Coautor. Presenta análisis de elevación y modelos de una paleolínea de costa abandonada hace 10 ka, al interior del Complejo Volcánico Laguna del Maule. Este complejo presenta la mayor concentración de riolitas postglaciales (<25 ka) del hemisferio sur. La paleolínea registra deformación producto de actividad inflacionaria al interior del complejo. A partir de ésta, se estima el volume de magma inyectado al interior del reservorio <10 ka. Para el artículo completo, favor contactarme.
Vanessa Swenton Sigma Xi 2021 Research ShowcaseVanessaSwenton
Vanessa Swenton Sigma Xi 2021 Research Showcase
Data in this presentation is property of Vanessa Swenton and Martin Streck of Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
Vanessa Swenton Sigma Xi 2021 Research ShowcaseVanessaSwenton
Vanessa Swenton Sigma Xi 2021 Research Showcase
Data in this presentation is property of Vanessa Swenton and Martin Streck of Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
Greetings all,
This month’s newsletter is devoted to the Mediterranean Sea and its various faces.
As an introduction, an article by Drobinski et al. presents the HYMEX program (HYdrological cycle in Mediterranean
Experiment) which is aiming at better understanding the global water cycle in the Mediterranean region. The next article by
Langlais et al. is dealing with a high resolution coastal and shelf model in the Gulf of Lions. Then, Boy et al. are describing the
input from spatial gravimetry to better represent the ocean circulation in the Mediterranean Sea. The next article by D’Ovidio et
al. is telling us about tracer frontal structures induced by altimeter velocities with a lagrangian technique in the Eastern
Mediterranean Sea. The last article by L’Hévéder et al. is dealing with operational forecast of glider trajectories in the
Mediterranean Sea using the Mercator forecasts.
The next April 2009 newsletter will review the current work on ocean indices aiming at better understanding the state of the
ocean climate.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
C5.04: GO-SHIP: A component of the sustained ocean observing system - Bernade...Blue Planet Symposium
The Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP) brings together scientists with interests in physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems, and other users and collectors of ocean interior data, and coordinates a network of globally sustained hydrographic sections as part of the global ocean/climate observing system including physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems.
GO-SHIP provides approximately decadal resolution of the changes in inventories of heat, freshwater, carbon, oxygen, nutrients and transient tracers, covering the ocean basins from coast to coast and full depth (top to bottom), with global measurements of the highest required accuracy to detect these changes. The GO-SHIP principal scientific objectives are: (1) understanding and documenting the large-scale ocean water property distributions, their changes, and drivers of those changes, and (2) addressing questions of how a future ocean that will increase in dissolved inorganic carbon, become more acidic and more stratified, and experience changes in circulation and ventilation processes due to global warming and altered water cycle.
Gigantic submarine landslides are among the most energetic events on the Earth surface. During the
Late Pleistocene the Mediterranean Sea was the scenario of a 9 number of such events, some of whose
geological fi ngerprints are the 500 km3 mass transport deposit SL2 at the Nile delta fan (dated at ca. 110
ka BP) and the Herodotus Basing Megaturbidite (HBM, a 400 km3 deposit dated at ca. 27.1 ka BP). This
paper presents an exploratory study on the tsunamigenic potential of these slides by using a numerical
model based on the 2D depth-averaged non-linear barotropic shallow water equations.
Greetings all,
This month’s newsletter is devoted to the Mediterranean Sea and its various faces.
As an introduction, an article by Drobinski et al. presents the HYMEX program (HYdrological cycle in Mediterranean
Experiment) which is aiming at better understanding the global water cycle in the Mediterranean region. The next article by
Langlais et al. is dealing with a high resolution coastal and shelf model in the Gulf of Lions. Then, Boy et al. are describing the
input from spatial gravimetry to better represent the ocean circulation in the Mediterranean Sea. The next article by D’Ovidio et
al. is telling us about tracer frontal structures induced by altimeter velocities with a lagrangian technique in the Eastern
Mediterranean Sea. The last article by L’Hévéder et al. is dealing with operational forecast of glider trajectories in the
Mediterranean Sea using the Mercator forecasts.
