Correlation and regression.
It shows different aspects of Correlation and regression.
A small comparison of these two is also listed in this presentation.
Correlation and regression.
It shows different aspects of Correlation and regression.
A small comparison of these two is also listed in this presentation.
A brief description of F Test and ANOVA for Msc Life Science students. I have taken the example slides from youtube where an excellent explanation is available.
Here is the link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yQb_ZJnFXw
It is most useful for the students of BBA for the subject of "Data Analysis and Modeling"/
It has covered the content of chapter- Data regression Model
Visit for more on www.ramkumarshah.com.np/
In statistics, regression analysis is a statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables. It includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable (or 'Criterion Variable') changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed. Most commonly, regression analysis estimates the conditional expectation of the dependent variable given the independent variables – that is, the average value of the dependent variable when the independent variables are fixed. Less commonly, the focus is on a quantile, or other location parameter of the conditional distribution of the dependent variable given the independent variables. In all cases, the estimation target is a function of the independent variables called the regression function. In regression analysis, it is also of interest to characterize the variation of the dependent variable around the regression function which can be described by a probability distribution.
The Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient is the non-parametric statistical measure used to study the strength of association between the two ranked variables. This method is applied to the ordinal set of numbers, which can be arranged in order, i.e. one after the other so that ranks can be given to each. This presentation slides explains the procedure to find out the Rank Difference correlation and its applications.
A brief description of F Test and ANOVA for Msc Life Science students. I have taken the example slides from youtube where an excellent explanation is available.
Here is the link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-yQb_ZJnFXw
It is most useful for the students of BBA for the subject of "Data Analysis and Modeling"/
It has covered the content of chapter- Data regression Model
Visit for more on www.ramkumarshah.com.np/
In statistics, regression analysis is a statistical process for estimating the relationships among variables. It includes many techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. More specifically, regression analysis helps one understand how the typical value of the dependent variable (or 'Criterion Variable') changes when any one of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held fixed. Most commonly, regression analysis estimates the conditional expectation of the dependent variable given the independent variables – that is, the average value of the dependent variable when the independent variables are fixed. Less commonly, the focus is on a quantile, or other location parameter of the conditional distribution of the dependent variable given the independent variables. In all cases, the estimation target is a function of the independent variables called the regression function. In regression analysis, it is also of interest to characterize the variation of the dependent variable around the regression function which can be described by a probability distribution.
The Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient is the non-parametric statistical measure used to study the strength of association between the two ranked variables. This method is applied to the ordinal set of numbers, which can be arranged in order, i.e. one after the other so that ranks can be given to each. This presentation slides explains the procedure to find out the Rank Difference correlation and its applications.
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF SUM OF TWO CONTINUOUS VARIABLES AND CONVOLUTIONJournal For Research
All physical subjects, involving random phenomena, something depending upon chance, naturally find their own way to theory of Statistics. Hence there arise relations between the results derived for hose random phenomena in different physical subjects and the concepts of Statistics. Convolution theorem has a variety of applications in field of Fourier transforms and many other situations, but it bears beautiful applications in field of statistics also .Here in this paper authors want to discuss some notions of Electrical Engineering in terms of convolution of some probability distributions.
A Probabilistic Algorithm for Computation of Polynomial Greatest Common with ...mathsjournal
In the earlier work, Knuth present an algorithm to decrease the coefficient growth in the Euclidean algorithm of polynomials called subresultant algorithm. However, the output polynomials may have a small factor which can be removed. Then later, Brown of Bell Telephone Laboratories showed the subresultant in another way by adding a variant called 𝜏 and gave a way to compute the variant. Nevertheless, the way failed to determine every 𝜏 correctly.
In this paper, we will give a probabilistic algorithm to determine the variant 𝜏 correctly in most cases by adding a few steps instead of computing 𝑡(𝑥) when given 𝑓(𝑥) and𝑔(𝑥) ∈ ℤ[𝑥], where 𝑡(𝑥) satisfies that 𝑠(𝑥)𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑡(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑟(𝑥), here 𝑡(𝑥), 𝑠(𝑥) ∈ ℤ[𝑥]
Flip bifurcation and chaos control in discrete-time Prey-predator model irjes
The dynamics of discrete-time prey-predator model are investigated. The result indicates that the
model undergo a flip bifurcation which found by using center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory.
