Siä päätät - hankkeen esitys Haminassa

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South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences

Haminan kaupungintalo & Hyvinvointijohtoryhmä 11.5. klo 13 - 16.

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This document discusses enthalpy balances in distillation. It defines enthalpy and provides enthalpy-concentration diagrams. Equations for total and individual enthalpy balances are presented for the rectifying and stripping sections. The document describes how to solve the equations using an iterative approach with enthalpy data. It also discusses how to calculate the feed enthalpy parameter q using enthalpy values. An example problem calculates q for a benzene-toluene mixture.

2.2 McCabe-Thiele method

South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences

The McCabe-Thiele method is a graphical technique for determining the minimum number of stages required for distillation. It involves plotting the equilibrium relationship between liquid and vapor phases on a diagram and constructing operating lines to represent the mass balances in the rectifying and stripping sections. Intersections between the lines indicate the number of ideal stages. The method was developed in 1925 and remains useful for preliminary column design. Key considerations include the feed composition and enthalpy, reflux ratio, and use of partial condensers or reboilers.

2.1 Material balances

South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences

1.3 Fractionating column

South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences

This document discusses convective mass transfer and mass transfer coefficients. It defines convective mass transfer as the rapid transfer of mass that occurs when there is motion in the transfer medium compared to the slower process of molecular diffusion. Mass transfer coefficients are introduced to simplify calculations of mass transfer rates. Different types of mass transfer coefficients are presented based on whether they are used for gases or liquids, and whether they are expressed in terms of concentrations, mole fractions, or partial pressures. Approximations for typical values of mass transfer coefficients in gas and liquid phases are provided.

Mass transfer equipment

South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences

This document discusses various types of equipment used for mass transfer operations in industry. It describes plate columns and packed columns as the two most widely used for distillation, gas absorption, and stripping. Plate columns are also known as tray columns, where the column is divided into stages by trays. The main types of trays are sieve, bubble-cap, and valve trays. Packed columns can use random, structured, or grid packings. Other equipment discussed include bubble columns, spray columns, and agitated vessels. Selection of mass transfer equipment depends on the process conditions and economics.

Design principles in mass transfer processes

South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences

Interphase mass transfer

South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences

Molecular diffusion

South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences

Overview of mass transfer mechanisms

South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences

Rate and equilibrium in mass transfer processes

South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences

This document discusses the key differences between equilibrium and rate in mass transfer operations. It explains that equilibrium sets the maximum amount that can be transferred, while rate depends on driving force, area, and resistance. Various mass transfer processes are modeled depending on if they reach equilibrium (distillation) or involve diffusion (membranes). Rate equations and ways to increase rate are presented. Phase diagrams for single and multiple component systems are also covered, including lines, points, and how to read information from them. Gibbs phase rule and its application to distillation with two components and phases is explained.

Phase equilibrium

South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences

Supersaturation in crystallization

South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences

This document discusses supersaturation and solubility. It defines key terms like solubility, saturated solutions, and supersaturated solutions. Supersaturation occurs when the concentration of a solute is higher than the solubility limit. This drives crystallization. The document presents different ways to express the level of supersaturation, like concentration driving force and relative supersaturation. It provides an example calculation for sucrose in water. Finally, it notes that concentration units like g/kg solution can impact supersaturation values.

Methods for crystallization

South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences

Uses and advantages of crystallization

South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences

Introduction to crystallization

South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences

This document provides an introduction to the process of crystallization. It explains that crystallization involves arranging atoms or molecules into rigid crystals from solutions or melts. Crystallization is widely used for separation and purification in industry. The key steps of crystallization are achieving supersaturation of a solution, nucleation of seed crystals, and crystal growth until saturation is reached. Common methods to supersaturate solutions include changing temperature, evaporation, or adding anti-solvents. The objectives of crystallization are typically to achieve high yields, narrow crystal size distributions, maximum purity, and specific morphologies in an economic process.

Phase diagrams

South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences

This document discusses phase diagrams and their use in understanding the phases of single and multiple substances under different temperature and pressure conditions. It explains key points such as lines of equilibrium, triple points, critical points, and how to read binary phase diagrams showing the phases of systems with two components as a function of temperature and concentration. Examples of phase diagrams are provided for water and a simple binary system.

Solutions and solubility

South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences

This document discusses solubility and solutions. It defines key terms like solute, solvent, solution, soluble and insoluble. It explains that solubility depends on properties of the solute and solvent, as well as temperature and pressure. Polar and nonpolar substances are discussed. Solubility curves are presented to show how solubility changes with temperature. Supersaturated solutions are defined and methods for creating them explained, including cooling an unsaturated solution. Concentration units are also covered.