The document discusses the history of discoveries related to DNA and genetics from 1859 to 1990. Some key events summarized are:
- In the 1850s-1900s, scientists like Darwin, Mendel, Miescher, and others made discoveries laying the foundations of genetics and heredity.
- In the 1920s-1950s, scientists including Griffith, Avery, Chargaff, Hershey and Chase, Watson and Crick contributed to understanding that DNA is the genetic material and determining its structure.
- In the 1950s-1960s, Nirenberg, Khorana and Ochoa helped decipher the genetic code by which DNA specifies proteins.
- In the 1970s,
A neuron has three main parts: the cell body which contains the nucleus, dendrites which receive signals from other neurons, and a long axon which sends signals to other neurons.
The document provides information on the structure of DNA and RNA. It discusses how DNA was discovered to have a double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 based on prior work by scientists like Franklin, Wilkins, Chargaff and Pauling. It describes the key components of DNA including the sugar-phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases, and how the bases pair up in the double helix structure. It also discusses different DNA structures like A, B and Z-DNA and how DNA packages into nucleosomes and chromosomes. For RNA, it notes that it is similar to DNA but contains the sugar ribose and base uracil instead of thymine.
Friedrich Miescher first isolated nucleic acids in 1869 and called them "nuclein" due to their acidic properties. The discovery of DNA's double helix structure in 1953 by Watson and Crick was monumental. Nucleic acids function to store and transmit genetic information through DNA and RNA. DNA is made of two strands bound together by complementary nucleotide bases, with adenine pairing with thymine and guanine pairing with cytosine. The discovery of DNA's structure explained the mechanism of heredity.
The document provides information on the basics of molecular biology. It begins with a table comparing key attributes of eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It then defines molecular biology as the study of the molecular underpinnings of processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation. The basic components involved are described as DNA, RNA, and proteins. DNA stores genetic information. RNA and proteins are involved in building and regulating cells. The processes of DNA replication, transcription, translation, and their roles are summarized.
well, dis z again another ppt on molecular biology..
I know dis kinda luks boring bt pretty informative
thanks
let me know wat you think abt dis
don't forget to comment
Caesar's wife Agrippina poisoned him by mixing poisonous Amanita caesarea mushrooms into his favorite mushroom dish, as these mushrooms contain a substance that blocks the enzyme needed for cells to transcribe mRNA from DNA, leading to liver failure and death for Caesar two days later. DNA holds the genetic instructions for cells and is replicated before cell division so each new cell has a copy, while RNA carries copies of the DNA instructions out of the nucleus to direct protein production through transcription and translation.
1. The document discusses the history and key discoveries in genetics from Mendel's work in 1866 to the sequencing of the human genome in 2001. It includes the discoveries of DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 and the genetic code by Nirenberg in 1966.
2. The structure and composition of DNA, RNA, and nucleotides are described. DNA is made of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose. Both DNA and RNA follow Chargaff's rules about base pairing.
3. Gene structure is explained, including the concepts of exons, introns, and splicing in eukaryotic genes. The location of genes on chromosomes at specific loci is also covered.
The document discusses the history of discoveries related to DNA and genetics from 1859 to 1990. Some key events summarized are:
- In the 1850s-1900s, scientists like Darwin, Mendel, Miescher, and others made discoveries laying the foundations of genetics and heredity.
- In the 1920s-1950s, scientists including Griffith, Avery, Chargaff, Hershey and Chase, Watson and Crick contributed to understanding that DNA is the genetic material and determining its structure.
- In the 1950s-1960s, Nirenberg, Khorana and Ochoa helped decipher the genetic code by which DNA specifies proteins.
- In the 1970s,
A neuron has three main parts: the cell body which contains the nucleus, dendrites which receive signals from other neurons, and a long axon which sends signals to other neurons.
The document provides information on the structure of DNA and RNA. It discusses how DNA was discovered to have a double helix structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 based on prior work by scientists like Franklin, Wilkins, Chargaff and Pauling. It describes the key components of DNA including the sugar-phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases, and how the bases pair up in the double helix structure. It also discusses different DNA structures like A, B and Z-DNA and how DNA packages into nucleosomes and chromosomes. For RNA, it notes that it is similar to DNA but contains the sugar ribose and base uracil instead of thymine.
Friedrich Miescher first isolated nucleic acids in 1869 and called them "nuclein" due to their acidic properties. The discovery of DNA's double helix structure in 1953 by Watson and Crick was monumental. Nucleic acids function to store and transmit genetic information through DNA and RNA. DNA is made of two strands bound together by complementary nucleotide bases, with adenine pairing with thymine and guanine pairing with cytosine. The discovery of DNA's structure explained the mechanism of heredity.
The document provides information on the basics of molecular biology. It begins with a table comparing key attributes of eukaryotes and prokaryotes. It then defines molecular biology as the study of the molecular underpinnings of processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation. The basic components involved are described as DNA, RNA, and proteins. DNA stores genetic information. RNA and proteins are involved in building and regulating cells. The processes of DNA replication, transcription, translation, and their roles are summarized.
well, dis z again another ppt on molecular biology..
