Simon's model of problem solving is a three-phase process that can proceed linearly or iteratively. The phases are: 1. Intelligence phase where the problem is identified and information is collected. 2. Design phase where several possible solutions to the problem are developed. 3. Choice phase where the alternatives are evaluated and one solution is chosen for implementation. The model depicts problem solving as a flow between the phases, with the ability to return to previous phases for refinement.

1. Prepared by: Digvijay Singh Karakoti

2. It is a three-phase model of problem solving.
Simon’s model continues to withstand the test of time and, even today,
serves as the basis of most models of management decision making.
Notice that the model depicts the problem-solving process as a flow of
events that can proceed in either a linear or iterative fashion.
That is, at any point in the process, the problem solver may choose to
return to the previous step(s) for additional refinement.

3. Intelligence Design Choice
Reality
of
Situati
on
ImplementationOutcome
Success
Failure
Model Validation Solution Testing
Figure: Simon’s Model of Problem Solving

4. The problem is identified, and information is collected
concerning the problem.
This can be a long process, as the decision to be
made comes from the information.
The intelligence stage may involve, for example, comparing the
current status of a project or process with its plan.
The end result of the intelligence phase is a decision statement.

5. The design phase develops several possible solutions for the
problem.
This phase may involve a great deal of research into the
available options.

6. In this phase, we evaluate the alternatives that we developed
in the design phase and choose one of them.
The end product of this phase is a decision that we can carry
out.

7. The decision that is ultimately carried out.
The intelligence, design and choice we have made will be
implemented in this phase.

8. After implementing the previous phases, we find the outcome.
If the outcome is a failure then we have to start the procedure
again or just go to the previous phase and check for any
mistake or error.
And if the outcome is a success then we will compare it with
the reality of situation to check whether the decision is
required one or not.