This document presents a simulation analysis of series cascade control structure and anti-reset windup technique for a jacketed continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). It discusses modeling and linearization of a CSTR process. It then analyzes series cascade control structure and designs PID controllers using auto-tuning. Next, it explains an anti-reset windup protection technique to address issues like overshoot and windup. Simulation results showing step responses indicate that responses with anti-windup have less overshoot and shorter settling time compared to the conventional cascade control system. In conclusion, the anti-reset windup technique improves closed-loop performance for the CSTR process.
Modified smith predictor based cascade control of unstable time delay processesISA Interchange
An improved cascade control structure with a modified Smith predictor is proposed for controlling open-loop unstable time delay processes. The proposed structure has three controllers of which one is meant for servo response and the other two are for regulatory responses. An analytical design method is derived for the two disturbance rejection controllers by proposing the desired closed-loop complementary sensitivity functions. These two closed-loop controllers are considered in the form of proportional–integral-derivative (PID) controller cascaded with a second order lead/lag filter. The direct synthesis method is used to design the setpoint tracking controller. By virtue of the enhanced structure, the proposed control scheme decouples the servo response from the regulatory response in case of nominal systems i.e., the setpoint tracking controller and the disturbance rejection controller can be tuned independently. Internal stability of the proposed cascade structure is analyzed. Kharitonov’s theorem is used for the robustness analysis. The disturbance rejection capability of the proposed scheme is superior as compared to existing methods. Examples are also included to illustrate the simplicity and usefulness of the proposed method.
Cascade control of superheated steam temperature with neuro PID controllerISA Interchange
In this paper, an improved cascade control methodology for superheated processes is developed, in which the primary PID controller is implemented by neural networks trained by minimizing error entropy criterion. The entropy of the tracking error can be estimated recursively by utilizing receding horizon window technique. The measurable disturbances in superheated processes are input to the neuro-PID controller besides the sequences of tracking error in outer loop control system, hence, feedback control is combined with feedforward control in the proposed neuro-PID controller. The convergent condition of the neural networks is analyzed. The implementation procedures of the proposed cascade control approach are summarized. Compared with the neuro-PID controller using minimizing squared error criterion, the proposed neuro-PID controller using minimizing error entropy criterion may decrease fluctuations of the superheated steam temperature. A simulation example shows the advantages of the proposed method.
PID controller for microsatellite yaw-axis attitude control system using ITAE...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The need for effective design of satellite attitude control (SAC) subsystem for a microsatellite is imperative in order to guarantee both the quality and reliability of the data acquisition. A proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller was proposed in this study because of its numerous advantages. The performance of PID controller can be greatly improved by adopting an integral time absolute error (ITAE) robust controller design approach. Since the system to be controlled is of the 4th order, it was approximated by its 2nd order version and then used for the controller design. Both the reduced and higher-order pre-filter transfer functions were designed and tested, in order to improve the system performance. As revealed by the results, three out of the four designed systems satisfy the design specifications; and the PD-controlled system without pre-filter transfer function was recommended out of the three systems due to its structural simplicity, which eventually enhances its digital implementation.
MODEL BASED ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE PROCESS UNDER VARIOUS CONTROL STRATEGIES ...Journal For Research
This paper analyze the temperature process in an empirical model. From the empirical model the system behavior is determined by transfer function and the basic controller strategies Ziegler-Nichols & Cohen-Coon method are implemented in it. With these tuning methods the best control strategies are obtained at the final stage by interfacing the system with NI-myRIO kit.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Modified smith predictor based cascade control of unstable time delay processesISA Interchange
An improved cascade control structure with a modified Smith predictor is proposed for controlling open-loop unstable time delay processes. The proposed structure has three controllers of which one is meant for servo response and the other two are for regulatory responses. An analytical design method is derived for the two disturbance rejection controllers by proposing the desired closed-loop complementary sensitivity functions. These two closed-loop controllers are considered in the form of proportional–integral-derivative (PID) controller cascaded with a second order lead/lag filter. The direct synthesis method is used to design the setpoint tracking controller. By virtue of the enhanced structure, the proposed control scheme decouples the servo response from the regulatory response in case of nominal systems i.e., the setpoint tracking controller and the disturbance rejection controller can be tuned independently. Internal stability of the proposed cascade structure is analyzed. Kharitonov’s theorem is used for the robustness analysis. The disturbance rejection capability of the proposed scheme is superior as compared to existing methods. Examples are also included to illustrate the simplicity and usefulness of the proposed method.