I know dis kinda luks boring bt pretty informative
thanks
let me know wat you think abt dis
don't forget to comment
Caesar's wife Agrippina poisoned him by mixing poisonous Amanita caesarea mushrooms into his favorite mushroom dish, as these mushrooms contain a substance that blocks the enzyme needed for cells to transcribe mRNA from DNA, leading to liver failure and death for Caesar two days later. DNA holds the genetic instructions for cells and is replicated before cell division so each new cell has a copy, while RNA carries copies of the DNA instructions out of the nucleus to direct protein production through transcription and translation.
1. The document discusses the history and key discoveries in genetics from Mendel's work in 1866 to the sequencing of the human genome in 2001. It includes the discoveries of DNA structure by Watson and Crick in 1953 and the genetic code by Nirenberg in 1966.
2. The structure and composition of DNA, RNA, and nucleotides are described. DNA is made of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose. Both DNA and RNA follow Chargaff's rules about base pairing.
3. Gene structure is explained, including the concepts of exons, introns, and splicing in eukaryotic genes. The location of genes on chromosomes at specific loci is also covered.
This document provides an overview of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It begins by discussing Griffith's experiments which discovered transformation and the experiments of Avery, MacLeod and McCarty which identified DNA as the transforming factor. It then describes the structure of DNA as a double helix based on evidence from Chargaff, Franklin and the model proposed by Watson and Crick. The document outlines DNA replication and how the DNA double helix unwinds and uses each strand as a template to produce two new DNA molecules. It concludes by explaining how DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins, the basic process by which genes direct the traits of organisms.
DNA evidence, also known as DNA profiling, revolutionized the criminal justice system when it was first introduced in 1986. DNA profiling allows analysis of genetic patterns in DNA that are unique to each individual, which can then be stored in databases. While DNA evidence provides powerful tools for law enforcement, there are also ethical concerns around privacy violations and potential for discrimination. The accuracy and reliability of DNA evidence depends on careful collection and analysis of samples to avoid contamination or errors. Overall, DNA evidence has had widespread impacts on criminal investigations and exonerations of innocent individuals.
DNA probes and PCR technology are used to rapidly identify microorganisms by amplifying copies of their DNA or RNA. The amplified DNA can then be detected and quantified to assess how many microorganisms are present and monitor responses to treatment. DNA technology can also break the cycle of disease in nature by intervening in parasites' life cycles. DNA barcoding uses a short, unique DNA sequence to identify species, including establishing new species. It supplements traditional taxonomy. Recovering DNA from fossils through PCR amplification allows comparison to present DNA, determining relationships and identifying ancestors. Tracking human mtDNA and Y chromosomes shows all people originated from an African ancestor. Cloning extinct animals could disrupt nature but may be acceptable for those driven extinct by humans to preserve
Gene cloning involves copying a gene and inserting it into a self-replicating vector like a bacterial plasmid. This allows copies of the gene to be made for applications like sequencing, mutagenesis, and protein expression. PCR is a newer gene cloning technique that uses thermal cycling to rapidly amplify a target gene sequence. Both techniques allow researchers to isolate genes and study them in detail. Gene cloning and PCR have many important uses in fields such as medicine, biotechnology, forensics, and more.
DNA Computer can store billions of times more information then your PC hard drive and solve complex problems in a less time. We know that computer chip manufacturers are racing to make the next microprocessor that will more faster. Microprocessors made of silicon will eventually reach their limits of speed and miniaturization. Chips makers need a new material to produce faster computing speeds.
This lesson plan explores the structure and function of DNA through building a 3D model and extracting DNA from cheek cells. Students first create a DNA model using candy and toothpicks to represent nucleotides and base pairing. Next, they purify DNA from their own cheek cells using a kit. The extraction involves breaking open cells, precipitating DNA with alcohol and salt, and visualizing the extracted DNA. The lesson aims to give students hands-on experience visualizing key characteristics of DNA.
This document is a biochemistry assignment submitted by Nibedita Ayan, an MBBS student at Xiamen Medical College, China under the guidance of Dr. A. K. M. Arif Uddin Ahmed. The assignment discusses nucleic acids, their discovery, structure, roles, and impacts. It covers topics such as nucleic acids carrying hereditary information and acting as carriers of genes, DNA and RNA having different but important roles, the central dogma of biology regarding DNA transcription and protein synthesis, DNA replication enabling species continuation, and various aberrations in nucleic acids like mutations, which can impact evolution, cancer development, and more.
DNA is a double helical structure that transfers the genetic information from one generation to another. it consists of two strands with the four nucleotide basis .The four nucleotides contains adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine .These four nuclic basis are such arranged and coiled with the help of hydrogen bonds and forms the helical structure of DNA. In RNA the thymine is replaced with uracil. Here you will learn the replication ,transcription and translation process in DNA.
Lourdes conducted research that led to the characterization of over 50 peptides from fish-hunting snail venom and the use of conotoxins to study the human brain. Her discoveries impacted neuroscience as conotoxins continue to be used to examine brain activity.
Ramirez focused on studying the genetics of native plants like coconuts and rice in the Philippines. Her research empowered agricultural scientists and farmers by advancing plant breeding and genetics. She pioneered genetics instruction and was called the "Mother of Cell."
Recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized cell study. Advances in manipulating DNA allowed combining techniques such that researchers can now isolate specific genes to precisely study their structures and functions.
