Bones of-the-thoracic-limb

BONES OF THE THORACIC LIMB
(OSSA MEMBRI THORACICI)
Andrea Heinzlmann
University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest
Department of Anatomy and Histology
24th September 2019

BONES OF THE THORACIC LIMB
(OSSA MEMBRI THORACICI)
FORELIMB (UPPER EXTREMITY):
composed of:
1. THORACIC (SCHOULDER) GIRDLE (CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)
2. BRACHIUM (UPPER ARM, STYLOPODIUM)
3. ANTEBRACHIUM (FOREARM, ZEUGOPODIUM)
4. MANUS (HAND, AUTOPODIUM)
https://veteriankey.com/canine-anatomy/

THORACIC (SHOULDER) GIRDLE
(CINGULUM MEMBRI THORACIS)
- unites the thoracic limb to the trunk
consists of:
1. the coracoid
2. the clavicle
3. the scapula

THORACIC GIRDLE
1. CORACOID:
- reduced to the CORACOID PROCESS (PROC. CORACOIDEUS)
PROC. CORACOIDUES:
- lies medially on the supraglenoid tubercle
Eq.

THORACIC GIRDLE
2. CLAVICLE:
- reduced
- embedded in the brachiocephalic muscle - CLAVICULAR INTERSECTION
https://petmassage.com/wp-content/uploads/Brachiocephalic-
Muscles-in-Canines-by-Nichollette-Bond-2015-12-08.pdf
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/carnLabs/Lab01/Img1-11.html

THORACIC GIRDLE
3. SCAPULA:
- irregularly triangular plate
- its long axis directed cranioventrally
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab09/Img9-1.html

THORACIC GIRDLE
3. PARTS OF THE SCAPULA:
a. MARGO DORSALIS:
• proximal border
• adjacent to the vertebral column
Right scapula of dog,A. lateral, B. medial aspect,
left scapula of a small ruminant C. lateral aspectand a pig D. lateral aspect

THORACIC GIRDLE
a. MARGO DORSALIS:
• carries the scapular cartilage (CARTILAGO SCAPULAE)
Eq.
https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb

THORACIC GIRDLE
CARTILAGO SCAPULAE (scapular cartilage):
- a shock absorber
- well developed in ungulates
- in carnivores a narrow rim
Eq. https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb

THORACIC GIRDLE
b. ANGULUS CRANIALIS (cranial angle):
c. MARGO CRANIALIS (cranial border)
d. ANGULUS CAUDALIS (caudal angle)
e. MARGO CAUDALIS (caudal border)
Eq.
Right scapula of dog ,A. lateral, B. medial aspect,
Margo
cranialis
Angulus
cranialis

THORACIC GIRDLE
f. ANGULUS VENTRALIS (ventral angle):
- formed by the margo cranialis et caudalis
Eq.
Angulus ventralis

THORACIC GIRDLE
g. CAVITAS GLENOIDALIS (glenoid cavity):
- situated at the angulus ventralis
- articulates with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint
Right scapula of dog ,A. lateral, B. medial aspect,

THORACIC GIRDLE
INCISURA GLENOIDALIS:
- in Eq.
- craniomedial notch in the glenoid cavity
https://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2019/08/03/boning-up-anatomy-plastic-horse-bones/ https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb

THORACIC GIRDLE
h. FACIES LATERLAIS
i. SPINA SCAPULAE (scapular spine):
- on the lateral surface
- divides the lateral surface into two depressions:
1. FOSSA SUPRASPINARA:
– cranial
1. FOSSA INFRASPINATA:
- caudal
Right scapula of dog ,A. lateral aspect,
left scapula of a small ruminant C. lateral aspect

THORACIC GIRDLE
j. TUBER SPINAE SCAPULAE:
- in Su, Eq
- on its middle third
left scapula of a pig D. lateral aspect

THORACIC GIRDLE
k. ACROMION:
- near the shoulder joint the scapular spine forms the acromion
- in Ca, Bo
https://www.slideshare.net/VetAbdulrhmanSubhi/short-notes-in-dog-skeleton
https://www.slideserve.com/tacey/ruminants-anatomy

THORACIC GIRDLE
k. ACROMION extended:
1. IN DOG by PROC. HAMATUS
2. IN CAT by PROC. SUPRAHAMATUS
Right scapula of dog ,A. lateral aspect,
https://kohlibri.e-bookshelf.de/products/reading-epub/product-
id/655243/title/Anatomy+and+Physiology+for+Veterinary+Technicians+and+Nurses.html

