The document summarizes the anatomy of the humerus bone in various animal species. It describes the key features of the humerus bone such as its location between the shoulder and elbow joints. It has a shaft and surfaces, a head that articulates with the glenoid cavity, and a distal end with a trochlea and capitulum. Differences in the humerus bone are highlighted for sheep/goats, horses, pigs, dogs, rabbits, and fowl. The bone ossifies from six centers and epiphyses fuse with the shaft at different ages.
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Like, share and comment.
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2. HUMERUS
It is a long bone placed obliquely downward and backward
between the shoulder joint above and the elbow joint below.
The cylindrical shaft is twisted and presents four surfaces.
Lateral surface is spiral ,smooth and presents a musculo
spiral groove, which accomodates the brachialis muscle.
Medial surface is rounded
3. At the middle there is a tubercle for the insertion of teres
major and longisimus dorsi muscle
This tubercle is known as teres tubercle
The anterior surface is triangular, wide and smooth above and
narrow & rough below
Crest of humerus -Prominent border
Prominance Deltoid tuberosity (Deltoid Muscle)
Posterior surface: Round and smooth and nutrient foramen at
the distal third
4.
5. The head is circular, convex &articulates with the glenoid
cavity of scapula.
Neck is the constricted part below the head
Tuberosites are lateral and medial separated by intertuberal
groove
Lateral tuberosity is large and prominent,as two parts i.e,
Summit and Convexity
The summit is placed anteriorly and is curved over the
bicipital groove, infraspinatus muscle inserts at a circular
rough area below and lateral to summit.
6. Distal end
It is articular ,expanded and a modified condyle, consists of trochlea(medial condyle),the
capitulum (lateral condyle),the medial and lateral epicondyles, the olecranon fossa and coronoid
fossa.(Radial)
The trochlea is larger and is transversed by a groove: Cranially-Radial fossa
Caudally-Olecranon fossa
The radial fossa accommodates coronoid process of radius during flexion and olecranon fossa
receives the anconeus process of ulna during extension of the joint.
7. Capitulum is small and situated further distally and caudally
Medial and lateral epicondyles are small projections from the concerned
condyles,
Medial epicondyle gives rise to flexor muscles and the lateral one to extensor
carpi radialis.
The epicondyloid crest, part of lateral epicondyle forms the lateral boundary of
the musculospiral groove.
8. Sheep and Goat
It is relatively longer and slender than that of ox.
The deltoid tuberosity is closer to the proximal end
and not as prominent.
The lateral tuberosity is smaller and does not
overhang the bicipital groove.
Olecranon and coronoid fossa are shallower.
9. Horse
The deltoid tuberosity is more prominent.
The musculospiral groove is more deep and twisted.
Bicipital groove is divided by a ridge
The summit of lateral tuberosity does not arch inward.
The nutrient foramen is situated at the distal third of the medial surface.
The coronoid and the olecranon fossa are shallower.
10.
11.
12. Pig
It has the appearance of italic letter ‘f’ minus the cross bar.
The shaft is laterally compressed and flat on the medial side.
The musculo-spiral groove is shallow and the deltoid tuberosity is small and
there is a larger rounded
eminence midway between it and the lateral tuberosity.
Teres tubercle is absent.
The condyles are of equal size.
The coronoid fossa is prominent.
The olecranon fossa is narrow and deep.
Occasionally the suprtrochlear foramen is found.
13. Dog
The bone is comparatively more long and less twisted
Head is rounded and is more convex
Radial and olecranon fossa are communicated by a large Supratrochlear
foramen
Deltoid tuberosity is in the form of a ridge.
The nutrient foramen is situated at the posterior surface
The musculospiral groove is not prominent
14.
15.
16. Rabbit
Head is elongated
Deltoid tuberosity is in the form of a ridge
Musculospiral groove is shallow
Supratrochlear foramen is present
17. Fowl
Proximally this bone articulates with scapula and coracoid
The pneumatic foramen is situated medially below the head
The body is less twisted
The Head is in oval in form
18. Development
The humerus ossifies from six centers
Three primary centers for the shaft and epiphyses and three secondary centers for the external
tuberosity, the deltoid tuberosity, and the internal condyle.
The proximal end fuses with the shaft at about three and one-half years, the distal at about one
and a half years of age.