Cascade control of superheated steam temperature with neuro PID controllerISA Interchange
In this paper, an improved cascade control methodology for superheated processes is developed, in which the primary PID controller is implemented by neural networks trained by minimizing error entropy criterion. The entropy of the tracking error can be estimated recursively by utilizing receding horizon window technique. The measurable disturbances in superheated processes are input to the neuro-PID controller besides the sequences of tracking error in outer loop control system, hence, feedback control is combined with feedforward control in the proposed neuro-PID controller. The convergent condition of the neural networks is analyzed. The implementation procedures of the proposed cascade control approach are summarized. Compared with the neuro-PID controller using minimizing squared error criterion, the proposed neuro-PID controller using minimizing error entropy criterion may decrease fluctuations of the superheated steam temperature. A simulation example shows the advantages of the proposed method.
PID controller for microsatellite yaw-axis attitude control system using ITAE...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The need for effective design of satellite attitude control (SAC) subsystem for a microsatellite is imperative in order to guarantee both the quality and reliability of the data acquisition. A proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller was proposed in this study because of its numerous advantages. The performance of PID controller can be greatly improved by adopting an integral time absolute error (ITAE) robust controller design approach. Since the system to be controlled is of the 4th order, it was approximated by its 2nd order version and then used for the controller design. Both the reduced and higher-order pre-filter transfer functions were designed and tested, in order to improve the system performance. As revealed by the results, three out of the four designed systems satisfy the design specifications; and the PD-controlled system without pre-filter transfer function was recommended out of the three systems due to its structural simplicity, which eventually enhances its digital implementation.
MODEL BASED ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE PROCESS UNDER VARIOUS CONTROL STRATEGIES ...Journal For Research
This paper analyze the temperature process in an empirical model. From the empirical model the system behavior is determined by transfer function and the basic controller strategies Ziegler-Nichols & Cohen-Coon method are implemented in it. With these tuning methods the best control strategies are obtained at the final stage by interfacing the system with NI-myRIO kit.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Design of a self tuning regulator for temperature control of a polymerization...ISA Interchange
The temperature control of a polymerization reactor described by Chylla and Haase, a control engineering benchmark problem, is used to illustrate the potential of adaptive control design by employing a self-tuning regulator concept. In the benchmark scenario, the operation of the reactor must be guaranteed under various disturbing influences, e.g., changing ambient temperatures or impurity of the monomer. The conventional cascade control provides a robust operation, but often lacks in control performance concerning the required strict temperature tolerances. The self-tuning control concept presented in this contribution solves the problem. This design calculates a trajectory for the cooling jacket temperature in order to follow a predefined trajectory of the reactor temperature. The reaction heat and the heat transfer coefficient in the energy balance are estimated online by using an unscented Kalman filter (UKF). Two simple physically motivated relations are employed, which allow the non-delayed estimation of both quantities. Simulation results under model uncertainties show the effectiveness of the self-tuning control concept.
Design and Control of a Hydraulic Servo System and Simulation AnalysisIJMREMJournal
This paper describes the system analysis, modeling and simulation of a Hydraulic Servo System (HSS) for
hydraulic mini press machine. Comparisons among linear output feed back PID control, Fuzzy control and
Hybrid of PID and Fuzzy control are presented. Application of hybrid controller to a nonlinear is investigated
by both position and velocity of the hydraulic servo system. The experiment is based on an 8 bit PIC
16F877 microcontroller, and the simulation is based on MATLAB Simulink. Simulation and hardware
experimental results show that the hybrid controller gave the best performance as it has the smallest overshoot,
oscillation, and setting time.
Mathematical Modeling and Fuzzy Adaptive PID Control of Erection MechanismTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper describes an application of fuzzy adaptive PID controller to erection mechanism.
Mathematical model of erection mechanism was derived. Erection mechanism is driven by electrohydraulic
actuator system which is difficult to control due to its nonlinearity and complexity. Therefore fuzzy
adaptive PID controller was applied to control the system. Simulation was performed in Simulink software
and experiment was accomplished on laboratory equipment. Simulation and experiment results of erection
angle controlled by fuzzy logic, PID and fuzzy adaptive PID controllers were respectively obtained. The
results show that fuzzy adaptive PID controller can effectively achieve the best performance for erection
mechanism in comparison with fuzzy logic and PID controllers.