Numerical simulation not only illustrate our results, but also exhibit the complex dynamic behavior, such as the
periodic doubling in period-2, -4 -8, quasi- periodic orbits and chaotic set. Finally, the feedback control method
is used to stabilize chaotic orbits at an unstable interior point.
Regression analysis is a mathematical measure of the average relationship between two or more variables in terms of the original units of the data.
In regression analysis there are two types of variables. The variable whose value is influenced or is to be predicted is called dependent variable and the variable which influences the values or is used for prediction, is called independent variable.
In regression analysis independent variable is also known as regressor or predictor or explanatory variable while the dependent variable is also known as regressed or explained variable.
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Chapter 10: Correlation and Regression
10.2: Regression
Estimation Theory Class (Summary and Revision)Ahmad Gomaa
Summary of important theories and formulas in Estimation theory:
1) Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB)
2) Linear Model
3) Best Linear Unbiased Estimate (BLUE)
4) Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE)
5) Least Squares Estimation (LSE)
6) Bayesian Estimation and MMSE estimation
simple linear regression - brief introductionedinyoka
Goal of regression analysis: quantitative description and
prediction of the interdependence between two or more variables.
• Definition of the correlation
• The specification of a simple linear regression model
• Least squares estimators: construction and properties
• Verification of statistical significance of regression model
Elasticity, Plasticity and elastic plastic analysisJAGARANCHAKMA2
It is actually the basis of structural engineering to study elasticity and plasticity analysis. So people who are also studying in various fields of structure and need to analyze finite element analysis also need to study this basis.
Data Centers - Striving Within A Narrow Range - Research Report - MCG - May 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) expects to see demand and the changing evolution of supply, facilitated through institutional investment rotation out of offices and into work from home (“WFH”), while the ever-expanding need for data storage as global internet usage expands, with experts predicting 5.3 billion users by 2023. These market factors will be underpinned by technological changes, such as progressing cloud services and edge sites, allowing the industry to see strong expected annual growth of 13% over the next 4 years.
Whilst competitive headwinds remain, represented through the recent second bankruptcy filing of Sungard, which blames “COVID-19 and other macroeconomic trends including delayed customer spending decisions, insourcing and reductions in IT spending, energy inflation and reduction in demand for certain services”, the industry has seen key adjustments, where MCG believes that engineering cost management and technological innovation will be paramount to success.
MCG reports that the more favorable market conditions expected over the next few years, helped by the winding down of pandemic restrictions and a hybrid working environment will be driving market momentum forward. The continuous injection of capital by alternative investment firms, as well as the growing infrastructural investment from cloud service providers and social media companies, whose revenues are expected to grow over 3.6x larger by value in 2026, will likely help propel center provision and innovation. These factors paint a promising picture for the industry players that offset rising input costs and adapt to new technologies.
According to M Capital Group: “Specifically, the long-term cost-saving opportunities available from the rise of remote managing will likely aid value growth for the industry. Through margin optimization and further availability of capital for reinvestment, strong players will maintain their competitive foothold, while weaker players exit the market to balance supply and demand.”
Adjusting primitives for graph : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Graph algorithms, like PageRank Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) is an adjacency-list based graph representation that is
Multiply with different modes (map)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector multiply.
2. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector multiply.
Sum with different storage types (reduce)
1. Performance of vector element sum using float vs bfloat16 as the storage type.
Sum with different modes (reduce)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector element sum.
2. Performance of memcpy vs in-place based CUDA based vector element sum.
3. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (memcpy).
4. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Sum with in-place strategies of CUDA mode (reduce)
1. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation - Final Version - 5.23...John Andrews
SlideShare Description for "Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation"
Title: Chatty Kathy: Enhancing Physical Activity Among Older Adults
Description:
Discover how Chatty Kathy, an innovative project developed at the UNC Bootcamp, aims to tackle the challenge of low physical activity among older adults. Our AI-driven solution uses peer interaction to boost and sustain exercise levels, significantly improving health outcomes. This presentation covers our problem statement, the rationale behind Chatty Kathy, synthetic data and persona creation, model performance metrics, a visual demonstration of the project, and potential future developments. Join us for an insightful Q&A session to explore the potential of this groundbreaking project.