DNA fingerprinting is a technique that analyzes variations in DNA sequences at specific locations in the genome to identify individuals. There are two main methods: RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and PCR (polymerase chain reaction). RFLP involves digesting DNA with restriction enzymes, separating fragments by size, and detecting with probes. PCR amplifies specific DNA regions defined by primer sequences. Short tandem repeats (STRs) are now commonly analyzed by PCR. DNA fingerprinting is used in criminal investigations to identify suspects or victims, and in resolving medical issues like paternity disputes. DNA databases help law enforcement match crime scene evidence to suspects.
The document discusses several key steps in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA analysis:
1. PCR involves copying specific DNA sequences through cycles of heating and cooling DNA samples. This allows for amplification of target DNA regions marked by primers.
2. DNA extraction is used to isolate DNA from samples prior to PCR. Library preparation then ligates adaptors to DNA fragments to make them suitable for sequencing.
3. The techniques of PCR, DNA extraction, and library preparation are applied in a research laboratory studying international viral samples to amplify and analyze DNA from viruses like adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, HIV, and HPV. This helps compare patterns and susceptibilities between different viruses.
The Discovery of DNA Essay
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The document discusses epigenetic analysis sequencing, which studies how environmental factors can affect gene expression without changing DNA sequences. It explains that epigenetics plays an important role in gene regulation through two main components: DNA methylation and histone modification. High-resolution sequencing methods like ChIP-seq are important for studying epigenetics and understanding chromatin structure at the single binding site level.
This document provides an overview of recombinant DNA technology. It defines recombinant DNA technology as procedures that allow DNA from different species to be isolated, cut, and spliced together to form new recombinant molecules. The key steps described are using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites, inserting genes into bacterial plasmids, transforming bacteria, replicating the recombinant DNA as the bacteria divide, and collecting the amplified genes. Applications discussed include producing insulin, vaccines, human growth hormones, diagnosing infectious diseases, developing novel crop varieties, and industrial strain improvement.
This document provides an overview of recombinant DNA technology. It defines recombinant DNA technology as procedures that allow DNA from different species to be isolated, cut, and spliced together to form new recombinant molecules. The key steps described are using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites, inserting genes into bacterial plasmids, transforming bacteria, replicating the recombinant DNA as the bacteria divide, and collecting the amplified genes. Applications discussed include producing insulin, vaccines, human growth hormones, diagnosing infectious diseases, developing novel crop varieties, and industrial strain improvement.
Illumina (sequencing by synthesis) methodFekaduKorsa
The document outlines the Illumina sequencing by synthesis method in 12 steps: 1) DNA sample preparation and attachment to a flow cell, 2) bridge amplification to clone the DNA fragments, 3) determination of the first base by addition of fluorescently labeled nucleotides and imaging, 4) repeating the process to determine the second and subsequent bases, 5) generating sequenced reads. The sequenced reads are then 6) aligned and analyzed by comparing to a reference sequence to identify differences.
DNA has a complex history that began with its discovery in the 19th century. Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the 1850s laid the groundwork for genetics, though his work was not fully appreciated at the time. In the 1950s, Watson and Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA, which was informed by Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography images and Erwin Chargaff's rules about DNA base ratios. DNA contains the genetic code and instructions for building all living organisms. It continues to be an area of extensive research with applications in forensics, health, and biotechnology.
Watson and Crick DNA model, Nucleic acids, Nucleotides, Nucleosides, Pyrimidi...AbhayKishoreKaul
This presentation provides an overview of DNA structure and functions. It discusses that DNA is composed of nucleotides that form a double helix, and carries genetic instructions. It also summarizes key aspects of DNA such as the discovery of its structure by Watson and Crick, the four bases that form base pairs, the three types of DNA, transcription, translation, replication, and how DNA makes proteins. The discovery of DNA has revolutionized fields like genetics, biotechnology, and holds promise for advances in medicine, agriculture and more.
“Avances recientes en el desarrollo de biosensores basados en nanotecnología ...JosselynMamani
Este documento describe los avances recientes en el desarrollo de biosensores basados en nanotecnología para detectar metales pesados como arsénico, plomo, mercurio y cadmio. Explica cómo se clasifican los biosensores según sus biorreceptores y transductores primarios, y cómo se han diseñado biosensores específicos para cada metal pesado utilizando nanomateriales y técnicas como SERS, aptámeros y electrodos modificados. El objetivo final es desarrollar métodos sensibles y selectivos para
This document provides an overview of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. It begins by discussing Griffith's experiments which discovered transformation and the experiments of Avery, MacLeod and McCarty which identified DNA as the transforming factor. It then describes the structure of DNA as a double helix based on evidence from Chargaff, Franklin and the model proposed by Watson and Crick. The document outlines DNA replication and how the DNA double helix unwinds and uses each strand as a template to produce two new DNA molecules. It concludes by explaining how DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins, the basic process by which genes direct the traits of organisms.
DNA evidence, also known as DNA profiling, revolutionized the criminal justice system when it was first introduced in 1986. DNA profiling allows analysis of genetic patterns in DNA that are unique to each individual, which can then be stored in databases. While DNA evidence provides powerful tools for law enforcement, there are also ethical concerns around privacy violations and potential for discrimination. The accuracy and reliability of DNA evidence depends on careful collection and analysis of samples to avoid contamination or errors. Overall, DNA evidence has had widespread impacts on criminal investigations and exonerations of innocent individuals.