Design of Controllers for Continuous Stirred Tank ReactorIAES-IJPEDS
The objective of the project is to design various controllers for temperature control in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) systems. Initially Zeigler-Nichols, modified Zeigler-Nichols, Tyreus-Luyben, Shen-Yu and IMC based method of tuned Proportional Integral (PI) controller is designed and comparisons are made with Fuzzy Logic Controller. Simulations are carried out and responses are obtained for the above controllers. Maximum peak overshoot, Settling time, Rise time, ISE, IAE are chosen as performance index. From the analysis it is found that the Fuzzy Logic Controller is a promising controller than the conventional controllers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modeling and Control of MIMO Headbox System Using Fuzzy LogicIJERA Editor
The Headbox plays an important role in pulp supply system with sheet forming in paper making process. The air cushion headbox is a nonlinear & strong coupling system. In the air cushion headbox system there were two important parameters which include total head and the stock level for improving pulp product quality. These two parameters make this system MIMO output system so for this a decoupling controls strategy was required for interaction between these two control loops. In this paper fuzzy tuned PID control scheme is proposed for controlling the nonlinear control problem in air cushion headbox after the system being decoupled. An attempt has been made for comparison between classical (PID) and fuzzy tuned PID controller. It concludes that the fuzzy tuned PID controller is found most suitable for MIMO system in terms of obtaining steady state properties. The effects of disturbances are studied through computer simulation using Matlab/Simulink toolbox.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
6. performance analysis of pd, pid controllers for speed control of dc motork srikanth
Aim of this paper different Proportional-Integral- Derivative (PID) controller fine-tuning techniques are investigated for speed control of DC motor. At the start PID controller parameters for different tuning techniques are involved and then applied to the DC motor model for motion (speed) control. Simulation results are display, using these controllers, objective of this paper, the performance of a choose dc motor controlled by a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is below the similar transient conditions and performances are compared.
The advent of internet has great impact on the electronic banking. By using internet, banking is no time limit and geographic. Customers worldwide can within 24 days of the week and all have access to their accounts. Internet banking by using internet and web technologies enable customers to finance their activities in a virtual environment to do this is the difference between internet banking and home banking that for achieving banking services via the internet, there is no need to install proprietary software rather banking services but also can be accessed via a internet public network and the customer is linked to your bank account via the internet. This type of banking is partially web-based banking subsidiary with the difference is that web banking services bank was considered first introduced bank and service. Internet banking also expanded with the development of web applications. With increasing internet access to people who provide these services to be developed and banks that are unresponsive to this issue will disappear from the market
Design of a self tuning regulator for temperature control of a polymerization...ISA Interchange
The temperature control of a polymerization reactor described by Chylla and Haase, a control engineering benchmark problem, is used to illustrate the potential of adaptive control design by employing a self-tuning regulator concept. In the benchmark scenario, the operation of the reactor must be guaranteed under various disturbing influences, e.g., changing ambient temperatures or impurity of the monomer. The conventional cascade control provides a robust operation, but often lacks in control performance concerning the required strict temperature tolerances. The self-tuning control concept presented in this contribution solves the problem. This design calculates a trajectory for the cooling jacket temperature in order to follow a predefined trajectory of the reactor temperature. The reaction heat and the heat transfer coefficient in the energy balance are estimated online by using an unscented Kalman filter (UKF). Two simple physically motivated relations are employed, which allow the non-delayed estimation of both quantities. Simulation results under model uncertainties show the effectiveness of the self-tuning control concept.
Design and Control of a Hydraulic Servo System and Simulation AnalysisIJMREMJournal
This paper describes the system analysis, modeling and simulation of a Hydraulic Servo System (HSS) for
hydraulic mini press machine. Comparisons among linear output feed back PID control, Fuzzy control and
Hybrid of PID and Fuzzy control are presented. Application of hybrid controller to a nonlinear is investigated
by both position and velocity of the hydraulic servo system. The experiment is based on an 8 bit PIC
16F877 microcontroller, and the simulation is based on MATLAB Simulink. Simulation and hardware
experimental results show that the hybrid controller gave the best performance as it has the smallest overshoot,
oscillation, and setting time.
Mathematical Modeling and Fuzzy Adaptive PID Control of Erection MechanismTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper describes an application of fuzzy adaptive PID controller to erection mechanism.
Mathematical model of erection mechanism was derived. Erection mechanism is driven by electrohydraulic
actuator system which is difficult to control due to its nonlinearity and complexity. Therefore fuzzy
adaptive PID controller was applied to control the system. Simulation was performed in Simulink software
and experiment was accomplished on laboratory equipment. Simulation and experiment results of erection
angle controlled by fuzzy logic, PID and fuzzy adaptive PID controllers were respectively obtained. The
results show that fuzzy adaptive PID controller can effectively achieve the best performance for erection
mechanism in comparison with fuzzy logic and PID controllers.