Project Team: Jay Requarth, Jana Avery, John Andrews, Dr. Dick Davis II, Nee Buntoum, Nam Yeongjin & Mat Nicholas
As Europe's leading economic powerhouse and the fourth-largest hashtag#economy globally, Germany stands at the forefront of innovation and industrial might. Renowned for its precision engineering and high-tech sectors, Germany's economic structure is heavily supported by a robust service industry, accounting for approximately 68% of its GDP. This economic clout and strategic geopolitical stance position Germany as a focal point in the global cyber threat landscape.
In the face of escalating global tensions, particularly those emanating from geopolitical disputes with nations like hashtag#Russia and hashtag#China, hashtag#Germany has witnessed a significant uptick in targeted cyber operations. Our analysis indicates a marked increase in hashtag#cyberattack sophistication aimed at critical infrastructure and key industrial sectors. These attacks range from ransomware campaigns to hashtag#AdvancedPersistentThreats (hashtag#APTs), threatening national security and business integrity.
🔑 Key findings include:
🔍 Increased frequency and complexity of cyber threats.
🔍 Escalation of state-sponsored and criminally motivated cyber operations.
🔍 Active dark web exchanges of malicious tools and tactics.
Our comprehensive report delves into these challenges, using a blend of open-source and proprietary data collection techniques. By monitoring activity on critical networks and analyzing attack patterns, our team provides a detailed overview of the threats facing German entities.
This report aims to equip stakeholders across public and private sectors with the knowledge to enhance their defensive strategies, reduce exposure to cyber risks, and reinforce Germany's resilience against cyber threats.
1. Simple Linear Regression
The simplest of all machine learning techniques is “Simple Linear Regression”. In this
blog, I will explain in detail the mathematical formulation of Simple Linear Regression
(SLR) and how to:
• Estimate model parameters
• Test significance of parameters
• Test goodness of the model fit
Let me begin with the definition of SLR. A simple linear regression is a statistical
technique used to investigate the relationship between two variables in a non-
deterministic fashion. In general, it is used to estimate an unknown variable (aka
dependent variable) by determining its relationship with a known variable (aka
independent variable).
Model Formulation
An SLR model can be generalized as:
𝑌 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1 𝑥 + 𝜀
where, Y – dependent variable
x – independent variable
ε – random error [we assume ε ~ N(0, σ2
), homogenous and uncorrelated]
β0 – intercept (value of Y, when x = 0)
β1 – slope (change in Y per unit change in x)
An SLR model has 2 components,
• Deterministic (β0 + β1x)
• Random / Non-deterministic (ε)
This random error (ε) characterizes the linear regression model.
2. The regression model, 𝑌𝑖 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1 𝑥𝑖 + 𝜀𝑖 implies that the responses Yi comes from a
normal probability distribution whose means are
𝐸(𝑌|𝑥) = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1 𝑥
And variances are σ2
(the same for all levels of x). Also, any two responses Yi and Yj are
uncorrelated.
Estimating Model Parameters
To determine the values of Yi for each xi, the values of β0 and β1 are not known. Instead,
we have some sample data available.
We have to estimate β0 and β1 of the true regression line from the available data, from
which we get
𝑌𝑖 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1 𝑥𝑖
and estimate the errors,
𝜀𝑖 = 𝑌𝑖 − 𝑌̂𝑖 = 𝑌𝑖 − (𝛽0 + 𝛽1 𝑥𝑖)
Where, 𝑌̂ is the estimated value of 𝑌𝑖
In the following figure below, describing a scatter plot of x vs Y
Which of these lines best fits the data and can be
assumed as the true regression line?
To find the best fit line, we use the “Principle of Least Squares”, which states that the
best fit line is the one having the smallest sum of squares of errors.