DNA probes and PCR technology are used to rapidly identify microorganisms by amplifying copies of their DNA or RNA. The amplified DNA can then be detected and quantified to assess how many microorganisms are present and monitor responses to treatment. DNA technology can also break the cycle of disease in nature by intervening in parasites' life cycles. DNA barcoding uses a short, unique DNA sequence to identify species, including establishing new species. It supplements traditional taxonomy. Recovering DNA from fossils through PCR amplification allows comparison to present DNA, determining relationships and identifying ancestors. Tracking human mtDNA and Y chromosomes shows all people originated from an African ancestor. Cloning extinct animals could disrupt nature but may be acceptable for those driven extinct by humans to preserve
Gene cloning involves copying a gene and inserting it into a self-replicating vector like a bacterial plasmid. This allows copies of the gene to be made for applications like sequencing, mutagenesis, and protein expression. PCR is a newer gene cloning technique that uses thermal cycling to rapidly amplify a target gene sequence. Both techniques allow researchers to isolate genes and study them in detail. Gene cloning and PCR have many important uses in fields such as medicine, biotechnology, forensics, and more.
DNA Computer can store billions of times more information then your PC hard drive and solve complex problems in a less time. We know that computer chip manufacturers are racing to make the next microprocessor that will more faster. Microprocessors made of silicon will eventually reach their limits of speed and miniaturization. Chips makers need a new material to produce faster computing speeds.
This lesson plan explores the structure and function of DNA through building a 3D model and extracting DNA from cheek cells. Students first create a DNA model using candy and toothpicks to represent nucleotides and base pairing. Next, they purify DNA from their own cheek cells using a kit. The extraction involves breaking open cells, precipitating DNA with alcohol and salt, and visualizing the extracted DNA. The lesson aims to give students hands-on experience visualizing key characteristics of DNA.
This document is a biochemistry assignment submitted by Nibedita Ayan, an MBBS student at Xiamen Medical College, China under the guidance of Dr. A. K. M. Arif Uddin Ahmed. The assignment discusses nucleic acids, their discovery, structure, roles, and impacts. It covers topics such as nucleic acids carrying hereditary information and acting as carriers of genes, DNA and RNA having different but important roles, the central dogma of biology regarding DNA transcription and protein synthesis, DNA replication enabling species continuation, and various aberrations in nucleic acids like mutations, which can impact evolution, cancer development, and more.
DNA is a double helical structure that transfers the genetic information from one generation to another. it consists of two strands with the four nucleotide basis .The four nucleotides contains adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine .These four nuclic basis are such arranged and coiled with the help of hydrogen bonds and forms the helical structure of DNA. In RNA the thymine is replaced with uracil. Here you will learn the replication ,transcription and translation process in DNA.
Lourdes conducted research that led to the characterization of over 50 peptides from fish-hunting snail venom and the use of conotoxins to study the human brain. Her discoveries impacted neuroscience as conotoxins continue to be used to examine brain activity.
Ramirez focused on studying the genetics of native plants like coconuts and rice in the Philippines. Her research empowered agricultural scientists and farmers by advancing plant breeding and genetics. She pioneered genetics instruction and was called the "Mother of Cell."
Recombinant DNA technology has revolutionized cell study. Advances in manipulating DNA allowed combining techniques such that researchers can now isolate specific genes to precisely study their structures and functions.
DNA fingerprinting is a technique that analyzes variations in DNA sequences at specific locations in the genome to identify individuals. There are two main methods: RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and PCR (polymerase chain reaction). RFLP involves digesting DNA with restriction enzymes, separating fragments by size, and detecting with probes. PCR amplifies specific DNA regions defined by primer sequences. Short tandem repeats (STRs) are now commonly analyzed by PCR. DNA fingerprinting is used in criminal investigations to identify suspects or victims, and in resolving medical issues like paternity disputes. DNA databases help law enforcement match crime scene evidence to suspects.
The document discusses several key steps in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA analysis:
1. PCR involves copying specific DNA sequences through cycles of heating and cooling DNA samples. This allows for amplification of target DNA regions marked by primers.
2. DNA extraction is used to isolate DNA from samples prior to PCR. Library preparation then ligates adaptors to DNA fragments to make them suitable for sequencing.
3. The techniques of PCR, DNA extraction, and library preparation are applied in a research laboratory studying international viral samples to amplify and analyze DNA from viruses like adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, HIV, and HPV. This helps compare patterns and susceptibilities between different viruses.
The Discovery of DNA Essay
DNA EXTRACTION Essay
DNA Essay
DNA Essay example
DNA Essay
Dna Replication Essay
Dna Replication Essay examples
Dna Essay
DNA Profiling Essay example
Dna And Sequence Of Dna Essay
Essay On DNA Discoveries
DNA Forensic Essay
DNA testing Essay
Dna And Protein Synthesis Essay
Dna Discovery Essay
Dna Editing Research Paper
Dna Essay
DNA Essay
Dna Essay
The document discusses epigenetic analysis sequencing, which studies how environmental factors can affect gene expression without changing DNA sequences. It explains that epigenetics plays an important role in gene regulation through two main components: DNA methylation and histone modification. High-resolution sequencing methods like ChIP-seq are important for studying epigenetics and understanding chromatin structure at the single binding site level.