Design of Controllers for Continuous Stirred Tank ReactorIAES-IJPEDS
The objective of the project is to design various controllers for temperature control in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) systems. Initially Zeigler-Nichols, modified Zeigler-Nichols, Tyreus-Luyben, Shen-Yu and IMC based method of tuned Proportional Integral (PI) controller is designed and comparisons are made with Fuzzy Logic Controller. Simulations are carried out and responses are obtained for the above controllers. Maximum peak overshoot, Settling time, Rise time, ISE, IAE are chosen as performance index. From the analysis it is found that the Fuzzy Logic Controller is a promising controller than the conventional controllers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modeling and Control of MIMO Headbox System Using Fuzzy LogicIJERA Editor
The Headbox plays an important role in pulp supply system with sheet forming in paper making process. The air cushion headbox is a nonlinear & strong coupling system. In the air cushion headbox system there were two important parameters which include total head and the stock level for improving pulp product quality. These two parameters make this system MIMO output system so for this a decoupling controls strategy was required for interaction between these two control loops. In this paper fuzzy tuned PID control scheme is proposed for controlling the nonlinear control problem in air cushion headbox after the system being decoupled. An attempt has been made for comparison between classical (PID) and fuzzy tuned PID controller. It concludes that the fuzzy tuned PID controller is found most suitable for MIMO system in terms of obtaining steady state properties. The effects of disturbances are studied through computer simulation using Matlab/Simulink toolbox.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
6. performance analysis of pd, pid controllers for speed control of dc motork srikanth
Aim of this paper different Proportional-Integral- Derivative (PID) controller fine-tuning techniques are investigated for speed control of DC motor. At the start PID controller parameters for different tuning techniques are involved and then applied to the DC motor model for motion (speed) control. Simulation results are display, using these controllers, objective of this paper, the performance of a choose dc motor controlled by a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is below the similar transient conditions and performances are compared.
The advent of internet has great impact on the electronic banking. By using internet, banking is no time limit and geographic. Customers worldwide can within 24 days of the week and all have access to their accounts. Internet banking by using internet and web technologies enable customers to finance their activities in a virtual environment to do this is the difference between internet banking and home banking that for achieving banking services via the internet, there is no need to install proprietary software rather banking services but also can be accessed via a internet public network and the customer is linked to your bank account via the internet. This type of banking is partially web-based banking subsidiary with the difference is that web banking services bank was considered first introduced bank and service. Internet banking also expanded with the development of web applications. With increasing internet access to people who provide these services to be developed and banks that are unresponsive to this issue will disappear from the market
Analysis of the Fatality Rates of Boat and Ferry Accident on Inland Waterways...IOSR Journals
This study aims at quantifying the boat and Ferry accident fatality rates on Inland waterways in Nigeria, with a special focus on the waterways of Port Harcourt. With the aid of Simple percentile analysis, a comparative study was carried out to reveal the fatality rate between Boat and Ferry accidents. It was found out that more fatal accidents occurred with the use of Boats than Ferries on the waterways. A total fatality rate of 19% and 6% was derived for Boat and Ferry accidents respectively. The economic effect will be a rise in the patronage of Ferry services on the waterways.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Alloy (LM6) Reinforced with SiC...IOSR Journals
This work deals with fabricating or producing aluminium based metal matrix composite and then
studying its microstructure and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact strength and wear
behavior of produced test specimen. In the present study a modest attempt has been made to develop aluminium
based MMCs with reinforcing material, with an objective to develop a conventional low cast method of
producing MMCs and to obtain homogeneous dispersion of reinforced material. To achieve this objective stir
casting technique has been adopted. Aluminium Alloy (LM6) and SiC, Fly Ash has been chosen as matrix and
reinforcing material respectively. Experiment has been conducted by varying weight fraction of Fly Ash ( 5%
and 15%) while keeping SiC constant(5%). The result shown that the increase in addition of Fly Ash increases
the Tensile Strength, Impact Strength, Wear Resistance of the specimen and decreases the percentage of
Elongation
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Current predictive controller for high frequency resonant inverter in inducti...IJECEIAES
In the context of this article, we are particularly interested in the modeling and control of an induction heating system powered by high frequency resonance inverter. The proposed control scheme comprises a current loop and a PLL circuit. This latter is an electronic assembly for slaving the instantaneous phase of output on the instantaneous input phase, and is used to follow the rapid variations of the frequency.To further improve the transient dynamics of the studied system and in order to reduce the impact of measurement noise on the control signal, a generalized predictive control has been proposed to control the current of the inductor. We discussed the main steps of this command, whose it uses a minimization algorithm to obtain an optimal control signals, its advantages are: its design is simple, less complexity and direct manipulation of the control signal. The results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed method, especially in the parameters variation and/or the change of the reference current.