(Sum of squares of errors, 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = ∑ 𝜀𝑖
2𝑛
𝑖=1 = ∑ (𝑌𝑖 − 𝑌̂𝑖)2𝑛
𝑖=1 )
4. 𝑆 𝑥𝑦 = ∑(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅𝑖)(𝑌𝑖 − 𝑌̅𝑖)
𝑆 𝑥𝑥 = ∑( 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅𝑖)2
We can thus predict the value of the dependent variable Yi by substituting the values of
𝛽0 and 𝛽1 obtained from equation (10) and (11) in the equation:
𝑌𝑖 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1 𝑥𝑖
Testing Significance of Model Parameters - 𝜷 𝟎 and 𝜷 𝟏
Distribution of 𝜷 𝟏
σ2
determines the amount of variability inherent in the regression model. As the equation
of true line is unknown, an estimate is based on the extent, the sample observation
deviates from the estimated line. This fitted line falls on the mean of the sample data, thus
the standard deviation can be estimated using this line
𝜎2
=
𝑆𝑆𝐸
𝑛 − 2
=
∑ 𝜀𝑖
𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛 − 2
Since each 𝜀𝑖 is normally distributed, each Yi is also normal. And since 𝛽1 is a linear
function of each independent variable Yi, we have:
• 𝛽1is normally distributed
• 𝐸( 𝛽1) = 𝛽1
• 𝑉𝑎𝑟( 𝛽1) = 𝜎𝛽1
2
=
𝜎2
∑(𝑥 𝑖−𝑥̅)2
=
𝜎2
𝑆 𝑥𝑥
Hence,
𝛽1 ~ 𝑁(𝛽1, 𝜎2
𝑆 𝑥𝑥)⁄
𝑠𝑒( 𝛽1) = √
𝜎2
𝑆 𝑥𝑥
5. The assumptions of SLR model states that:
𝜷 𝟏− 𝜷 𝟏
𝟎
√𝝈 𝜷 𝟏
𝟐
~ 𝑵( 𝟎, 𝟏)
Thus, the standardized variable:
𝑇 =
𝛽1 − 𝛽1
0
𝜎 √ 𝑆 𝑥𝑥⁄
=
𝛽1 − 𝛽1
0
𝑠𝑒( 𝛽1)
has a t – distribution with (n-2) degrees of freedom.
Hypothesis Test for slope of regression line:
𝐻0: 𝛽1 = 𝛽1
0
𝐻 𝛼: 𝛽1 ≠ 𝛽1
0
Test statistic, 𝑇0 =
𝛽1− 𝛽1
0
𝑠𝑒(𝛽1)
Reject H0 if | 𝑡| ≥ 𝑡 𝛼 2 ,𝑛−2⁄
The most general assumption is 𝐻0: 𝛽1 = 0 versus 𝐻 𝛼: 𝛽1 ≠ 0
In this case, rejecting H0 implies that there is no significant relation between x and Y.
Distribution of 𝜷 𝟎
Using a similar approach as that of 𝛽1, we get,
𝛽0 ~ 𝑁(𝛽0, 𝜎𝛽0
2
)
where, 𝜎𝛽0
2
= 𝜎2
[
1
𝑛
+
𝑥̅2
∑(𝑥 𝑖− 𝑥̅)2
] = 𝜎2
[
1
𝑛
+
𝑥̅2
𝑆 𝑥𝑥
]
Also,
𝜷 𝟎− 𝜷 𝟎
𝟎
√𝝈 𝜷 𝟎
𝟐
~ 𝑵( 𝟎, 𝟏)
Thus, the standardized variable,
𝑇 =
𝛽0 − 𝛽0
0
𝑠𝑒( 𝛽0)
has a t – distribution with (n-2) degrees of freedom
6. Hypothesis Test for slope of regression line
𝐻0: 𝛽0 = 𝛽0
0
𝐻 𝛼: 𝛽0 ≠ 𝛽0
0
Test statistic, 𝑇0 =
𝛽0− 𝛽0
0
𝑠𝑒(𝛽0)
Reject H0 if | 𝑡| ≥ 𝑡 𝛼 2 ,𝑛−2⁄
We are generally more interested in the slope of the model than the intercept. So, to
minimize bias, we leave 𝛽0 in the model.
Testing Goodness of Model Fit
Recall,
• Error sum of squares, 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = ∑ (𝑌𝑖 − 𝑌̂𝑖)2𝑛
𝑖=1 is the sum of deviations about the
least square line.
• Total sum of squares, 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = ∑ (𝑌𝑖 − 𝑌̅𝑖)2𝑛
𝑖=1 is the sum of deviation about the
horizontal line
7. Note that, SSE < SST.
SSE / SST represents the proportion of variation that cannot be explained by the
Simple Linear Regression.
The Coefficient of Determination, denoted by R2
is given by
𝑅2
= 1 −
𝑆𝑆𝐸
𝑆𝑆𝑇
R2
represents the proportion of variation explained by the Simple Linear
Regression.
❖ Higher the value of R2
, better is the model in explaining the variation in Y.