This document provides an overview of recombinant DNA technology. It defines recombinant DNA technology as procedures that allow DNA from different species to be isolated, cut, and spliced together to form new recombinant molecules. The key steps described are using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites, inserting genes into bacterial plasmids, transforming bacteria, replicating the recombinant DNA as the bacteria divide, and collecting the amplified genes. Applications discussed include producing insulin, vaccines, human growth hormones, diagnosing infectious diseases, developing novel crop varieties, and industrial strain improvement.
This document provides an overview of recombinant DNA technology. It defines recombinant DNA technology as procedures that allow DNA from different species to be isolated, cut, and spliced together to form new recombinant molecules. The key steps described are using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites, inserting genes into bacterial plasmids, transforming bacteria, replicating the recombinant DNA as the bacteria divide, and collecting the amplified genes. Applications discussed include producing insulin, vaccines, human growth hormones, diagnosing infectious diseases, developing novel crop varieties, and industrial strain improvement.
Illumina (sequencing by synthesis) methodFekaduKorsa
The document outlines the Illumina sequencing by synthesis method in 12 steps: 1) DNA sample preparation and attachment to a flow cell, 2) bridge amplification to clone the DNA fragments, 3) determination of the first base by addition of fluorescently labeled nucleotides and imaging, 4) repeating the process to determine the second and subsequent bases, 5) generating sequenced reads. The sequenced reads are then 6) aligned and analyzed by comparing to a reference sequence to identify differences.
DNA has a complex history that began with its discovery in the 19th century. Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants in the 1850s laid the groundwork for genetics, though his work was not fully appreciated at the time. In the 1950s, Watson and Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA, which was informed by Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography images and Erwin Chargaff's rules about DNA base ratios. DNA contains the genetic code and instructions for building all living organisms. It continues to be an area of extensive research with applications in forensics, health, and biotechnology.
Watson and Crick DNA model, Nucleic acids, Nucleotides, Nucleosides, Pyrimidi...AbhayKishoreKaul
This presentation provides an overview of DNA structure and functions. It discusses that DNA is composed of nucleotides that form a double helix, and carries genetic instructions. It also summarizes key aspects of DNA such as the discovery of its structure by Watson and Crick, the four bases that form base pairs, the three types of DNA, transcription, translation, replication, and how DNA makes proteins. The discovery of DNA has revolutionized fields like genetics, biotechnology, and holds promise for advances in medicine, agriculture and more.
Similar to Simulacion de electroforesis en gel (20)
“Avances recientes en el desarrollo de biosensores basados en nanotecnología ...JosselynMamani
Este documento describe los avances recientes en el desarrollo de biosensores basados en nanotecnología para detectar metales pesados como arsénico, plomo, mercurio y cadmio. Explica cómo se clasifican los biosensores según sus biorreceptores y transductores primarios, y cómo se han diseñado biosensores específicos para cada metal pesado utilizando nanomateriales y técnicas como SERS, aptámeros y electrodos modificados. El objetivo final es desarrollar métodos sensibles y selectivos para
El documento describe el uso del software MEGA DNA para construir un árbol filogenético utilizando 30 muestras del gen 16S. Explica los pasos para recolectar las secuencias del gen 16S de una base de datos, alinear las secuencias y construir el árbol filogenético. Concluye que el software MEGA DNA es útil para este propósito y permite agrupar las especies de acuerdo a su categoría u otras características similares.
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El documento describe un estudio que evaluó las actividades de enzimas celulolíticas y ligninolíticas de 10 hongos de pudrición blanca. Se midieron las actividades de endoglucanasa, exoglucanasa, lacasa y lignina peroxidasa de los hongos utilizando diferentes métodos. Cuatro hongos se seleccionaron para evaluar su capacidad para degradar la lignina y la celulosa durante la fermentación en estado sólido de aserrín de roble. Los resultados mostraron que L. edodes degradó el mayor porcentaje
Este documento describe el metabolismo microbiano. Define el metabolismo como las transformaciones químicas que ocurren dentro de una célula, incluyendo el anabolismo para la biosíntesis y el catabolismo para liberar energía. Explica los metabolitos focales y las rutas metabólicas. También clasifica los organismos según su fuente de carbono y energía, e identifica el papel del ATP y otros compuestos de alta energía en el metabolismo.
El documento presenta el análisis de secuencias del gen 16S realizado mediante el software BioEdit. Se utilizaron tres archivos de secuencias y se identificaron las secuencias a nivel de género y especie mediante BLAST en NCBI. La mayoría de las secuencias correspondían a géneros como Klebsiella, Enterobacter y Pseudomonas. Se presentan tablas con los resultados del análisis incluyendo el código de la secuencia, calidad, tamaño, organismo identificado y porcentaje de identidad.