Nonlinear batch reactor temperature control based on adaptive feedback based ilcijics
This work presents the temperature control of a nonlinear batch reactor with constrains in the manipulated
variable by means of adaptive feedback-based iterative learning control (ILC). The strong nonlinearities
together with the constrains of the plant can lead to a non-monotonic convergence of the l2-norm of the
error, and still worse, an unstable equilibrium signal e(t) can be reached. By numeric simulation this
works shows that with the adaptive feedback-based ILC is possible to obtain a better performance in the
controlled variable than with the traditional feedback and the feedback based-ILC.
NONLINEAR BATCH REACTOR TEMPERATURE CONTROL BASED ON ADAPTIVE FEEDBACK-BASED ILCijcisjournal
This work presents the temperature control of a nonlinear batch reactor with constrains in the manipulated variable by means of adaptive feedback-based iterative learning control (ILC). The strong nonlinearities together with the constrains of the plant can lead to a non-monotonic convergence of the l2-norm of the error, and still worse, an unstable equilibrium signal e∞(t) can be reached. By numeric simulation this works shows that with the adaptive feedback-based ILC is possible to obtain a better performance in the controlled variable than with the traditional feedback and the feedback based-ILC.
Antenna Azimuth Position Control System using PIDController & State-Feedback ...IJECEIAES
This paper analyzed two controllers with the view to improve the overall control of an antenna azimuth position. Frequency ranges were utilized for the PID controller in the system; while Ziegler-Nichols was used to tune the PID parameter gains. A state feedback controller was formulated from the state-space equation and pole-placements were adopted to ensure the model design complied with the specifications to meet transient response. MATLAB Simulink platform was used for the system simulation. The system response for both the two controllers were analyzed and compared to ascertain the best controller with best azimuth positioning for the antenna. It was observed that state-feedback controller provided the best azimuth positioning control with a little settling time, some value of overshoot and no steady-state error is detected.
A new approach for Tuning of PID Load Frequency Controller of an Interconnect...Editor IJMTER
Load frequency control is one of the important issues in electrical power system
design/operation and is becoming much more significant recently with increasing size,
changing structure and complexity in interconnected power system. This paper deals with a
new approach of PID tuning and their dynamic responses are compared with PID classical
Controller when both controllers are applied to three area interconnected Thermal-ThermalHydro. The dynamical response of the load frequency control problem in an interconnected
power system is improved by designing PID controller using Pessen Integral Rule (similar to
Ziegler Nichols -2nd method). The results indicate that the proposed controller gives the better
performance.
The application of Self-adaptive Fuzzy PID control the evaporator superheatIJRES Journal
In view of the characteristics of the cold storage refrigeration system, such as nonlinear, time-varying and coupling, the traditional PID control accuracy is low, this study adopted the method of adaptive Fuzzy PID to control the superheat of the evaporator outlet. Fuzzy PID controller can adjust the parameters according to the deviation and deviation rat. It can avoid the disadvantages of traditional PID controller that it cannot adjust control parameters according to operating conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Disturbance Rejection with a Highly Oscillating Second-Order Process, Part I...Scientific Review SR
This research paper aims at investigating disturbance rejection associated with a highly oscillating
second-order process. The PD-PI controller having three parameters are tuned to provide efficient rejection of a
step input disturbance input. Controller tuning based on using MATLAB control and optimization toolboxes.
Using the suggested tuning technique, it is possible to reduce the maximum time response of the closed loop
control system to as low as 0.0095 and obtain time response to the disturbance input having zero settling time.
The effect of the proportional gain of the PD-PI controller on the control system dynamics is investigated for a
gain ≤ 100. The performance of the control system during disturbance rejection using the PD -PI controller is
compared with that using a second-order compensator. The PD-PI controller is superior in dealing with the
disturbance rejection associated with the highly oscillating second-order process
FUZZY LOGIC Control of CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR ProfDrDuraidAhmed
MATLAB program version 7.6 was used to study dynamic behavior continuous stirred tank reactor and the process control implemented for different control strategies. The results of simulation were compared with experimental data and a good agreement was obtained. However, small differences between the responses were appeared. A comparison has been made between fuzzy logic controller and PID conventional control to test the effectiveness of the behavior of the system. The results showed that, a good improvement was achieved when the fuzzy logic control was used compared to the PID conventional control.
