This document discusses networking techniques including Frame Relay and OSPF. It begins with an introduction to Frame Relay, describing its components and operation at the data link layer. It then explains OSPF, including its use of the Dijkstra algorithm for routing, key terms like links and routers, and how it is configured on Cisco devices. The presentation provides an overview of these common wide area network protocols.

1. HIMALAYAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
& MANAGEMENT
10/22/2013
1

2. NETWORKING TECHNIQUE
FRAME RELAY
&
OSPF
PRESENT & DESIGN BY:SHUBHAM KATIYAR
B.TECH 6TH SEM.
ROLL NO. :-1046510033
10/22/2013
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3. Cisco Icons and Symbols
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4. Router

5. Network Switches..
A network switch is a small hardware device that joins
multiple computers together within one Local Area
Network(LAN). Technically switches operate at Data-link
Layer. These are almost like HUBS. But unlike HUBS
network switches are capable of inspecting data as it is
recieved, determining the source and destination device of
each packet, and forwarding them appropriately.

6. OSI Model
 OSI model consists of seven layers and provides
standards for computer communication
 Physical layer is responsible for actual transmission of
bits over the medium
 Data Link layer is responsible for node to node delivery
of frames
 Network layer is responsible for end to end delivery of
packets, and routing

7. OSI Model
 Transport layer is responsible for end to end delivery of
the entire message
 Session layer is responsible for establishing, managing
and terminating sessions
 Presentation layer is responsible for
translation, encryption and data compression
 Application layer is responsible for providing access to
the network

8. FRAMEisRELAY
Frame relay a packet switched connection oriented
WAN service .It operates at the Data link layer of OSI
Model.
Frame carry data between user devices called
Data terminal equipment (DTE) and Data
communication equipment ( DCE) at the edge of the
WAN.

9. Introducing Frame Relay

10.  Frame relay is a Scalable WAN solution that is often
used as an alternative to leased line when leased line
prove to be cost prohibitive.
 Frame relay is a non broadcast multi access
(
NBMA) medium which means that broadcast traffic is
not allowed to traverse Frame relay traffic.

11. Frame Relay Components - I

12. Frame Relay Components - II
 The basic terms associated with the Frame Relay
network are as follows:
 Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)
 Data Communications Equipment (DCE)
 Access link
 Local access rate
 DLCI
 LMI
 Committed Information (CIR)

13. DLCI(Data Link Connection identifier) & LMI
(local management interface)…

15. 15

16. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
 OSPF is an open standards routing protocol
 This works by using the Dijkstra algorithm
 OSPF provides the following features:
 Minimizes routing update traffic
 Allows scalability (e.g. RIP is limited to 15 hops)
 Has unlimited hop count
 Supports VLSM/CIDR
 Allows multi-vendor deployment (open standard)
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17. OSPF Terms
Link
Backbone area
Router ID
Internal routers
Neighbours
Area Border Router
Adjacency
OSPF Area
(ABR)
Autonomous System
Boundary Router
(ASBR)
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18. Link
A network or router interface assigned to a given
network
Link (interface) will have "state" information
associated with it
 Status (up or down)
 IP Address
 Network type (e.g. Fast Ethernet)
 Bandwidth
 Addresses of other routers attached to this interface
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19. OSPF Term: Link
A link is a network or router interface assigned to any given
network
This link, or interface, will have state information associated
with it (up or down) as well as one or more IP addresses
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20. OSPF Term: Link State
Status of a link between two routers
Information is shared between directly connected routers.
This information propagates throughout the network unchanged and
is also used to create a shortest path first (SPF) tree.
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21. Router ID
 The Router ID (RID) is an IP address used to identify the router
 Cisco chooses the Router ID by using the highest IP address of all
configured loopback interfaces
 If no loopback interfaces are configured with addresses, OSPF will
choose the highest IP address of all active physical interfaces.
 You can manually assign the router ID.
 The RID interface MUST always be up, therefore loopbacks are
preferred
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22. Neighbours
 Neighbours are two or more routers that have an
interface on a common network
 E.g. two routers connected on a serial link
 E.g. several routers connected on a common Ethernet
or Frame relay network
 Communication
takes place between / among
neighbours
 neighbours form "adjacencies"
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23. Adjacency
 A relationship between two routers that permits the
direct exchange of route updates
 Not all neighbours will form adjacencies
 This is done for reasons of efficiency – more later
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24. OSPF Design
Each router connects to the backbone called area 0, or the backbone area.
Routers that connect other areas to the backbone within an AS are called Area Border Routers (ABRs). One
interface must be in area 0.
OSPF runs inside an autonomous system, but can also connect multiple autonomous systems together. The
router that connects these ASes together is called an Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR).
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25. AREA TERMINOLOGY
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26. OSPF Configuration
 OSPF Process ID number is irrelevant. It can be the same on every





router on the network
The arguments of the network command are the network number
(10.0.0.0) and the wildcard mask (0.255.255.255)
Wildcards - A 0 octet in the wildcard mask indicates that the
corresponding octet in the network must match exactly
A 255 indicates that you don’t care what the corresponding octet is
in the network number
A network and wildcard mask combination of 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 would
match 1.1.1.1 only, and nothing else.
The network and wildcard mask combination of 1.1.0.0 0.0.255.255
would match anything in the range 1.1.0.0–1.1.255.255
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27. OSPF Configuration -1
20.0.0.2
S0
20.0.0.1
R1
10.0.0.1
S0
S1
R2
30.0.0.1
30.0.0.2R3
S0
40.0.0.1
E0
E0
A
10.0.0.2
40.0.0.2
B
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28. OSPF Configuration -1
S0
S1
20.0.0.2
30.0.0.1
R2
R1
S0
R3
S0
E0
10.0.0.1
A
20.0.0.1
30.0.0.2
10.0.0.2
E0
40.0.0.1
40.0.0.2
B
R1#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#router ospf 1
R1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
R1(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
R1(config-router)#^Z
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29. OSPF Configuration -2
S0
S1
200.0.0.8/30
R2
200.0.0.12/30
R1
R3
S0
S0
E0
E0
200.0.0.16/28
A
200.0.0.32/27
B
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30. OSPF Configuration -2
S0
S1
200.0.0.10
R2
255.255.255.252
R1
S0
200.0.0.17
200.0.0.13
200.0.0.9
255.255.255.252
S0
R3
200.0.0.14
E0
E0
255.255.255.240
200.0.0.18
A
200.0.0.33
255.255.255.224
B
200.0.0.34
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31. OSPF Configuration -2
S0
S1
200.0.0.10
R2
255.255.255.252
R1
S0
200.0.0.17
200.0.0.13
200.0.0.9
255.255.255.252
S0
R3
200.0.0.14
E0
E0
255.255.255.240
A
255.255.255.224
200.0.0.18
R1#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R1(config)#router ospf 1
R1(config-router)#network 200.0.0.16 0.0.0.15 area 0
R1(config-router)#network 200.0.0. 8 0.0.0.3 area 0
R1(config-router)#^Z
200.0.0.33
200.0.0.34
B
R3#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
R3(config)#router ospf 1
R3(config-router)#network 200.0.0. 32 0.0.0.31 area 0
R3(config-router)#network 200.0.0. 12 0.0.0.3 area 0
R3(config-router)#^Z
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32. 10/22/2013
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