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Este documento presenta una sinopsis cronológica de la biotecnología ambiental desde el 9000 A.C. hasta el presente. Comienza con los primeros desarrollos en agricultura como la domesticación de plantas y animales y productos fermentados. Luego describe hitos clave como el descubrimiento del mundo microbiano, las leyes de Mendel sobre la herencia genética, y el descubrimiento de la estructura del ADN. Finalmente, resalta aplicaciones modernas como vacunas de ARNm y 25 años de cultivos transgénicos
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The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
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Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
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metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
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Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
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Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
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1. UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE MOQUEGUA
ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA AMBIENTAL
SIMULACION DE ELECTROFORESIS EN GEL
DE AGAROSA UTLIZANDO EL PROGRAMA
SNAP GENE CON DATOS DE ARTICULO
CIENTIFICO:
“Aislamiento de bacterias con potencial biorremediador y
análisis de comunidades bacterianas de zona impactada por
derrame de petróleo en Condorcanqui – Amazonas – Perú”
ESTUDIANTE:
MAMANI MAMANI, Josselyn Leidy
CODIGO:
2018205065
ASIGNATURA
BIOTECNOLOGIA
DOCENTE
Dr. Hebert Hernan Soto Gonzales
FECHA DE ENTREGA
29 – 10 - 2021
2. Tabla de contenido
INTRODUCCION......................................................................................................................3
1. OBJETIVOS ...........................................................................................................................4
2. MATERIALES Y METODO......................................................................................................4
2.1. Materiales ....................................................................................................................4
2.2. Métodos .......................................................................................................................4
3. METODOLOGÍA....................................................................................................................4
4. Resultados:........................................................................................................................10
5. CONCLUSIÓN.................................................................................................................17
6. CUESTIONARIO.............................................................................................................17
7. BIBLIOGRAFIA ....................................................................................................................20
3. INTRODUCCION
La electroforesis es una técnica de separación muy usada en las investigaciones de proteínas y
ácidos nucleicos (ADN y ARN), que se basa en la movilización de las moléculas disueltas en una
solución de electrolitos a través de un gel por la acción de la corriente eléctrica. Esta técnica fue
desarrollada basándose en investigaciones adelantadas por varios investigadores interesados
en explicar por qué los iones disueltos en agua se mueven bajo la influencia de una corriente
eléctrica, dichas investigaciones describieron la migración de los iones y el orden en que lo
hacían, pero no lograron separar moléculas o partículas
Basándose en el conocimiento acumulado con las explicaciones de movilidad de iones y gracias
a la vinculación con un grupo de investigaciones que venía trabajando en la separación de
proteínas en la universidad de Uppsala, el científico Sueco Arne Wilheim Tiselius desarrolló en
su trabajo doctoral la técnica que llamó “Método de frente móvil en el estudio de la
electroforesis de proteínas” que publicó en 1930, esta técnica tenía dos problemas
fundamentales: el calentamiento que dificultaba la separación de las proteínas y la dificultad de
observar separación de las moléculas que se mueven más lento .
Después de su graduación se vinculó como profesor de la misma universidad y desarrolló
investigaciones en temas de fisicoquímica.
Posteriormente Tiselius viaja a Estados Unidos donde desarrolló un trabajo posdoctoral de un
año en la universidad de Princeton con el Dr. H.S. Taylor que tenía el apoyo de la fundación
Rockefeller en donde tiene contacto con varios Bioquímicos de la época y además obtiene
conocimientos para mejorar los dispositivos usados en su tesis doctoral, esta experiencia
renueva su interés por la separación de proteínas y realiza una nueva publicación dando a
conocer sus mejoras en 1937 y sus aplicaciones para separar proteínas del suero, lo que le hizo
merecedor al premio nobel en 1948.
Aparecieron así los primeros aparatos de electroforesis denominados como Tiselus, en honor a
su creador y financiados en su mayor parte por el instituto Rockefeller. A pesar de ser aparatos
enormes, difíciles de usar y caros, en los años 50 llego a haber cientos de ellos en diversos
laboratorios y el método de frente móvil se consideró un método altamente preciso.
4. 1. OBJETIVOS
Demostrar el uso de SNAPGENE en simulación de electroforesis en gel de agarosa
utilizando el programa snap gene con el articulo científico: “Aislamiento de bacterias
con potencial biorremediador y análisis de comunidades bacterianas de zona impactada
por derrame de petróleo en Condorcanqui – amazonas – Perú”
2. MATERIALES Y METODO
2.1.Materiales
✓ Laptop
✓ Software SnapGene
2.2.Métodos
En este presente trabajo se utilizo el software SNAPGENE, una de sus funciones es la clonación
es más simple cuando puedes ver exactamente lo que estás haciendo, Visualización del ADN,
Personaliza la visualización de los sitios de las enzimas, características, primers, ORFs, colores de
ADN y más. El mapa puede ser en formato circular o lineal, entre otros.
3. METODOLOGÍA
PASO 01: Entrar a la página de NCBI, seleccionar GENE y en el buscador colocar NR_112010.1.
luego dar clic en “BUSCAR”
5. PASO 02: Luego seleccionamos el primer link
PASO 03: Nos manda al depósito de esa secuencia . En la esquina hay una opción “SEND TO”
damos clic en FILE y en “Format” seleccionamos FASTA.