A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT OPEN LOOP PID TUNNING TECHNIQUE FOR A LIQ...IJITCA Journal
Process control is the application and study of automatic control to maintain a process at the desired operating condition ,safety, and efficiently while satisfying the environmental and product quality. Like the Level, Temparature & Pressure, Liquid flow Measurement is one of the major controlling parameter in
process plant. This paper mainly concern about the single tank liquid flow process and designing the controller with different PID tunning methods. Many process plants controlled by the PID controller with similar dynamics to find out the possible set of satisfactory controller parameters from the less plant
information but from the mathematical model. With minimum effort adjust the controller parameters by using three open loop PID controller IMC,CHR & AMIGO and compare their output response in real time flow tank system
A Study on Performance of Different Open Loop PID Tunning Technique for a Liq...IJITCA Journal
Process control is the application and study of automatic control to maintain a process at the desired
operating condition ,safety,and efficiently while satisfying the environmental and product quality.Like the
Level,Temparature & Pressure, Liquid flow Measurement is one of the major controlling parameter in
process plant. This paper mainly concern about the single tank liquid flow process and designing the
controller with different PID tunning methods.Many process plants controlled by the PID controller with
similar dynamics to find out the possible set of satisfactory controller parameters from the less plant
information but from the mathematical model.With minimum effort adjust the controller parameters by
using three open loop PID controller IMC,CHR & AMIGO and compare their output response in real time
flow tank system.
Similar to Simulation analysis of Series Cascade control Structure and anti-reset windup technique for a jacketed CSTR (20)
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
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Simulation analysis of Series Cascade control Structure and anti-reset windup technique for a jacketed CSTR
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 7, Issue 2 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 93-99
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 93 | Page
Simulation analysis of Series Cascade control Structure and anti-
reset windup technique for a jacketed CSTR
S.Sundari1
, Alamelu Nachiappan 2
1
(EEE Department, / Pondicherry Engineering College,India)
2
(EEE Department, / Rajiv Gandhi college of Engineering&Technology ,India)
Abstract : A method for PID controller tuning based on process models for series cascaded control systems
using anti-reset windup technique is proposed in this paper. Closed loop response is obtained using
auto tuning of PID controller. This method can be applied to any closed loop stable processes. Closed loop
responses of series cascade control loops tuned by the proposed anti-reset windup technique method are
compared with the existing cascade control system. Simulation results on nonlinear stable continuous
stirred tank reactors is presented to show the efficiency of the proposed controller using anti-reset windup
technique.
Keywords: Anti-reset windup technique, CSTR, modelling, Jacket Temperature, PID controller, series cascade
structure.
I. Introduction
Cascade control is one of the most successful methods for enhancing single-loop control performance
particularly when the disturbances are associated with the manipulated variable or when the final control
element exhibits nonlinear behaviour. It is one of the most popular complex control structures that can be
found in the process industries implemented in order to improve the disturbance rejection properties of the
controlled system[1] [2]. In [3] a relay-feedback based auto tuning method has been used. The procedure still
needs of a sequential application of the usual relay based auto tuning approach consuming. Other results provide
tuning rules for the primary and secondary controller [4] [5] or suggest alternative control structures based on a
modification of the conventional cascade configuration [6]. When the controller is optimally tuned for set-
point response, the load-disturbance performance can be very poor [7]. The integral state prediction (ISP)
method is used in [8].The system involves two steps for tuning cascade control systems: first the secondary
controller is tuned on the basis of the dynamic model of the inner process. Then, the primary controller is tuned
on the basis of the dynamic model of the outer process including the secondary loop. Therefore, if the secondary
controller is retuned for some reason, an additional identification step is essential for retuning the primary
controller. The phenomenon of reset windup occurs when a controller with integral action operates with the
manipulated variable. When the manipulated variable hits the constraint the integral time in a PID controller
continues to accumulate the error and overshoot will occur. The contents of the paper are arranged as follows.
Section 1 provides the introduction to the temperature control of CSTR using PID. Section 2 deals with the
modelling of CSTR and obtaining transfer function for jacket temperature and coolant flow rate. Section 3
deals with analysis of the series cascade structure and auto tuning of controllers. Section 4 explains the
anti reset windup protection. Section 5 illustrates the implementation of anti reset windup technique for the
controllers using simulink. Section 6 deals with conclusions.
II. Modeling Of Cstr
The examined reactor has real background and graphical diagram of the CSTR reactor as shown in
Figure 1. The mathematical model of this reactor comes from balances inside the reactor. Notice that a jacket
surrounding the reactor also has feed and exit streams. The jacket is assumed to be perfectly mixed and at lower
temperature than the reactor. Energy passes through the reactor walls into jacket removing the heat generated by
reaction. The control objective is to keep the temperature of the reacting mixture T, constant at desired value.