THORACIC GIRDLE
l. FACIES COSTALIS:
1. excavated – to form the FOSSA SUBSCAPULARIS
2. presents proximally the FACIES SERRATA (roughened area)
- insertion of the musculus serratus ventralis
Right scapula of dog , B. medial aspect, https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/487092515943987565/

THORACIC GIRDLE
m. COLLUM SCAPULAE:
- distally
- the cranial border is notched – INCISURA SCPAULAE
Right scapula of dog ,A. lateral aspect, Right scapula of dog, B. medial aspect,
left scapula of a pig D. lateral aspect
Incisura
scapulae

THORACIC GIRDLE
n. TUBERCULUM SUPRAGLENOIDALE
- projects forward
o. PROCESSUS CORACOIDEUS
- lies medially on the supraglenoid tubercle
https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/487092515943987565/
Eq.

THORACIC GIRDLE
p. TUBERCULUM INFRAGLENOIDALE
- in Ca
https://www.slideshare.net/VetAbdulrhmanSubhi/short-notes-in-dog-skeleton
Right scapula of dog , B. medial aspect,
Tuberculum
infraglenoidale

SKELETON OF UPPER LIMB
1. UPPER ARM (BRACHIUM)
– formed by a single bone, the HUMERUS
Ca. https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/parts
-of-the-canine-humerus/deck/1571886
https://www.slideshare.net/AsadAbdulHannan/comp
arative-anatomy-of-forelimb-of-camel-ox-and-horse

HUMERUS:
- a long bone
consists of:
1. a PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS
2. a DISTAL EPIPHYSIS
3. a SHAFT (DIAPHYSIS, CORPUS HUMERI)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphysis
proximal
distal

HUMERUS:
1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents:
a. THE CAPUT HUMERI (HEAD OF THE HUMERUS) - dorsally
b. COLLUM HUMERI (NECK OF THE HUMERUS)
- separates the head from the body
Left humerus of the horse A. caudal aspect

HUMERUS:
c. TUBERCULUM MAJUS (GREATER TUBERCLE)
– cranioventrally
Left humerus of a dog, A. lateral, B. medial aspect

HUMERUS:
c. TUBERCULUM MAJUS (GREATER TUBERCLE)
1. PARS CRANIALIS
- in Eq, Bo. Su
2. PARS CAUDALIS:
- in Eq, Bo. Su
Left humerus of a horse C. lateral aspects
Bo.
caput
Tuberculum majus
Pars cranialis
Pars caudalis
Tuberculum minus
Pars cranialis
Pars
caudalis
Tuberculum minus
Sulcus
inter-
tubercularis

HUMERUS:
CRISTA TUBERCULI MAJORIS:
- runs from the cranial border of the gerater tubercle to the cranial surface of the shaft
- on lateral aspect
- muscle attachment
https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042711-
114137/unrestricted/INTERNAL_SPLINT_FOR_FRACTURE_FIXATION_IN_CANINES.pdf

HUMERUS:
d. TUBERCULUM MINUS (LESSER TUBERCLE)
- craniomedially

HUMERUS:
d. TUBERCULUM MINUS (MINOR TUBERCLE)
- craniomedially
1. PARS CRANIALIS
- in Eq, Bo.
2. PARS CAUDALIS:
- in Eq, Bo.
Bo.
caput
Tuberculum majus
Pars cranialis
Pars caudalis
Tuberculum minus
Pars cranialis
Pars
caudalis
Tuberculum minus
Sulcus
inter-
tubercularis

HUMERUS:
e. SULCUS INTERTUBERCULARIS:
- separates the tuberculum majus from the tuberculum minus
- passage of the tendon of the musculus biceps brachii
Bo.
caput
Tuberculum majus
Pars cranialis
Pars caudalis
Tuberculum minus
Pars cranialis
Pars
caudalis
Tuberculum minus
Sulcus
inter-
tubercularis

HUMERUS:
TUBERCULUM INTERMEDIUM:
- in Eq
- - well developed sagittal ridge
- divides the intertubercular sulcus
Left humerus of a horse B. caudal aspect http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab01/Img1-2.html

HUMERUS:
f. FACIES MUSCULI INFRASPINATI:
- attachemnt for the musclus infraspinatus
- laterally and distal to the greater tubercle
Left humerus of a dog, A. lateral aspect