Luego damos clic en CREATE FILE
6. PASO 04: Al tener el documento descargado, vamos a crear una carpeta para esta practica
Paso 05: Al tener al archivo descargado y guardado en una carpeta, vamos a abrir el archivo,
pero en BLOC DE NOTAS para verificar la secuencia
7. Paso 06: se va a repetir el paso y lo vamos guardando en una carpeta
Paso 7 : abrimos SNAP GENE y damos clic en OPEN luego seleccionamos OPEN FILES
Paso 8: Elegimos uno de los documentos que hemos guardado en la carpeta , en este caso lo
registre como A1_Agua contaminada y damos ok. Al seleccionar, nos dirigimos a “Tools” y
seleccionamos Simulate Agarose Gel.
8. Paso 9: En este paso es donde debemos agregar las cepas bacterianas, en los carriles
Seleccionamos 16 (las cepas en total son 13) y el porcentaje 1.0%. En la parte superior se puede
observar una enumeración; es decir son los carriles.
N° de Carriles
9. Paso 10: Para poder agregar las demás cepas, seleccionamos el siguiente número. como se ve
en la imagen al seleccionar el numero 8 nos aparece ese comunicado, lo único es dar clic en
CHOOSE DNA SEQUENCES y se abrirá una pestaña donde se guardó las cepas con sus respectivos
nombres.
Paso 11: Cuando damos clic en ABRIR nos aparecerá un comunicado (no se cambia nada) solo
damos clic en ok.
17. 5. CONCLUSIÓN
Finalmente, se puede destacar la gran utilidad de SNAPGENE que es tan fácil de usar que mi
laboratorio lo adoptó al instante. Ahorra mucho tiempo y dinero, ya que ahora hacemos toda
nuestra clonación en SnapGene primero y detectamos cualquier inconveniente en la estrategia
antes de que nos detenga.
6. CUESTIONARIO
1. ¿indique diferencias entre el ADN Y ARN?
Algunas de las diferencias entre ADN y ARN ya las hemos mencionado, por ejemplo, que el
ADN es de cadena doble y el ARN de cadena simple. Otras diferencias:
- El azúcar que lo componen es diferente. En el ADN es la desoxirribosa y en el ARN la
ribosa
- En las bases nitrogenadas del ARN la Timina se sustituye por Uracilo, siendo entonces
Adenina, Guanina, Citosina.
- El peso molecular del ARN es menor que el del ADN
ARN ADN
Composición
química
Pentosa Posee 𝛽 − 𝐷 𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑜𝑠𝑎 Posee 𝛽 − 𝐷 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑜𝑠𝑎
Base
Adenina, guanina, citosina y
uracilo. Todas ellas en
distintas proporciones
Adenina, guanina, citosina y
timina. La proporción de adenina
es identifica a la timina, lo mismo
ocurre con guanina y citosina
Estructura
Cadena
Los ARN son monocatenarios,
están constituidos por una
sola cadena polinubleotidica
(excepto en algún virus)
El ADN es bicatenario, está
constituido por una doble cadena
polinucleótidas (excepto en
algunos virus)
Configuración
Salvo el ARNt (con estructura
en hoja de trébol), no
presentan una estructura
espacial determinada
Estructura en doble hélice, con
las dos cadenas unidas mediante
el emparejamiento de las bases
A=T y G=C
Función
En el proceso de transcripción
se traslada información
(secuencia de bases) del ADN
a otras moléculas: el ARNm
(mensajero), actúa como
intermediario para llevar la
información contenida en el
ADN al citoplasma.
La traducción de la secuencia
de bases del ARNm se realiza
en los ribosomas (constituidos
por ARNr y proteínas) del
citoplasma. Los ARNt
específicos transportan a los
aminoácidos colocándolos en
el orden exacto para formar la
proteína
La información sobre qué
aminoácidos y en qué orden
deben unirse para producir todas
las proteínas celulares está
codificada en la secuencia de
bases del ADN. Un "gen" se
define como un fragmento de
ADN que contiene la información
para la síntesis de una cadena
polipeptídica
18. 2. ¿Qué es SNAPGENE y como nos serviría en Ingeniería Ambiental?
- SnapGene es un programa de biología molecular utilizado para documentar secuencias
de ADN. proporciona herramientas que le permiten planificar, visualizar y documentar
todos sus procedimientos de biología molecular. Es una aplicación impresionante para
manejar los procedimientos de biología molecular. Proporciona una serie de útiles
herramientas de análisis de secuencias de ADN y soporta una variedad de formatos de
archivo comunes. GSL Biotech SnapGene es un gran recurso de laboratorio que le
ayudará en su visualización y análisis de secuencias de ADN.
- En poder realizar una clonación de microorganismos con potencial biorremediador
3. ¿Qué es el GEN16s y para que tipos de microorganismo sería útil?
- Es un gen común que contiene las huellas de la deriva filogenética en la evolución de las
especies, solo permiten en poder reconocer la distancia filogenética entre especies.
Se utiliza para unos estudios filogenéticos, por su secuencia esta altamente conservada
entre distintas especies.
4. Describir el proceso de electroforesis para el ADN
- Sumergir el sistema conteniendo los geles polimerizados en su tanque correspondiente.
Existen dos tanques de electroforesis y cada uno de ellos lleva dos electrodos: uno de
polo positivo y otro de polo negativo que serán conectados a una fuente de poder.
Asimismo, contiene el buffer de electroforesis para ADN, en este caso el buffer TBE 1X
(Figura N° 9). Al momento de sumergir los geles en el tanque, asegurarse que los pocillos
del gel estén totalmente saturados de buffer.
