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silage mycotoxins
This document discusses mycotoxins, which are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi that can contaminate foods and animal feeds. It identifies several common mycotoxins (ochratoxin, T-2 toxin, fumonisin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone) and the fungi that produce them (Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium). The document then discusses the effects of mycotoxin consumption, including reduced feed intake, neurological, estrogenic, hepatotoxic and immunotoxic effects. It also discusses strategies to reduce mycotoxin absorption and experimental data on the effectiveness of feed additives to reduce aflatoxin M1 levels in milk.
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silage mycotoxins
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- 3. Mycotoxigenic Fungi REDUCED ORREFUSED INTAKE NEUROLOGICAL ESTROGENIC HEPATOTOXIC IMMUNOTOXIC Fink-Gremmels 2008The contribution of silage to total intake of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) was 3.5 and 2.9 times greater, respectively.
- 4. Fink-Gremmels 2008 Rumen detoxificationcapacity might be saturable some mycotoxins have a high carry-over rate from feed to milk Aflatoxin M1
- 5. Comparison of environmentalconditions for fungal growth and toxin production by some common fungal species Comparison of environmental conditions for fungal growth and toxin production by some common fungal species (data from Sweeney and Dobson, 1998)
- 6. Mycotoxins in silages:more recent findings Adapted from Cheli et al. 2013
- 7. High incidence fungalspecies and potential mycotoxins at harvest and during ensiling Abbreviations: AFLA: aflatoxins; CTN: citrinin; DON: deoxynivalenol; GT: gliotoxin; ZEA: zearalenone +++ increase −−− decrease =: no change adapted from Cheli et al. 2013
- 8. FDA Regulation In theUnited States, FDA has set an action level of 0.5 ppb for AFM1 in milk (Code of Federal Regulations Part 109) • Milk containing AFM1 concentrations above the action level must be discarded, causing significant economic loss for the dairy producer. Similar regulations exist in most developed countries.
- 9. Reduce the absorptionof aflatoxin from the gastrointestinal tract • Clays (bentonite) • Yeast derivatives (non-digestible yeast oligosaccharides)
- 10. Milk aflatoxin concentrations(ppb) Pre-treatment Aflatoxin only Aflatoxin + EFA Experiment 1 Control group 0.11 ± 0.07 2.08 ± 0.8 1.86 ± 0.75 Experimental Lallemand group 0.11 ± 0.07 2.44 ± 1.14 2.25 ± 0.85 Experiment 2 Control group 0.11 ± 0.07 2.08 ± 0.8 1.86 ± 0.75 Experimental Alltech group 0.13 ± 0.094 2.78 ± 1.46 2.69 ± 1.31 MTB-100®-2004 group 0.09 ± 0.04 2.31 ± 1.08 2.12 ± 0.72 MTB-100®-2006 group 0.11 ± 0.07 2.66 ± 1.32 2.45 ± 0.95 Experiment 3 Control group 0.27 ± 0.04 1.64 ± 0.71 1.61 ± 0.83 MTB-100®-2006 group 0.26 ± 0.04 1.62 ± 1.08 1.49 ± 0.91 Astra-Ben 20A® group 0.25 ± 0.05 1.60 ± 0.98 0.61 ± 0.21 AB-20® did not reduce AFM1 concentrations below the action level set by the FDA of 0.5 ppb.
- 11. Experimental feed additive Changein milk aflatoxin concentration (%) Experiment 1 Experimental Lallemand product, 100 g/day +5.2 Experiment 2 MTB-100®-2004, 10 g/day +8.0 MTB-100®-2006, 10 g/day +6.2 MTB-100®, 10 g/day +9.5 Experiment 3 MTB-100®-2006, 50 g/day −5.1 Astra-Ben 20A®, 227 g/day −60.4*
Editor's Notes
- #2 The secondary metabolites, called mycotoxins, are produced to give fungi a competitive edge against other microorganisms, including other fungi.
- #3 The secondary metabolites, called mycotoxins, are produced to give fungi a competitive edge against other microorganisms, including other fungi.
- #4 Mycotoxins contribute to economic losses due to negative effects on livestock productivity, crop losses
- #5 in a review on the role of mycotoxins in the health and performance of dairy cows noted that and can vary with changes in diet or the presence of metabolic diseases. Another point of concern is that (Fink-Gremmels, 2008a).
- #9 The transfer of aflatoxin from feed to milk is of critical importance because it is regulated in most countries.
- #10 Certain feed additives are considered isolating agents that are capable of attaching other substances to their surface without any chemical action and have been used to reduce the absorption of aflatoxin from the gastrointestinal tract. Cation excahage capacity