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Year 9 MWSC
        2012
         PSS
A short story is a narrative that has a
 beginning, a middle and an ending.

 The orientation (beginning) tells the reader
  who, what, when, where and why.
 The complication (middle) is the problem or
  the conflict the main character or characters
  must face and solve.
 The resolution (ending) is the solving of the
  problem or conflict for better or for worse.
 Purpose:   What is the writer‟s purpose? Is it
  to entertain or to make the audience think?
 Plot: How are the events of the story
  arranged? Are they interesting or exciting?
 Setting: Where and when does the action
  take place? Does the setting have an
  important bearing upon the action?
 Theme: What is the main underlying idea,
  to which the author would like the audience
  to respond?
 Narrator:  Who is telling the story? Is it a
  character in the story, an observer or the
  writer?
 Characters: Who are the characters? Are
  they true to life? Why are they important?
 Conflict: What struggle or problems occur
  between the characters or what inner
  conflict does the character need to resolve?
 Climax: What is the most exciting point in
  the story?
 Title: How does the title relate to the story?
 Orientation: How does the beginning arouse
  your interest?
 Complication: What are the problems that
  hinder the main characters from achieving
  their goal? How does the writer build up the
  suspense?
 Resolution: Is the ending of the story a
  surprise? Are the problems solved?
 Start
      with a situation – a problem to
 be resolved for your protagonist.

 Then present the problems that can
  occur:
 Misunderstandings
 mistaken identity
    lost opportunities
 Thefinal step is to show how you
 can solve the problem.

 Love Triumphs
 good conquers evil
 honesty is the best policy
 united we stand
 Every piece of writing must have a
 message or thread of meaning running
 through it and this theme is the skeleton
 or framework on which you hang your
 plot, characters, setting etc.

 As you write, make sure that every word
 is related to this theme.
 Aneffective short story convers a
 very short time span. It may be one
 single event that is momentous in
 the life of your main character or
 the story may take place in a single
 day or even an hour.

 Try to use the events you depict to
 illustrate your theme.
 You do not have to be predictable when
  deciding on settings. For example, some of
  the most frightening settings for thrillers are
  not cemeteries or lonely allies, but normal
  places where readers can imagine
  themselves.
 Appeal to your reader‟s five senses to make
  your settings more real.
 Around three main characters is all a
 short story can effectively deal with
 because too many will distract you
 from your theme.

 Decide on the characteristics that
 are important for your theme and
 stick to those.
 Never underestimate the power of
 dialogue in conveying character, but
 it must contribute to the main focus
 of the story. Every word you put
 into the mouth of your characters
 must contribute to revealing your
 theme……if it doesn‟t, be ruthless
 and cut it.
 Visual   imagery also draws the reader
 in.

 Capture the reader‟s interest in, and
 empathy for, your characters. You
 need to paint such a vivid picture
 that the reader can imagine
 herself/himself to be in the scene.
 Beginwith an arresting first paragraph or
 lead, enough to grab the readers and make
 them curious to know what happens next.

 Makesure the plot works – there must be a
 beginning, middle and end.

 Don‟tsignal the twist ending too soon – try to
 keep the reader guessing until the last
 moment.
 The  narrator is the one who tells the reader
  what is going on. It is through the eyes of
  the narrator that the events and characters
  are seen.
 The narrator may be one of the characters in
  the story or someone who observes what
  happens.
 We use the term narrative point of view
  (POV) to describe the way in which the
  narrator sees the events that make up the
  story.
 The  First Person
 “I” singular or “we” plural
This gives the most personal view of events, as
if told by a firsthand witness or witnesses.

 The Second Person
 “You” – singular and plural
 Seldom used for telling stories as this POV is
  used when giving instructions and commands.
 The Third Person
 “He”, “She”, “Tom” – singular
 Or “They” – plural


Offers a view of events and characters that is
not limited by time or place. The main form is
called the “Omniscient POV”. This POV is the
most flexible.
 Thenext screen shows the first few lines of a
 short story called The Breadwinner.
The Breadwinner

   The parents of a boy of fourteen were
waiting for him to come home with his first
week‟s wages.
  The mother had laid the table and was
cutting some slices of bread and butter for
tea. She was a little woman with a pinched
face and spare body, dressed in a blue blouse
and skirt, the front of the skirt covered with a
starched white apron. She looked tired and
frequently sighed heavily.
The Breadwinner

  The parents of a boy of fourteen were
waiting for him to come home with his first
week‟s wages.
  The mother had laid the table and was
cutting some slices of bread and butter for
tea. She was a little woman with a pinched
face and spare body, dressed in a blue blouse
and skirt, the front of the skirt covered with a
starched white apron. She looked tired and
frequently sighed heavily.
The title of the story relates to the main issue
The Breadwinner