The only
Fig1.Continuous stirred tank reactor with cooling jacket
2. Simulation analysis of Series Cascade control Structure and anti-reset windup technique for a
continuous stirred tank reactor
www.iosrjournals.org 94 | Page
manipulated variable is the coolant flow rate Fj.
2.1. Steady State Solution
The steady state solution is obtained when,
, , ,
f1 (CA, T, Tj) = = (1)
f2(CA,T,Tj) = = (2)
f3 (CA, T, Tj) = = (3)
Where –ΔH is the heat of reaction, U is the heat transfer coefficient, A is the heat transfer area, T is the reactor
temperature, and Tj is the coolant temperature in the jacket. CAf is the concentration of A in feed.Vj is the
volume of the jacket.
Table 1: Reactor Parameter’s value
Reactor parameters Values
F/V,hr-1 1
Ko,hr-1 16.96*1012
(- H),kcal/kmol 5960
E,kcal/kmol 11843
∆Cp,kcal/m3 500
Tjf,’c Caf,kmol/m3 25
UA/V,kcal/m3’c.hr 150
Tj 25
2.2 LINEARIZATION
The goal of the linearization procedure is to find a model with the form
= Ax + Bu (4)
y = Cx + Du (5)
Where the states, inputs and output are in deviation variable. Using the parameters given in above table we
can find the state space model and transfer function for PID controller design. Hence the transfer function for
PID control is given by equation 6.
(6)
Using all reactor parameter’s value state space model for cascade system is determined.
A =
B=
C=
D=
GP1 is the transfer function between (T/Tj)
GP1= (7)
Gp2 is the transfer function between (Tj/Fj)
A
RTE
AAF CKCCVF /
0 exp/
)(exp)()( /
0 j
p
A
RTE
P
f TT
CV
UA
CK
C
H
TT
V
F
jpjj
j
jJF
j
j
CV
TTUA
UATT
V
F
)(
0
dt
dCA
0
dt
dT
0
dt
dTj
0
dt
dCA
0
dt
dT
0
dt
dTj
3. Simulation analysis of Series Cascade control Structure and anti-reset windup technique for a
continuous stirred tank reactor
www.iosrjournals.org 95 | Page
GP2= (8)
The feed stream concentration is 0.132 lbmol / ft and an 50%conversion of propylene oxide has been
determined to be reasonable. Since 50% of propylene oxide is converted to propylene glycol, the propylene
glycol concentration is 0.066 lb mol /ft3. In this process, it is seen that the process has inverse response with
overshoot. To overcome this problem and to obtain the desired response, we are using series cascade control.
The desired parameters for the PID controller are the proportional gain (KP) integral gain (KI) and the
differential gain (KD) can be calculated by the automatic PID tuning method in Matlab software.
III. Cascade Structures And Controller Designs
Cascade control has two objectives. The first is to suppress the effect of disturbances on the primary
process output via the action of a secondary or inner control loop around a secondary process measurement. The
second is to reduce the sensitivity of the primary process variable to gain variations of the part of the process in
the inner control loop.Figure 2 shows the conventional cascade control system .Consider a process consisting of
two parts process 1 and process 2.Process 1 output has to be controlled. For the cstr shown in figure 1,process
I is the reaction in the tank and the controller output is the temperature T. Process II is the jacket and its output
is Tj which affects the process I and consequently T
.
Fig 2: Block diagram representation of conventional feedback control system
Fig 3: Step Output response of single loop conventional control system
Fig 4 shows the series cascade control system and its step output response is shown in figure 5. There are
two control loops using two different measurements T and Tj but sharing a common manipulated variable Fj.
In this strategy the reactor temperature controller is the primary controller while the jacket temperature
controller is the secondary controller. This is effective because the jacket temperature dynamics are normally
significantly faster than the reactor temperature dynamics .An inner loop disturbance such as jacket feed
temperature will be felt by the jacket temperature before it has a significant effect on the reactor temperature.
The inner loop controller then adjusts the manipulated variable. The jacket temperature controller
manipulates the jacket flow rate.
4. Simulation analysis of Series Cascade control Structure and anti-reset windup technique for a
continuous stirred tank reactor
www.iosrjournals.org 96 | Page
Fig:4 Block diagram representation of series cascade control system
Primary and secondary controllers are tuned for the processes I and II. Table 2 shows the tuned parameter values
of primary and secondary processes.
