outline
General Appearance of Camel
Types of camel
Feeding behavior of camel
digestive systems of camels
Mouth
outline
Pharynx and esophagus
Stomach
Intestines
Difference between camel and true ruminant digestive system
outline
General Appearance of Camel
Types of camel
Feeding behavior of camel
digestive systems of camels
Mouth
outline
Pharynx and esophagus
Stomach
Intestines
Difference between camel and true ruminant digestive system
In this book following points has been defined and described.
Define anatomy
Discuss the different fields of anatomy
Identify and describe the integumentary system
Identify and describe the musculoskeletal system
Identify and describe the cardiovascular system
Identify and describe the lymphatic system
Identify and describe the digestive system
Identify and describe the respiratory system
Identify and describe the endocrine system
Identify and describe the urinary system
Identify and describe the reproductive system
Identify and describe the nervous system and special senses
Specialities in Birds respiratory system: Air sacs, specialized parabronchi , Unidirectional flow
Benifits of air sacs, Benefit of 2 respiratory cycles
Bird-like respiratory systems in dinosaurs
Rate of breathings in birds
1 . EXCRETION
Waste product removal e.g. nitrogenous – uric acid (mammals urea , fish ammonia)
Kidneys – secrete uric acid (product of protein metabolism)
Gastro-intestinal tract secretions e.g. bile
No sweat glands
Salt glands (water birds)
Water loss – lungs
2. URINARY SYSTEM
• Major organs are the kidneys, the ureter and the cloaca.
• No urinary bladder in bird.
3 . ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY
Avian kidneys are paired fitted closely the bony depression on the dorsal wall of the pelvis . Each kidney is divided into three lobes.
4 .
5 . NEPHRON
Two kinds of nephrons.
1. Reptilian nephron
2. Mammalian nephron
• 6 .
• 7. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AVIAN AND MAMMALIAN KIDNEY
8. RENAL PORTAL SYSTEM
Uric acid is formed in the liver as well as the kidneys of the birds from ammonia, which is the most toxic protein metabolic by product .
9. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
Fluid pressure forces water and dissolved substances from glomerular blood to Bowman’s capsule .
Filtration averages 125 ml/min form two kidneys.
10 . TUBULAR REABSORPTION
Return of the useful substances from the filtrate to the blood capillaries or interstitial fluid.
11 . COUNTER CURRENT MECHANISM
This mechanism works in the loop of henle to increase water reabsorbed from the descending limb as a result of salt reabsorbed from the ascending limb .
12 . POST RENAL URINE MODIFICATION
After the presentation of urine to cloaca their might be retrograde flow or backward flow of urine into the colon.
In the colon reabsorption of excessive amount of water as well as sodium ion takes place.
13 . HORMONES RESPONSIBLE FOR URINE FORMATION
Arginine vasotocin ,Angiotensin ׀׀ ,Aldosterone ,ANP (arterial natriuretic peptide)
Aldosterone is responsible for the reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the filtrate.
In this book following points has been defined and described.
Define anatomy
Discuss the different fields of anatomy
Identify and describe the integumentary system
Identify and describe the musculoskeletal system
Identify and describe the cardiovascular system
Identify and describe the lymphatic system
Identify and describe the digestive system
Identify and describe the respiratory system
Identify and describe the endocrine system
Identify and describe the urinary system
Identify and describe the reproductive system
Identify and describe the nervous system and special senses
Specialities in Birds respiratory system: Air sacs, specialized parabronchi , Unidirectional flow
Benifits of air sacs, Benefit of 2 respiratory cycles
Bird-like respiratory systems in dinosaurs
Rate of breathings in birds
1 . EXCRETION
Waste product removal e.g. nitrogenous – uric acid (mammals urea , fish ammonia)
Kidneys – secrete uric acid (product of protein metabolism)
Gastro-intestinal tract secretions e.g. bile
No sweat glands
Salt glands (water birds)
Water loss – lungs
2. URINARY SYSTEM
• Major organs are the kidneys, the ureter and the cloaca.
• No urinary bladder in bird.
3 . ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY
Avian kidneys are paired fitted closely the bony depression on the dorsal wall of the pelvis . Each kidney is divided into three lobes.
4 .
5 . NEPHRON
Two kinds of nephrons.