The next April 2009 newsletter will review the current work on ocean indices aiming at better understanding the state of the
ocean climate.
We wish you a pleasant reading.
C5.04: GO-SHIP: A component of the sustained ocean observing system - Bernade...Blue Planet Symposium
The Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (GO-SHIP) brings together scientists with interests in physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems, and other users and collectors of ocean interior data, and coordinates a network of globally sustained hydrographic sections as part of the global ocean/climate observing system including physical oceanography, the carbon cycle, marine biogeochemistry and ecosystems.
GO-SHIP provides approximately decadal resolution of the changes in inventories of heat, freshwater, carbon, oxygen, nutrients and transient tracers, covering the ocean basins from coast to coast and full depth (top to bottom), with global measurements of the highest required accuracy to detect these changes. The GO-SHIP principal scientific objectives are: (1) understanding and documenting the large-scale ocean water property distributions, their changes, and drivers of those changes, and (2) addressing questions of how a future ocean that will increase in dissolved inorganic carbon, become more acidic and more stratified, and experience changes in circulation and ventilation processes due to global warming and altered water cycle.
Gigantic submarine landslides are among the most energetic events on the Earth surface. During the
Late Pleistocene the Mediterranean Sea was the scenario of a 9 number of such events, some of whose
geological fi ngerprints are the 500 km3 mass transport deposit SL2 at the Nile delta fan (dated at ca. 110
ka BP) and the Herodotus Basing Megaturbidite (HBM, a 400 km3 deposit dated at ca. 27.1 ka BP). This
paper presents an exploratory study on the tsunamigenic potential of these slides by using a numerical
model based on the 2D depth-averaged non-linear barotropic shallow water equations.
Gigantic submarine landslides are among the most energetic events on the Earth surface. During the
Late Pleistocene the Mediterranean Sea was the scenario of a 9 number of such events, some of whose
geological fi ngerprints are the 500 km3 mass transport deposit SL2 at the Nile delta fan (dated at ca. 110
ka BP) and the Herodotus Basing Megaturbidite (HBM, a 400 km3 deposit dated at ca. 27.1 ka BP).
The divergent fates of primitive hydrospheric water on Earth and MarsSérgio Sacani
Despite active transport into Earth’s mantle, water has been
present on our planet’s surface for most of geological time1,2
.
Yet water disappeared from the Martian surface soon after its
formation. Although some of the water on Mars was lost to space
via photolysis following the collapse of the planet’s magnetic field3–5,
the widespread serpentinization of Martian crust6,7
suggests that
metamorphic hydration reactions played a critical part in the
sequestration of the crust. Here we quantify the relative volumes
of water that could be removed from each planet’s surface via the
burial and metamorphism of hydrated mafic crusts, and calculate
mineral transition-induced bulk-density changes at conditions
of elevated pressure and temperature for each. The metamorphic
mineral assemblages in relatively FeO-rich Martian lavas can
hold about 25 per cent more structurally bound water than those
in metamorphosed terrestrial basalts, and can retain it at greater
depths within Mars. Our calculations suggest that in excess of
9 per cent by volume of the Martian mantle may contain hydrous
mineral species as a consequence of surface reactions, compared to
about 4 per cent by volume of Earth’s mantle. Furthermore, neither
primitive nor evolved hydrated Martian crust show noticeably
different bulk densities compared to their anhydrous equivalents,
in contrast to hydrous mafic terrestrial crust, which transforms
to denser eclogite upon dehydration. This would have allowed
efficient overplating and burial of early Martian crust in a stagnantlid
tectonic regime, in which the lithosphere comprised a single
tectonic plate, with only the warmer, lower crust involved in mantle
convection. This provided an important sink for hydrospheric water
and a mechanism for oxidizing the Martian mantle. Conversely,
relatively buoyant mafic crust and hotter geothermal gradients on
Earth reduced the potential for upper-mantle hydration early in
its geological history, leading to water being retained close to its
surface, and thus creating conditions conducive for the evolution
of complex multicellular life
Hi I'm Misson Choudhury , A Post Graduate student, Graduated from Utkal university and Now pursuing my m.sc in applied geology at Bangalore university, Bangalore, i love geological mapping,drawing,hill climbing and tracking..