  The parents of a boy of fourteen were
waiting for him to come home with his first
week‟s wages.
  The mother had laid the table and was
cutting some slices of bread and butter for
tea. She was a little woman with a pinched
face and spare body, dressed in a blue blouse
and skirt, the front of the skirt covered with a
starched white apron. She looked tired and
frequently sighed heavily.
Orientation: the characters are introduced
The Breadwinner

  The parents of a boy of fourteen were
waiting for him to come home with his first
week‟s wages.
  The mother had laid the table and was
cutting some slices of bread and butter for
tea. She was a little woman with a pinched
face and spare body, dressed in a blue blouse
and skirt, the front of the skirt covered with a
starched white apron. She looked tired and
frequently sighed heavily.
Little to eat - poverty
The Breadwinner

   The parents of a boy of fourteen were
waiting for him to come home with his first
week‟s wages.
  The mother had laid the table and was
cutting some slices of bread and butter for
tea. She was a little woman with a pinched
face and spare body, dressed in a blue blouse
and skirt, the front of the skirt covered with a
starchedwhite apron. She looked tired and
frequently sighed heavily.
Description of mother suggests financial hardship and that
she is struggling with a problem
The Breadwinner

The parents of a boy of fourteen were waiting
for him to come home with his first week‟s
wages.
The mother had laid the table and was cutting
some slices of bread and butter for tea. She
was a little woman with a pinched face and
spare body, dressed in a blue blouse and
skirt,the front of the skirt covered with a
starchedwhite apron. She looked tired and
frequently sighed heavily
Clean and neat – even if little to eat the table is still laid
out
He was a soft-faced man wearing rimless
glasses, but he handled the automatic with
unmistakable competence.
  I was rather surprised at my calmness when I
learned the reason for his presence. „It‟s a
pity to die in ignorance,‟ I said. „Who hired
you to kill me?‟
  His voice was mild. „I could be an enemy in
my own right.‟
 We   walk down to the busy intersection, me
  trailing behind Harry. We strut our stuff
  across the road. I can feel eyes watching
  and heads turning as we pass. In fact, I‟m
  surprised we haven‟t caused a collision with
  all the drivers watching.
  “Nice dog mate” remarks a passer-by.
 MWSC Year 9 student
 It‟squiet in here, cool leather pressed
  against my cheek. I can hear noises, my
  relatives lie next to me. Suddenly sunlight
  pierces the darkness, glinting off my golden
  skin. I am flying through the sky and as I
  crash onto the table top a Freddo frog slides
  past me.
 MWSC Year 9 student
Now it is your turn!