1. Reptilian nephron
2. Mammalian nephron
• 6 .
• 7. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AVIAN AND MAMMALIAN KIDNEY
8. RENAL PORTAL SYSTEM
Uric acid is formed in the liver as well as the kidneys of the birds from ammonia, which is the most toxic protein metabolic by product .
9. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
Fluid pressure forces water and dissolved substances from glomerular blood to Bowman’s capsule .
Filtration averages 125 ml/min form two kidneys.
10 . TUBULAR REABSORPTION
Return of the useful substances from the filtrate to the blood capillaries or interstitial fluid.
11 . COUNTER CURRENT MECHANISM
This mechanism works in the loop of henle to increase water reabsorbed from the descending limb as a result of salt reabsorbed from the ascending limb .
12 . POST RENAL URINE MODIFICATION
After the presentation of urine to cloaca their might be retrograde flow or backward flow of urine into the colon.
In the colon reabsorption of excessive amount of water as well as sodium ion takes place.
13 . HORMONES RESPONSIBLE FOR URINE FORMATION
Arginine vasotocin ,Angiotensin ׀׀ ,Aldosterone ,ANP (arterial natriuretic peptide)
Aldosterone is responsible for the reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the filtrate.
Define comparative anatomy.
Classifiy the phylum chordata.
Discuss the limb development of tetrapods.
Describe the features of tetrapods.
Explain the structure and function of the limb of tetrapods.
Discuss homology and analogy in relation to the limb of tetrapods.
Presented by Dr. Farhana Taher Sumya
Guided by Dr. Zinnat Ara Yesmin
1. The places where limbs emerge from the body axis depend upon Hox gene expression.
2. The specification of the limb field into a hindlimb or forelimb bud is determined by Tbx4 and
Tbx5 expression.
3. The proximal-distal axis of the developing limb is determined by the induction of the ectoderm at the dorsal-ventral boundary to form the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). This induction is caused by an FGF, probably FGF10. The AER secretes FGF8, which keeps the underlying mesenchyme proliferative and undifferentiated. This mesenchyme is called the progress zone.
4. As the limb grows outward, the stylopod forms first, then the zeugopod, and the autopod is formed last. Each of these phases involves the expression of Hox genes, and the formation of the autopod involves a reversal of Hox gene expression that distinguishes fish fins from tetrapod limbs.
5. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by the expression of Sonic hedgehog in the posterior mesoderm of the limb bud. This region is called the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA). If the ZPA or Sonic hedgehog-secreting cells or beads are placed in the anterior margin, they establish a second, mirror-image pattern of Hox gene expression and a corresponding mirror-image duplication of the digits.
6. The ZPA is established by the interaction of FGF8 from the AER and mesenchyme made competent to express Sonic hedgehog by its expression of particular Hox genes. Sonic hedgehog acts, probably in an indirect manner, to change the expression of the Hox genes in the limb bud.
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton reaches maximum density around age 21. The skeletal system includes all of the bones and joints in the body. Each bone is a complex living organ that is made up of many cells, protein fibers, and minerals. The skeleton acts as a scaffold by providing support and protection for the soft tissues that make up the rest of the body. this is brief study on skeletal system ,that i prepared for my academic purpose .
please comment
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
5. Skull :
-The skull consist of 3 bones combined with
each other to form the skull.
-The skull consist of cranium , mandible and
hyoid bone.
-The cranium consist of many bones which
combine with each other to form the cranium.
-Those bones are :
Frontal bone-nasal bone-maxillary bone-occipital bone
sphenoid bone-temporal bone-parietal bone
Lacrimal bone-zygomatic bone-incisive bone
Palatine bone-vomer bone-pterygoid bone
Ethmoid bone
11. -Only the frontal paranasal sinus is observed
and divided into cranial –middle and caudal
part.
-The maxillary sinus is small and open directly
to the nasal cavity and called maxillary recess.
12. Mandible:
-The mandible consist of body and 2
ramus.
-The 2 halves of the mandible is not
completely fused with each other by the
mandibular symphysis.
-The masseteric fossa is very deep for
the insertion of the masseter muscle.
17. Vertebrae:
-The vertebrae is a group of bones which
form the vertebral column in which the spinal
cord is found.
