration into instruction. It defines strategies as specific actions that help students learn a second language. The document distinguishes strategies from learning styles. It encourages teachers to help students identify their styles and strategies in order to expand their repertoire. It categorizes strategies as metacognitive, task-based, or using resources. Examples are provided for how strategies can support the three communication modes and cultural understanding. Teachers are advised to integrate strategies instruction into regular lessons rather than teaching them separately.
Pre-writing skills play a crucial role in the overall development of preschoolers and are essential building blocks for future academic success. These skills involve the ability to control and coordinate the small muscles in the hands and fingers, known as fine motor skills. Here are several aspects of the role of pre-writing skills in a preschooler's life.
For more details, contact us:
https://www.palosverdesmontessori.com/child-care-torrance-ca
PalosVerdesMontessori@gmail.com
(310) 541-2405
Provide daily writing opportunities using the writing process. Have students publish new writing pieces monthly. The writing should demonstrate use of the full writing process.
This document provides an overview of reading comprehension and its importance. It discusses reading comprehension as an interactive process between the reader and text, and identifies several key reading comprehension skills that develop as children age, including understanding main characters, sequence of events, inferences, and applying what is learned. It then identifies three main causes of poor reading comprehension: language problems, lack of automatic foundational reading skills, and inability to decode written words. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of reading comprehension for learning, performing well, and success in school and careers.
The document provides information about various types of learning disabilities including dyscalculia, dysgraphia, and dyspraxia. It defines each disability and describes their effects and common signs at different ages. For dyscalculia, it discusses difficulties with math concepts, symbols, and applications. For dysgraphia, it covers problems with handwriting, spelling, and written expression. Dyspraxia affects motor skill development and planning tasks. The document also offers strategies to help individuals with each disability, such as using alternative learning methods, graph paper, speech tools, breaking down tasks, and repeated practice.
This document discusses classroom activities for teaching communicative language as described by Jack Richards. It outlines activities that focus on fluency or accuracy, including role plays, dialog reenactments, and grammar exercises. It distinguishes between mechanical, meaningful, and communicative practice and provides information gap and jigsaw activities as examples of communicative practice. Pair and group work are described as increasing student talking time and reducing anxiety, but they can be difficult for teachers to monitor and may not ensure individual student understanding. The relationship between classroom activities and real-world language use is emphasized.
This document discusses productive skills, specifically speaking and writing, in language learning. It defines productive skills as skills that allow students to practice real-life language use. The document outlines various approaches and activities for teaching speaking, such as role plays, brainstorming, and interviews. It also discusses the importance of teaching writing and defines writing. The document then describes aspects of effective writing like grammar, vocabulary and punctuation. It provides examples of writing activities like letters, diaries and essays. Finally, it discusses product-oriented and process-oriented approaches to teaching writing.
The document discusses reading and listening comprehension. It provides strategies to help children become active readers, including setting purposes, making predictions, visualizing, asking and answering questions. It also discusses the importance of writing, including that writing is a way for children to think and express ideas. Elements of good writing instruction are modeling, opportunities to practice, and feedback. Spelling is important for reading comprehension and writing. Listening comprehension involves perception and comprehension of spoken language and relies on skills like attention, memory, and making connections. Brain imaging studies show both common and modality-specific brain activation patterns during reading and listening comprehension.
The document discusses the importance of literacy to student success. It defines literacy as the ability to communicate effectively through reading, writing, speaking and listening. Literacy is an essential skill that is used across all subjects and allows students to understand messages and make sense of the world. Assessments help teachers identify students' literacy strengths and weaknesses so they can provide targeted support. A strong focus on developing students' literacy skills is important for their educational achievement and ability to function in society.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
1. The development of fine motor and
handwriting skills
Kristin L. Stooksberry, OT
Occupational Therapist
Region 10 Education Service Center
2. Introduction
• The most important mechanical tools that
students bring to the classroom are their hands.
• Hand skills are critical for early childhood
learning.
• Refined hand skills are needed to master
handwriting; a major occupation of school aged
children. They also provide the basis for all
manipulative activities and hand tool use.