252 CHAPTER 8Geologic Time (232 chapter 7Fire.docxeugeniadean34240
252 CHAPTER 8 Geologic Time
(
232
chapter 7
Fires Within: Igneous Activity
figure
7.31
Seattle, Washington, with Mount Rainier in the background. (Photo by Ken Straiton/Corbis)
)
Until recently the dominant view of Western societies was that humans possess the wherewithal to subdue volcanoes and other types of catastrophic natural hazards. Today it is apparent that volcanoes are not only very destructive but unpredictable as well. With this awareness, a new attitude is developing—"How do we live with volcanoes?"
Volcanic Hazards
Volcanoes produce a wide variety of potential hazards that can kill people and wildlife, as well as destroy property (figure 7.32). Perhaps the greatest threats to life are pyroclastic flows. These hot mixtures of gas, ash, and pumice that sometimes exceed 800°C race down the flanks of volcanoes, giving people little chance to escape.
Lahars, which can occur even when a volcano is quiet, are perhaps the next most dangerous volcanic hazard (figure 7.33). These mixtures of volcanic debris and water can flow for tens of kilometers down steep volcanic slopes at speeds that may exceed 100 kilometers (60 miles) per hour. Lahars pose a potential threat to many communities downstream from glacier-clad volcanoes such as Mount Rainier. Other potentially destructive mass-wasting events include the rapid collapse of the volcano's summit or flank.
Other obvious hazards include explosive eruptions that can endanger people and property hundreds of miles from a
Eruption cloud
Prevailing wind
Ash fall
2009 steam and ash cloud
(
figure
7.33
Soufriere Hills volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat has been active since 1995. A pyroclastic flow destroyed the airport and the capital city, Plymouth. About two thirds of the population have left the island. (NASA Photo)
) (
Lava dome collapse
Pyroclastic flow
) (
Fumaroles
Lava flow
Lahar (mud or debris flow)
figure
7.3
2
Simplified drawing showing a wide variety of natural hazards associated with volcanoes. (After U.S. Geological Survey)
)
Acid rain
Pyroclastic flow
Jf^- Eruption column
Bombs Collapse of flank Lava dome
(
The Chapter in Review
233
figure
7.34
Monitoring South Sister Volcano, Cascade Range, Oregon. This geologist is measuring the degree of infla
tion of the volcano's surface for potential eruptive activity.
)
volcano. During the past 15 years at least 80 commercial jets have been damaged by inadvertently flying into clouds of volcanic ash (Figure 7.33). One of these was a near crash that occurred in 1989 when a Boeing 747, with more than 300 passengers aboard, encountered an ash cloud from Alaska's Redoubt volcano. All four engines stalled after they became clogged with ash. Fortunately, the engines were restarted at the last minute and the aircraft managed to land safely in Anchorage.
Monitoring Volcanic Activity
Today a number of volcano-monitoring techniques are employed, with most of them aimed at detec.
Acordionero Oil Field Discovery, Middle Magdalena Basin, Colombia: An Unusual...Mario Prince
Oil exploration of Cenozoic clastic reservoirs in northern Middle Magdalena Basin has been predominantly focused on faulted anticline-type structural plays rather than more subtle stratigraphic or combination traps. The Acordionero field is a recent oil discovery found within an unusual structural -stratigraphic configuration, defined only after 3D and 2D seismic reprocessing benefitting from well results.