-It is divided into :
Cervical(C)
thoracic(T),lumber(L),sacrum(S),and
caudal(Cd)
-The vertebrae formula is :
C=7
T=13
L=7
S=3
Cd=20-23
18. Cervical vertebrae:
-1st vertebra is called atlas.
-2nd vertebra is called axis
-The last vertebra has articulation surface for 1st rib.
22. Thoracic vertebrae:
-It is characterised by long spinous process
-The last 3 vertebrae have accessory
processes
-It has articular surface for the rib
articulation
23.
24. A.Vertebral canal; B.Transverse process;
C. Dorsal spinous process;
D.Vertebral
arch; E. Body;
F. Cranial articular process; H. Cranial costal
fovea.
25.
26.
27. Ribs:
Each rib is a curved rod, which at its dorsal end is movably
articulated to the vertebra, and at its ventral end is either
connected with the sternum, or ends freely. In the dog there are
thirteen pairs of ribs, nine pairs of which are directly connected
with the sternum, while the remaining four end freely and are
known as floating ribs. Each rib is obviously divided into two
parts, a dorsal or vertebral part, and a ventral or sternal
part. The vertebral portion, which forms about two-thirds of
the whole rib, is a flattened, regularly curved rod, completely
ossified. Its dorsal end is rounded, forming the head or
capitulum, which articulates with a concave surface furnished
partly by the corresponding vertebra and partly by the vertebra
next in front. The last three or four however articulate with one
vertebra only
30. Sternum:
This is an elongated cylindrical structure lying in the mid-ventral
wall of the thorax, and is divided into eight segments or
sternebrae. The anterior segment, the presternum (fig. 76, 1)
or manubrium sterni is expanded in front; the next six
segments, which, together form the mesosternum are
elongated, somewhat contracted in the middle and expanded at
the ends. The last segment or xiphisternum (fig. 76, 4) is long
and narrow, and terminates in a flattened expanded plate of
cartilage. The first pair of sternal ribs articulate with the sides of
the presternum, and the remaining pairs between the successive
sternebrae. Between the last sternebra and the xiphisternum
two pairs articulate. Development shows that the sternum is
formed by the union in the middle line of two lateral portions;
this can be well seen in the presternum and xiphisternum of the
puppy, but no traces of this median division remain in the adult
dog.
31.
32. Thoracic cage :
-It is formed :
+Dorsally Thoracic vertebrae
+ventraly Sternum
+Lateraly Ribs
-Thoracic inlet :
+dorsaly 1st thoracic vertebra
+venteraly presternum
+lateraly 1st rib
-Thoracic outlet :
dorsaly last thoracic vertebra
ventraly xiphoid process of sternum
lateraly last rib
35. B.Transverse process; C. Dorsal
spinous process;
E. Body; F. Cranial articular
process;
G. Caudal articular process.
A.Vertebral canal; B.Transverse process;
C. Dorsal spinous process;
D.Vertebral arch;
E. Body; F. Cranial articular process.
36. Sacral and caudal vertebrae:
sacrum (A)
coccygeal or caudal vertebrae (B).
37. From this dorsal view, notice the attachment of the wings of the sacrum
(C) to the ilium (D).
E is the pelvic symphysis
38.
39.
40. Forelimb:
-Forelimb bones are completely
separated from the axial skeleton due
to the absence of clavicle bone in dog;
while communication occur by
muscules.
-Forelimb bones are:
scapula-humerus-radius and ulna-carpusmetacarpus and phalanges.
41.
42. Scapula:
-Scapula is a flat bone which form
the shoulder girdle.
-The ratio between supraspinous
fossa and infraspinous fossa is 1:1.
-The scapular spine end by wide
trunkated acromion and the
tubular spinae is absent.
43.
44. The articular surface, the glenoid cavity (E) is at the distal end of the bone, and the
.supraspinous fossa (C) is cranial to the spinous process (A), or spine of the scapula
The distal end of the spinous process (A) of the dog has an acromium process (B) .
When we dissect the thoracic limb, we will find that the supraspinatous muscle sits in the
supraspinous fossa (C) and that the infraspinatous muscle sits in the infraspinous fossa (D).
Note that the supraspinatous is above (supra) the spine and the infraspinatous fossa is
below (infra) the spine.
This second image shows the medial aspect eht fo left scapula dionelgarpus eht taht ecitoN .