• Hands manipulate the environment to learn.
(Fine Motor Skills in the Classroom, Jayne Berry, OTR/L, Therapro Inc. 1999, pg 3)
3. Objectives for Teachers
• To increase your knowledge of hand skill
development
• To broaden your knowledge and sharpen your
observation skills in recognizing problems in hand
skills development
• Increase your understanding of your students’ hand
functioning
• Learn how to modify the classroom environment and
develop remediation activities to improve hand skills.
• Increase awareness of occupational therapy as a
resource service.
(Fine Motor Skills in the Classroom, Jayne Berry, OTR/L, Therapro Inc. 1999, pg 5 )
4. Objectives for Therapists
• To share knowledge and observation skills of
hand skills development with school staff
• Respond to teachers’ requests for informal,
non-referral consultation on overall hand
functioning and on the specific needs of
individual students
• Provide classroom remediation for students
• Develop effective services within the least
restrictive classroom environment and enhance
that environment for all students.
(Fine Motor Skills in the Classroom, Jayne Berry, OTR/L, Therapro Inc. 1999, pg 5)
17. Handwriting Readiness
• Some controversy exists as to when children are ready
for formal handwriting instruction. Differing rates of
maturity, environmental experiences, and interest
levels all are factors that can influence children’s early
attempts and successes in copying letters. Some
children may be ready for writing at age 4, and others
may not be ready until age 6.
(Case-Smith, J. Et al; Occupational Therapy for children, Therapro 1996)
18. Typical Development of handwriting
skills
• Typically developing children, by the age of 6 or 7
years old, are fairly competent at writing legibly
when instructed with a traditional handwriting
curriculum.
• Note: However, more and more we are seeing
typically developing children with delayed fine
motor skills and decreased hand strength because
they are not using their hands in ways that would
strengthen their muscles. As a result we are seeing
a variety of inefficient grasp patterns which affect
handwriting and fine motor skills.
19. Geometric forms
Some authors believe that Handwriting instructions
should begin after the child is able to master the first
nine figures in the Developmental Test of Visual-
Motor Integration by Berry-Buktenica. (VMI)
Visual-motor integration or VMI can be evaluated as a factor in child development
by providing the child with geometric designs ranging from simple line drawings to
more complex figures and asking that the designs be copied. The construction
skills used in the test have been shown to indicate visual motor impairment, such
as problems with fine motors skills of the hand and hand-eye coordination. The
developers of the test, Keith E. Beery and Norman A. Buktenica, have established
adequate norms for visual motor performance by children in various age groups.
The test is considered especially useful to help evaluate children with other
disabilities or disabling conditions. It can also be used for the evaluation of motor
skills such as handwriting.
(Gale Encyclopedia of children’s health. Answers.com)
22. Prerequisites to handwriting
Before handwriting instructions can begin, children
must have the following
• Small muscle development
• Eye-hand coordination
• The ability to hold utensils or writing tools
• The capacity to smoothly form basic strokes such as circles and
lines
• Letter perception, including the ability to recognize forms,
notice likenesses and differences
• Orientation to printed language; which involves the visual
analysis of letters and words and right-left discrimination
(Case-Smith, J. Et al , Occupational Therapy for children)
31. The role of the Occupational Therapist
in the educational environment
Evaluation and remediation:
• Determine what is interfering with the child’s
functional performance to produce written text.
• Apply clinical reasoning skills to identify the
performance components interfering with
written communication, and determine why the
child is struggling to write or has unreadable
handwriting.
32. Performance components related to
handwriting
There are 3 components that may be interfering
with the child’s functional performance to
produce writing:
Sensori-Motor
Component
• Sensory
• Neuromuscular
• Motor
Cognitive
Component
• Attention
• Memory
Psychosocial
Component
• Coping skills
• Self-Esteem
• Motivation
Case-Smith, J, et al; Occupational therapy for children
33. Sensori-motor components
Sensory
Tactile and Proprioceptive – grasp on writing tools.
Visual – scanning the printed line, focusing on
formation of letters.
Kinesthesia – allows appropriate pencil pressure and
directing writing tools.