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Short stories

  • 1. Year 9 MWSC 2012 PSS
  • 2. A short story is a narrative that has a beginning, a middle and an ending.  The orientation (beginning) tells the reader who, what, when, where and why.  The complication (middle) is the problem or the conflict the main character or characters must face and solve.  The resolution (ending) is the solving of the problem or conflict for better or for worse.
  • 3.  Purpose: What is the writer‟s purpose? Is it to entertain or to make the audience think?  Plot: How are the events of the story arranged? Are they interesting or exciting?  Setting: Where and when does the action take place? Does the setting have an important bearing upon the action?  Theme: What is the main underlying idea, to which the author would like the audience to respond?
  • 4.  Narrator: Who is telling the story? Is it a character in the story, an observer or the writer?  Characters: Who are the characters? Are they true to life? Why are they important?  Conflict: What struggle or problems occur between the characters or what inner conflict does the character need to resolve?  Climax: What is the most exciting point in the story?
  • 5.  Title: How does the title relate to the story?  Orientation: How does the beginning arouse your interest?  Complication: What are the problems that hinder the main characters from achieving their goal? How does the writer build up the suspense?  Resolution: Is the ending of the story a surprise? Are the problems solved?
  • 6.  Start with a situation – a problem to be resolved for your protagonist.  Then present the problems that can occur:  Misunderstandings  mistaken identity  lost opportunities
  • 7.  Thefinal step is to show how you can solve the problem.  Love Triumphs  good conquers evil  honesty is the best policy  united we stand
  • 8.  Every piece of writing must have a message or thread of meaning running through it and this theme is the skeleton or framework on which you hang your plot, characters, setting etc.  As you write, make sure that every word is related to this theme.
  • 9.  Aneffective short story convers a very short time span. It may be one single event that is momentous in the life of your main character or the story may take place in a single day or even an hour.  Try to use the events you depict to illustrate your theme.
  • 10.  You do not have to be predictable when deciding on settings. For example, some of the most frightening settings for thrillers are not cemeteries or lonely allies, but normal places where readers can imagine themselves.  Appeal to your reader‟s five senses to make your settings more real.
  • 11.  Around three main characters is all a short story can effectively deal with because too many will distract you from your theme.  Decide on the characteristics that are important for your theme and stick to those.
  • 12.  Never underestimate the power of dialogue in conveying character, but it must contribute to the main focus of the story. Every word you put into the mouth of your characters must contribute to revealing your theme……if it doesn‟t, be ruthless and cut it.
  • 13.  Visual imagery also draws the reader in.  Capture the reader‟s interest in, and empathy for, your characters. You need to paint such a vivid picture that the reader can imagine herself/himself to be in the scene.
  • 14.  Beginwith an arresting first paragraph or lead, enough to grab the readers and make them curious to know what happens next.  Makesure the plot works – there must be a beginning, middle and end.  Don‟tsignal the twist ending too soon – try to keep the reader guessing until the last moment.
  • 15.  The narrator is the one who tells the reader what is going on. It is through the eyes of the narrator that the events and characters are seen.  The narrator may be one of the characters in the story or someone who observes what happens.  We use the term narrative point of view (POV) to describe the way in which the narrator sees the events that make up the story.
  • 16.  The First Person  “I” singular or “we” plural This gives the most personal view of events, as if told by a firsthand witness or witnesses.  The Second Person  “You” – singular and plural  Seldom used for telling stories as this POV is used when giving instructions and commands.
  • 17.  The Third Person  “He”, “She”, “Tom” – singular  Or “They” – plural Offers a view of events and characters that is not limited by time or place. The main form is called the “Omniscient POV”. This POV is the most flexible.
  • 18.  Thenext screen shows the first few lines of a short story called The Breadwinner.
  • 19. The Breadwinner The parents of a boy of fourteen were waiting for him to come home with his first week‟s wages. The mother had laid the table and was cutting some slices of bread and butter for tea. She was a little woman with a pinched face and spare body, dressed in a blue blouse and skirt, the front of the skirt covered with a starched white apron. She looked tired and frequently sighed heavily.
  • 20. The Breadwinner The parents of a boy of fourteen were waiting for him to come home with his first week‟s wages. The mother had laid the table and was cutting some slices of bread and butter for tea. She was a little woman with a pinched face and spare body, dressed in a blue blouse and skirt, the front of the skirt covered with a starched white apron. She looked tired and frequently sighed heavily. The title of the story relates to the main issue
  • 21. The Breadwinner The parents of a boy of fourteen were waiting for him to come home with his first week‟s wages. The mother had laid the table and was cutting some slices of bread and butter for tea. She was a little woman with a pinched face and spare body, dressed in a blue blouse and skirt, the front of the skirt covered with a starched white apron. She looked tired and frequently sighed heavily. Orientation: the characters are introduced
  • 22. The Breadwinner The parents of a boy of fourteen were waiting for him to come home with his first week‟s wages. The mother had laid the table and was cutting some slices of bread and butter for tea. She was a little woman with a pinched face and spare body, dressed in a blue blouse and skirt, the front of the skirt covered with a starched white apron. She looked tired and frequently sighed heavily. Little to eat - poverty
  • 23. The Breadwinner The parents of a boy of fourteen were waiting for him to come home with his first week‟s wages. The mother had laid the table and was cutting some slices of bread and butter for tea. She was a little woman with a pinched face and spare body, dressed in a blue blouse and skirt, the front of the skirt covered with a starchedwhite apron. She looked tired and frequently sighed heavily. Description of mother suggests financial hardship and that she is struggling with a problem
  • 24. The Breadwinner The parents of a boy of fourteen were waiting for him to come home with his first week‟s wages. The mother had laid the table and was cutting some slices of bread and butter for tea. She was a little woman with a pinched face and spare body, dressed in a blue blouse and skirt,the front of the skirt covered with a starchedwhite apron. She looked tired and frequently sighed heavily Clean and neat – even if little to eat the table is still laid out
  • 25. He was a soft-faced man wearing rimless glasses, but he handled the automatic with unmistakable competence. I was rather surprised at my calmness when I learned the reason for his presence. „It‟s a pity to die in ignorance,‟ I said. „Who hired you to kill me?‟ His voice was mild. „I could be an enemy in my own right.‟
  • 26.  We walk down to the busy intersection, me trailing behind Harry. We strut our stuff across the road. I can feel eyes watching and heads turning as we pass. In fact, I‟m surprised we haven‟t caused a collision with all the drivers watching. “Nice dog mate” remarks a passer-by.  MWSC Year 9 student
  • 27.  It‟squiet in here, cool leather pressed against my cheek. I can hear noises, my relatives lie next to me. Suddenly sunlight pierces the darkness, glinting off my golden skin. I am flying through the sky and as I crash onto the table top a Freddo frog slides past me.  MWSC Year 9 student
  • 28. Now it is your turn!