.(E) ytivac dionelg eht fo tcepsa lainarc eht (arpus) evoba si (F) elcrebut
The small process on the supraglenoid tubercle is the corocoid process (G).
The smooth surface corresponds to where the subscapularis muscle lies, and it is known as
the subscapular fossa (H) (don't worry about these muscle names for now). The roughened
surface is the serrated face (I), and it is where the serratus ventralis muscle attaches
45. Humerus:
-It is a long bone which is called also the brachium-The head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity
of the scapula form the shoulder joint.
-The presence of supratrochlear foramen
52. Radius and ulna:
In case of dog the radius and ulna is separated
from each other like human , while in farm
domestic animals ( horse, cattle, sheep, goat,
camel ) the radius and ulna is fused.
54. Bone A is the radius and bone
B is the ulna. Image 1 is the
cranial view, and because the
olecranon (E) curves medially
and the styloid process (F) of
the ulna is found caudal and
lateral to the distal end of the
radius, we can identify these
bones as the left radius and
ulna. Image 2 is then a view of
the lateral aspect of these
bones.
The proximal extremity of the
radius is the head (C), and the
distal extremity is the trochlea
(D).
The ulna consists of the
olecranon (E) proximally and
the styloid process (F) distally.
Notice that the styloid process
resembles a stylus pen.
The trochlea of the humerus sits
within the trochlear notch
(G).
58. Carpus , metacarpus and
phalanges:
Carpus is a group of small bone which form the
wrist joint , it is arranged in rows which differ
from species to another .
No. of carpal bone : 7
No. of bones in the proximal row : 4
No. of bones in the distal row : 4
59.
60.
61. Metacarpal bones is a group of long bones
which form the palm in human hand, the number
of these bones differ from species to another.
No. of metacarpal bones : 5
The first one is the shortest while the III and IV is
the longest .
62. Phalanges is a group of 3 bones which form the
fingers ( except in the first finger 2 bones ) , they
are called 1st , 2nd ,3rd .
The 3rd phalange and the distal part of the 2nd
phalange is coverd by claws.
63.
64.
65. Hind limb:
The hind limb which is the lower limb in human is directly connected to the axial
skeleton through the joint between os coxae
and the sacrum
It consist of :
Os coxae – femur – patella – tibia – fibula – tarsus
– metatarsus –and digits
66.
67. Os coxae :
It is the first bone in the hind limb which form the pelvis
The right and left bone fused with each other by the pelvic symphysis
It consist of 3 bones ilium- ischium and
pubis
The gluteal surface is concave ( spoon like)
68.
69.
70.
71. Femur :
It is a long bone which form the thigh
region.
The head of the femur form the hip joint
with the acetabulum of the os coxae .
The caudal surface characterized by 2
rough lines diverge proximally and distally
towards the extremities called linea
Aspera
The present of the supracondyloid facets.
72.
73.
74.
75. Hip joint:
Hip joint is formed of the head of the femur
with the acetabulum of os coxae.
76. Fibula , tibia and patella :
B= tibia
C= fibula
D = Patella
77. The fibula (B) is lateral to
the tibia (A), and the tibial
tuberocity (C) and tibial
crest (D) are on the cranial
aspect of the tibia. This
means that image one is a
cranial view and image two is
a lateral view of the left
tibia and fibula.
The tibial tuberosity is on
the proximal aspect of the
tibia
78. Stifle joint :
Stifle joint is a compound joint which is
formed of 3 bones (distal extremity of femur
– proximal extremity of tibia – patella)
83. The cluster of bones are the tarsal bones (A), which
make up the tarsus, or hock. The tibial-tarsal joint is
the same as your ankle.
The calcaneus (B) is the large tarsal bone that makes
up the heel of man. Unfortunately, I could not get a
good view to show that the calcaneus is in the lateral
portion of the hock.
The metatarsal bones are labelled C.
Remember that at the tarsus, cranial becomes dorsal
(E) and caudal becomes plantar (F), just like when
you plant your foot on the ground.
The phalanges (D) are similar to those in the
thoracic limb.
84.
85.
86.
87. Os penis (baculum) :
Os penis is a bone which is found in the
penis of the dog which help to prevent the
closure of the urethra during intercourse
due to the contraction of the vaginal
muscles of the bitch .