Based on a trap outline originally mapped with 2D seismic lines, the Acordionero-1 well was located and drilled in 2013 between two 1960s abandoned dry wells. The true trap configuration delineated by reprocessed seismic data was confirmed by follow-up 2014 drilling. In order to understand the field, multidisciplinary studies were conducted including detailed geology study of the Lisama Formation using outcrop and core data, reprocessing and interpretation of seismic data with constraining geological input, detailed log analysis and exhaustive reservoir examination from test and flow data.
The field is an important accumulation in the Paleocene sandstones of the Lisama Formation and has estimated original oil in place of more than 300 million barrels. Remarkably, the oil gravity for the field ranges from 13.5 to 25º API. The production rates are also atypical for the basin; the initial test for the well Acordionero 1 produced over 3200 BOPD in natural flow. This case history perfectly illustrates the concept of holistic approach to petroleum exploration that includes geology, geophysics and engineering contributions in all phases of the project (Enachescu, 2015). This integrated process is extended to field reservoir evaluation and design of production rate and optimum recovery plan.
Effects of episodic fluid flow on hydrocarbon migration inth.docxtoltonkendal
Effects of episodic fluid flow on hydrocarbon migration in
the Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone, Southern California
B. JUNG1, G. GARVEN 2 AND J. R. BOLES3
1Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; 2Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Tufts
University, Medford, MA, USA; 3Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
ABSTRACT
Fault permeability may vary through time due to tectonic deformations, transients in pore pressure and effective
stress, and mineralization associated with water-rock reactions. Time-varying permeability will affect subsurface
fluid migration rates and patterns of petroleum accumulation in densely faulted sedimentary basins such as those
associated with the borderland basins of Southern California. This study explores the petroleum fluid dynamics of
this migration. As a multiphase flow and petroleum migration case study on the role of faults, computational
models for both episodic and continuous hydrocarbon migration are constructed to investigate large-scale fluid
flow and petroleum accumulation along a northern section of the Newport-Inglewood fault zone in the Los
Angeles basin, Southern California. The numerical code solves the governing equations for oil, water, and heat
transport in heterogeneous and anisotropic geologic cross sections but neglects flow in the third dimension for
practical applications. Our numerical results suggest that fault permeability and fluid pressure fluctuations are cru-
cial factors for distributing hydrocarbon accumulations associated with fault zones, and they also play important
roles in controlling the geologic timing for reservoir filling. Episodic flow appears to enhance hydrocarbon accu-
mulation more strongly by enabling stepwise build-up in oil saturation in adjacent sedimentary formations due to
temporally high pore pressure and high permeability caused by periodic fault rupture. Under assumptions that
fault permeability fluctuate within the range of 1–1000 millidarcys (10�15–10�12 m2) and fault pressures fluctuate
within 10–80% of overpressure ratio, the estimated oil volume in the Inglewood oil field (approximately 450 mil-
lion barrels oil equivalent) can be accumulated in about 24 000 years, assuming a seismically induced fluid flow
event occurs every 2000 years. This episodic petroleum migration model could be more geologically important
than a continuous-flow model, when considering the observed patterns of hydrocarbons and seismically active
tectonic setting of the Los Angeles basin.
Key words: episodic fluid flow, fluid flow in faults, multiphase flow in siliciclastic sedimentary basins, petroleum
migration
Received 21 May 2013; accepted 16 October 2013
Corresponding author: Byeongju Jung, Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Gl227 Geocentrum,
Villav€agen 16B, 753 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
Email: [email protected] Tel: +46 018 471 2264. Fax: +1 617 627 3584.
Geofluids (2014) 14,.
Exploring the evidence of Middle Amazonian aquifer sedimentary outburst resid...Sérgio Sacani
The quest for past Martian life hinges on locating surface formations linked to ancient habitability.
While Mars’ surface is considered to have become cryogenic ~3.7 Ga, stable subsurface
aquifers persisted long after this transition. Their extensive collapse triggered megafoods ~3.4
Ga, and the resulting outfow channel excavation generated voluminous sediment eroded from
the highlands. These materials are considered to have extensively covered the northern lowlands.