Table 2: Tuned parameters for process I and process II
Parameter/type Rise time(sec) Settling time(sec) % overshoot Peak time(sec)
Process I 0.695 2.08 9.75 1.1
Process II 0.0813 1.69 10.4 1.1
Fig 5: Step input representation of series cascade control system
IV. Anti Reset Windup Protection
Saturation problems can arise when both primary and secondary controllers have automatic reset. The
need for anti-reset windup is much greater for cascade designs since once the secondary loop is saturated, the
primary controller will also saturate. When putting a cascade system into automatic operation the secondary
controller must be first transferred to automatic. Primary and secondary controllers are tuned for the processes
I and II.
V. Illustration Of Anti-Reset Windup Compensation
Reset windup is problematic in cascade control systems, particularly when batch processes are
involved. The outer loop of a cascade strategy is normally tuned for much slower dynamics than is the inner
loop. If the inner loop performs more slowly than expected due to constraints on the manipulated input, then the
performance of the outer loop may suffer, so external reset windup protection is provided. Simulation is
performed with anti windup on the secondary controller. There is still some windup involved causing overshoot
of the primary process output shown in figure 6.
5. Simulation analysis of Series Cascade control Structure and anti-reset windup technique for a
continuous stirred tank reactor
www.iosrjournals.org 97 | Page
Fig 6: Step Output response of secondary controller
This is because the output of primary controller is the set point for the secondary controller. The
secondary controller does not track its set point because of the saturation of the manipulated input. Improved
performance can be obtained using an external input to the primary controller. Here the jacket temperature is
compared with the jacket temperature set point .If the jacket temperature is not equal to its set point ,some of the
integral action will be removed by corrective feedback action. The improved cascade control with anti windup
on the secondary loop shown in figure 7 and external resetting anti wind up on the primary loop shown in figure
8 has improved performance. The step output responses for the primary and secondary processes are shown in
figures 10&11 respectively. Simulink block diagram is shown in figure 9 .
Fig 7:Anti-wind up strategy using first order feedback for the secondary loop
Fig 8 :Reactor temperature controller with external variable reset
Fig 9:Cascade control simulation using anti reset windup technique on both the controllers
6. Simulation analysis of Series Cascade control Structure and anti-reset windup technique for a
continuous stirred tank reactor
www.iosrjournals.org 98 | Page
Fig 10: Step Output response of primary process output
Fig 11: Step Output response of secondary process output Tj
II. Conclusion
Anti-reset windup for the outer loop is implemented by stopping integration when the control effort
saturates in order to use the calculated integral time constant. If the anti-reset windup for the outer loop is
implemented via a lag around the inner loop, then the lag time constant is not necessarily the same as the
computed integral time constant. Outer loop set point tracking and disturbance rejection is generally better than
that achievable with a single-loop control system because the inner loop serves to reduce the apparent gain
uncertainty of the inner loop process. Simulation results show that the responses with anti -wind up has no
overshoot and less settling time.
Nomenclature
Notation Description
Fj Jacket Feed flow rate
V Reactor volume
K0 Reaction rate coefficient
Ea Activation energy
R Ideal gas constant
- H Heat of reaction
CAf Concentration of A in feed
T Reactor temperature
ρ Density
Cp Heat capacity of solution
7. Simulation analysis of Series Cascade control Structure and anti-reset windup technique for a
continuous stirred tank reactor
www.iosrjournals.org 99 | Page
References
[1] DaleE.Seborg,ThomasF.Edgar and Duncan A.Melli champ, Process Dynamics and Control, John Wiley and Sons, 2004
[2] C. C. Hang, A. P. Loh, and V. U. Vasnani, “Relay feedback auto tuning of cascadecontrollers,”IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, vol. 2, 1994.
[3] Yongho Lee and Sun won Park, “PID controller tuning to obtain desired closed loop responses for cascade control systems,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., vol. 37, pp. 1859–1865, 1998.
[4] K. K. Tan, T. H. Lee, and R. Ferdous, “Simultaneous online automatic tuning of cascade control for open loop stable processes,” ISA Transactions, vol. 39, pp. 233–242, 2000.
[5] O.Arrieta and R.Vilanova, “Performance degradation analysis of Optimal PID settings and Servo/Regulation tradeoff tuning,” CSC07, Conference on Systems and Control,
Marrakech-Morocco,2007.
[6] Kaya, N. Tan, and D. P. Atherton, “Improved cascade control structure for enhanced performance, ”vol. 17, pp. 3U˝ 16, 2007
[7] R. Vilanova, O. Arrieta “Balanced PID Tuning Application to Series Cascade Control Systems,” International Conference on Computers Comunications and
Control, Felix-Spa, Romania, 15-17 May, 2008H.
[8] B. Shin, S. Lee, J. M. Park, and H. S. Shin, “Anti- windup PID controller,” Korea Patent, 2010- 014689 , Feb. 18, 2010.