- Para colocar el ADN en los pocillos es importante mezclar cinco volúmenes de solución
que contiene el ácido nucleico con un volumen del buffer de la muestra de ADN
concentrada 6 veces o buffer de muestra 6X. Añadir un volumen de buffer de la muestra
repartidos en alícuotas, de acuerdo al número de muestras que se colocarán en los
pocillos, sobre un pedazo de lámina extensible de parafina (Figura N° 10). Acto seguido,
añadir cinco volúmenes de cada una de las muestras de ADN sobre las alícuotas de
buffer de la muestra y mezclar totalmente.
- Mediante el uso de puntas de 20 µl proceder a cargar cuidadosamente la muestra en
los pocillos evitando la contaminación del pocillo contiguo
- Considerar el uso de un marcador de peso molecular estándar de ADN para la
determinación del peso molecular de la muestra. Preparar el marcador de acuerdo a las
intrucciones del fabricante.
- Una vez finalizada la colocación del ADN en los pocillos, cubrir el tanque con la tapa y
conectar los cables correspondientes de los electrodos en la fuente de poder.
- Encender la fuente de poder y proceder a seleccionar el voltaje adecuado. El voltaje
dependerá principalmente de las necesidades del operador y del tipo de ADN que es
utilizado. Para el caso de productos de PCR, el voltaje puede estar comprendido entre
75 a 100 voltios. Es importante señalar que en la electroforesis de ADN el valor del
voltaje debe ser constante, a diferencia del valor del amperaje que dependerá
principalmente del valor del voltaje.
- Luego de seleccionar las condiciones de voltaje, iniciar el proceso de la electroforesis.
Durante el proceso se evidenciarán dos frentes de corrida de diferente color y distancia
de migración. Ambos colores, azul oscuro y azul claro corresponden a los colorantes azul
19. de bromofenol y xilene cianol, respectivamente, que conforman el buffer de la muestra.
El xilene cianol en geles de poliacrilamida al 8% migra de manera similar a un fragmento
de ADN de 160 pb, mientras que el azul de bromofenol a esta misma concentración de
poliacrilamida es equivalente a un fragmento de 45 pb. Detener la electroforesis hasta
que ambos frentes de corrida se localicen en la posición deseada por el operador (este
proceso debe ser estandarizado).
- Finalizada la electroforesis proceder al desmontaje del equipo empezando con la
desconexión de los electrodos de la fuente de poder, removiendo el sistema que
contiene el gel de poliacrilamida.
- Levantar lentamente uno o ambos espaciadores a la vez, de tal manera que se vaya
realizando la separación de los vidrios que contienen el gel.
- Remover el gel de uno de los vidrios. Para realizar este proceso se requiere de mucho
cuidado, pues el gel es muy frágil y puede romperse con facilidad. Para desprender el
gel del vidrio, remojarlo nuevamente con buffer de electroforesis y usar uno de los
espaciadores a manera de espátula para levantarlo por una de las puntas. Desplazar el
gel hacia un envase limpio para su respectiva tinción en bromuro de etidio o en nitrato
de plata.
- Los vidrios, los espaciadores y el tanque deberán ser lavados con abundante agua y
detergente que no deje residuos. Posteriormente enjuagarlos con agua destilada y
secarlos a temperatura ambiente o en una estufa a 37° C.
5. ¿Qué es la agarosa?
La agarosa es un producto natural que forma una matriz inerte y no tóxica que supone
una herramienta indispensable en gran cantidad de técnicas de Biología Molecular,
Bioquímica y Biología Celular. Su uso más extendido es para construir geles que
permitan separar moléculas de ADN mediante electroforesis, además de ser utilizada
para fijar moléculas a su estructura como anticuerpos o antígenos. Igualmente se utiliza
para el cultivo celular y microbiología.
6. ¿Qué es un marcado de peso molecular, cuáles son sus tipos?
- Son una herramienta utilizada durante la electroforesis para conocer el tamaño
estimado de un fragmento y muy continuo en usar en laboratorios de biología
molecular. Como la medicina, industria, etc.
20. 7. BIBLIOGRAFIA
Hess, E. J., Jinnah, H. A., Kozak, C. A., & Wilson, M. C. (1992). Spontaneous locomotor
hyperactivity in a mouse mutant with a deletion including the Snap gene on chromosome
2. Journal of Neuroscience, 12(7), 2865-2874.
Bayless, A. M., Zapotocny, R. W., Han, S., Grunwald, D. J., Amundson, K. K., & Bent, A. F.
(2019). The rhg1‐a (Rhg1 low‐copy) nematode resistance source harbors a copia‐family
retrotransposon within the Rhg1‐encoded α‐SNAP gene. Plant direct, 3(8), e00164.
Gibbs, M. How does SnapGene estimate oligonucleotide (primer) melting temperatures (Tm)?.
Matsye, P. D., Lawrence, G. W., Youssef, R. M., Kim, K. H., Lawrence, K. S., Matthews, B. F., &
Klink, V. P. (2012). The expression of a naturally occurring, truncated allele of an α-SNAP gene
suppresses plant parasitic nematode infection. Plant molecular biology, 80(2), 131-155.