Here, we show evidence that a lacustrine sedimentary residue within Hydraotes Chaos formed
due to regional aquifer upwelling and ponding into an interior basin. Unlike the northern lowland
counterparts, its sedimentary makeup likely consists of aquifer-expelled materials, ofering a
potential window into the nature of Mars’ subsurface habitability. Furthermore, the lake’s residue’s
estimated age is ~1.1 Ga (~3.2 Ga post-peak aquifer drainage during the Late Hesperian), enhancing
the prospects for organic matter preservation. This deposit’s inferred fne-grained composition,
coupled with the presence of coexisting mud volcanoes and diapirs, suggest that its source aquifer
existed within abundant subsurface mudstones, water ice, and evaporites, forming part of the region’s
extremely ancient (~ 4 Ga) highland stratigraphy. Our numerical models suggest that magmatically
induced phase segregation within these materials generated enormous water-flled chambers. The
meltwater, originating from varying thermally afected mudstone depths, could have potentially
harbored diverse biosignatures, which could have become concentrated within the lake’s sedimentary
residue. Thus, we propose that Hydraotes Chaos merits priority consideration in future missions
aiming to detect Martian biosignatures.
An Integrated Approach to the Exploration of Fractured Reservoirs: A Challeng...Mario Prince
This is an integrated analysis of the La Luna Formation in the Chuira pop-up structure, located in the Middle Magdalena Basin (MMVB). A structural trap originally mapped with 2D seismic and later with a 3D seismic volume, was interpreted using a conventional time structure maps and depth conversion methods. In 2009, the first well drilled a sequence of calcareous rocks which produce oil in stable natural flow but with a low rate. In order to understand this potential discovery, multidisciplinary studies were conducted including a detailed geology of the La Luna Formation information from outcrops, the integration of seismic attributes, log analysis, and an exhaustive reservoir research from existing samples.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
![Singer et al., Sci. Adv. 2018; 4 : eaat1513 27 June 2018
SCI ENCE ADVANCES | RESEARCH ARTICLE
1 of 10
GEOLO GY
Geomorphic expression of rapid Holocene
silicic magma reservoir growth beneath
Laguna del Maule, Chile
Brad S. Singer1
*, Hélène Le Mével2
, Joseph M. Licciardi3
, Loreto Córdova4
, Basil Tikoff1
,
Nicolas Garibaldi1
, Nathan L. Andersen1†
, Angela K. Diefenbach5
, Kurt L. Feigl1
Large rhyolitic volcanoes pose a hazard, yet the processes and signals foretelling an eruption are obscure. Satellite
geodesy has revealed surface inflation signaling unrest within magma reservoirs underlying a few rhyolitic volca-
noes. Although seismic, electrical, and potential field methods may illuminate the current configuration and state
of these reservoirs, they cannot fully address the processes by which they grow and evolve on geologic time
scales. We combine measurement of a deformed paleoshore surface, isotopic dating of volcanism and surface
exposure, and modeling to determine the rate of growth of a rhyolite-producing magma reservoir. The numerical
approach builds on a magma intrusion model developed to explain the current, decade-long, surface inflation at
>20 cm/year. Assuming that the observed 62-m uplift reflects several non-eruptive intrusions of magma, each simi-
lar to the unrest over the past decade, we find that ~13 km3
of magma recharged the reservoir at a depth of ~7 km
during the Holocene, accompanied by the eruption of ~9 km3
of rhyolite. The long-term rate of magma input is
consistent with reservoir freezing and pluton formation. Yet, the unique set of observations considered here implies
that large reservoirs can be incubated and grow at shallow depth via episodic high-flux magma injections. These
replenishment episodes likely drive rapid inflation, destabilize cooling systems, propel rhyolitic eruptions, and
thus should be carefully monitored.
