This document discusses electrical machines and their operation. It describes how electrical energy can be converted to mechanical energy, with some energy lost to heat and friction. The main types of electrical machines are rotating and stationary, with transformers, motors, generators, AC motors/generators, and DC motors/generators as examples. The document also explains how single loops of wire moving through a magnetic field can generate voltage and current, and how DC current can be derived from an AC waveform.

1. General Idea
Electrical
Machine
Electrical Energy Mechanical Energy
Losses – I2R, friction, etc

2. Types of electrical machines
Types of
electrical
machines
Rotating type Stationary type
Transformers
Motors and
generators
AC motors and
generators
DC motors and
Generators

8. Single loop in a magnetic field –
N S
V
a
position A
b
c
d
N
W
S
E
R1
R2

9. Single loop in a magnetic field –
position B
N S
V
+ve
-ve
F
I
F
I
a
bc
d
N
W
S
E
R1
R2

10. Single loop in a magnetic field –
N S
V
a
b
c position C
d
N
W
S
E
R1
R2

11. Single loop in a magnetic field –
position D
N S
V-ve
+ve
a
cb
d
N
W
S
E
R1
R2
I
F
I
F

12. Single loop in a magnetic field – position A
N S
V
a
b
c
d
N
W
S
E
R1
R2

13. DC from AC
AC waveform
DC waveform

15. N S
V
N
W
S
E
a
Single loop in a magnetic field –
b position A
c
d
CA
CB
1 2

16. Single loop in a magnetic field –
position B
N S
V
+ve
-ve
N
W
S
E
d
bc
a
CB
CA
1 2
I
I
F
F

17. N S
V
N
W
S
E
d
Single loop in a magnetic field –
c position C
b
1 2 a
CB
CA

18. Single loop in a magnetic field –
position D
N S
V
N
W
S
E
a
cb
d
+ve 1 2 -ve
CA
CB
I
I
F
F

19. N S
V
N
W
S
E
a
Single loop in a magnetic field –
b position A
c
d
CA
CB
1 2

20. Converting Impure DC to Pure DC