Form constancy – discriminate between numbers,
letters, similar forms b/d, saw/was.
Position in space – placing letters, words on the line,
spacing between letters.
Visual closure – which letters have been formed
completely
34. Sensorimotor components
Neuromuscular
Muscle tone – sustaining upright position, upper
extremity stability and mobility.
Strength – ability to grasp and maintain
consistency on writing tools.
Postural control – ability to make postural
adjustments while writing in various positions.
35. Sensorimotor components
Motor
Crossing the midline – writing in a horizontal plane
across the midline of the body
Bilateral integration – holding writing tools and stabilizing
paper
Laterality – consistent use of one hand for writing
Praxis – capacity to plan, sequence and execute letter
forms, arrange letters to build words
Fine motor coordination, particularly in-hand
manipulation – moving the pencil between fingers
Visual motor integration – color within the lines, trace,
reproduce letters and numbers.
36. Cognitive component
Cognitive skills required for handwriting include:
• Attending to a writing task over time
• Recalling letter formations and handwriting strategies
over periods through visual, verbal, and auditory
memories
• Generalizing of handwriting from practice in an
intervention program to real-life situations, such as
performing classroom assignments, copying a recipe
and signing checks
37. Psychosocial component
• Psychosocial aspects to consider include the
child’s values and interests, self-regulation, self-
concept, and coping skills. For the child who
sees his or her handwriting as a continual visual
reminder of inadequacy at school, will exhibit a
loss of interest and motivation in producing
written text
• Some students with poor handwriting tend to
feel inadequate and their self-esteem suffers.
38. Handwriting intervention
The Occupational Therapist uses frames of
references to determine therapeutic strategies
for remediating handwriting problems.
Neuro-developmental frame of reference
Postural control, muscle tone, joint stability,
proximal stability
In this frame of reference the emphasis is on
preparing the child’s body for handwriting for
about 5 to 10 minutes before the instructional
program.
65. Example of weak hands: difficulty rolling play-doh
into thin strips.
66.
67. Handwriting intervention
Sensory frame of reference
Changing the writing tools: for example, using
vibrating pens, weighted pens, or chalk
Changing the body position: for example, the child
lays on his/her stomach on the floor to write
Standing to write increases level of arousal, full
extension of the trunk
Changing the surface of writing: for example using
chalk mats, trays of sand, textured wall paper,
laminated poster board.
68. Writing on an elevated surface
(printing/visual tracking left to right)
72. Handwriting intervention
Acquisitional frame of reference
Handwriting is a motor skill that can be improved
through practice, repetition, feedback, and
reinforcement.
Use handwriting programs:
The learning progression is modeling, tracing,
copying, then writing letters and words from
memory. Handwriting programs address
spacing, size, alignment, letter forms.
(Case, et.
73.
74. When to teach upper & lower case letters
Upper case letters should be
taught in Pre-K
Students see upper case letters
in their world on signs
everywhere, so it is easier
for them to recognize these
letters.
Upper case letters are easier to
write because they always
start at the Top.
Start with straight line letters
first.
Lower case letters should be
taught in Kindergarten
• Students are ready for the
changes in the letter forms,
* tall letters
* short letters
* descending letters
Handwriting without tears
80. Follow Up
• Classroom Screening for
Fine Motor difficulties in
Kindergarten and 1st
grade
• Provide strategies for
remediation
• Classroom Screening for
handwriting difficulties
in Kindergarten and 1st
grade
• Provide strategies for
remediation
82. References
Case-Smith, Jane; Allen, Anne S; Pratt, Pat Nuse. Occupational Therapy for
Children: 1996
Berry, Jayne. Fine Motor Skills in the Classroom, Screening & Remediation
Strategies: Therapro Inc. 1999
O’Reilly, Katherine A; Hosaka, Carol M. ; Inatsuka, Takayo T.; Allman, Toney L. ;
Zeisloft, Barbara. HELP (Hawaii Early Learning Profile) Activity Guide.
VORT Corporation, 1997
Olsen Jan Z. OTR and Knapton Emily F. OTR/L Handwriting Without Tears
Teacher’s Guide, 2008.