INTRODUCTION
The gradual accumulation of rhyolitic magma in the upper crust can
promote large caldera-forming eruptions (1, 2), but the processes
by which this occurs remain poorly understood (3, 4). A key issue is
whether the magma flux into the upper crust is sufficiently large,
over long enough periods of time, to sustain growth of magma reser-
voirs thermally capable of producing large rhyolitic eruptions, rather
than crystallizing into plutons (5–8). Many of the observations fueling
this debate come from radioisotopic dating of minerals [for example,
(8)] or trace element diffusion clocks preserved within them [for
example, (4)]. On the one hand, magma fluxes typical of plutonic
systems are thought to normally be too low to sustain large, eruptible
magma reservoirs in the upper crust (6, 9–12). On the other hand, a
growing body of evidence suggests that silicic magma is stored long-
term at relatively cool, nearly subsolidus conditions and is episodically
remobilized by rapid injection of hot recharge magma that may propel
destabilization and eruption (3, 4, 8, 13–15).
The magnitude and pattern of surface deformation offer another
important means to understand magmatic processes operating beneath
restless, occasionally active, volcanoes (16, 17). Measurement of de-
formation by satellite geodesy in caldera volcanoes that produced
supereruption scale (18, 19), as well as modest volume (20–23) rhy-
olitic eruptions, has revealed inflation affecting regions of hundreds
of square kilometers, over periods of months to years, typically at
rates of 10 cm/year or less (17). Arrival of new magma into an extant,
shallow magma reservoir is the common explanation for the surface
inflation [for example, (22)], although the pressurization of magmatic
fluids also contributes in some systems (17, 24). What has remained
elusive is a means of measuring a long-term flux rate that integrates
several magma pulses and that may leverage interpretations of whether
a magma reservoir is likely to grow and erupt or to freeze into a
pluton (7).
The Laguna del Maule (LdM) volcanic field (Fig. 1) comprises the
greatest concentration of postglacial (younger than ~20,000 years)
rhyolite in the Andes and includes the products of ~40 km3
of ex-
plosive and effusive eruptions (25–28). Recent observations at LdM
by interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and global po-
sitioning system (GPS) satellite geodesy have revealed inflation at
rates exceeding 20 cm/year since 2007 (29–31), thereby capturing
an ongoing period of growth of a potentially large upper crustal
magma reservoir (27). The current episode of inflation has been ex-
plained by a model of transient supply of magma into this reservoir at a
depth of 4.5 km and requires recharge at a rate of 0.03 to 0.04 km3
/year
(31, 32), which is a flux sufficient to destabilize a cool silicic magma
reservoir (6, 7, 14, 22). Here, we use a geomorphic record of surface
deformation at LdM that offers an unprecedented opportunity to link
this current episode of unrest and inflation in a rhyolite-producing
system to the record of rhyolitic volcanism and magma intrusion span-
ning the last 10,000 years.
RHYOLITIC VOLCANISM AND GEOMORPHIC EVOLUTION
Rhyolitic volcanism and unrest
LdM sits atop the southern Andean range crest where, following
a rapid retreat of glaciers between ~23 and 19 thousand years ago
(based on 40
Ar/39
Ar dating of pre- and postglacial lava flows), a
1
Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1215 West Dayton
Street, Madison, WI 57760, USA. 2
Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie
Institution for Science, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015, USA.
3
Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824,
USA. 4
Observatorio Volcanológico de los Andes del Sur, Servicio Nacional de
Geología y Minería, Rudecindo Ortega 03850, Temuco, Chile. 5
Cascades Volcano
Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey, 1300 SE Cardinal Court Building 10, Vancouver,
WA 98683, USA.
*Corresponding author. Email: bsinger@geology.wisc.edu
†Present address: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, 100 Cascade
Hall, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
Copyright © 2018
The Authors, some
rights reserved;
exclusive licensee
American Association
for the Advancement
of Science. No claim to
originalU.S.Government
Works. Distributed
under a Creative
Commons Attribution
NonCommercial
License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).
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