HUMERUS:
2. CORPUS HUMERI presents:
a. TUBEROSITAS DELTOIDEA
- laterally
- in the proximal third of the shaft
- attachement for the musculus deltoideus
Left humerus of a horse, A. caudal, B. cranial aspect

HUMERUS:
- distally the tuberositas continous as the CRISTA HUMERI (humeral crest)
Left humerus of a horse, B. cranial aspect
http://www.boneid.net/product/horse-equus-caballus-left-humerus-lateral-view/
Crista
humeri

HUMERUS:
- proximocaudally it gives off a curved LINEA MUSCULI TRICIPITIS
LINEA MUSCULI TRICIPITIS:
- border between the greater tubercle and the head
Tuberositas
deltoidea
Linea
m. tricipitis
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/4-
Measurements-of-Humerus_fig1_322568799
Bo.

HUMERUS:
b. TUBEROSITAS TERES MAJOR
- in. Bo, Eq
- situated above the middle of the shaft
- medially
Bo.
Eq.
http://www.keywordsdoctor.com/aG9yc2UgaHVtZXJ1cw/
Eq.

HUMERUS:
c. TUBEROSITAS TERES MINOR:
- attachemnt for the musculus teres minor
- lies cranial to the linea musculi tricipitis
- laterally

HUMERUS:
d. SULCUS MUSCULI BRACHIALIS (Musculospiral groove):
- laterally
- the musculus brachialis winds in it
- limited proximomedially by the crista humeri

HUMERUS:
d. SULCUS MUSCULI BRACHIALIS (Musculospiral groove):
- limited laterodorsally by the CRISTA EPICONDYLUS LATERALIS
Crista
humeri
Epicondylus
lateralis
Crista
epicondylus
lateralis

HUMERUS:
3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS formed by the
a. CONDYLUS HUMERI (CONDYLE OF THE HUMERUS)

HUMERUS:
3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS
a. IN CARNIVORES THE CONDYLUS HUMERI consists of:
1. TROCHLEA HUMERI – medial, large
2. CAPITULUM HUMERI – small, lateral
- articulates with the bones of the antebrachium to form the elbow joint
Capitulum
Trochlea
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/parts-of-the-canine-humerus/deck/1571886

HUMERUS:
a. CONDYLUS HUMERI:
- in other domestic animals is uniform
- cylindrical
- articulates with the bones of the antebrachium to form the elbow joint
http://www.boneid.net/product/horse-equus-caballus-left-humerus-lateral-view/
Condylus humeri
https://www.ejmanager.com/mnstemps/68/68-1503984964.pdf?t=1568917129
Bo.

HUMERUS:
3. DISTAL EPIPHYISIS presents:
b. EPICONDYLUS LATERALIS:
- caudolateral in position
- smaller
- provides attachments for the extensors muscles of the foot
114137/unrestricted/INTERNAL_SPLINT_FOR_FRACTURE_FIXATION_IN_CANINES.pdf https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/11321931/dog

HUMERUS:
3. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS presents:
c. EPICONDYLUS MEDIALIS:
- situated caudal to the trochlea
- caudomedial in position
- larger
- provides attachments for the flexors muscles of the foot
https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/11321931/dog

HUMERUS:
d. CRISTA EPICONDYLUS LATERALIS:
- passes from the lateral epicondyle to the caudal surface of the shaft
Eq.

HUMERUS:
e. FOSSA OLECRANI:
- between the epicondyles, dorsally
- accomodates to the proc. anconeus
Eq.
https://www.ejmanager.com/mnstemps/68/68-1503984964.pdf?t=1568917129
Ca,

HUMERUS:
f. FOSSA RADIALIS:
- in front and above the condylus humeri
Left humerus of a dog, A. aspect
https://www.ejmanager.com/mnstemps/68/68-
1503984964.pdf?t=1568917129
Bo.
http://www.boneid.net/product/horse-
equus-caballus-left-humerus-lateral-view/

HUMERUS:
IN DOG:
FORAMEN SUPRATROCHLEARE
- communication between the fossa olecrani et radialis
https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/11321931/dog

HUMERUS:
IN CAT:
FORAMEN SUPRACONDYLARE:
- situated proximal to the median epicondyle
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/veterinary-science-and-veterinary-medicine/humerus https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/482870391277208507/

SKELETON OF THE FOREARM (ANTEBRACHIUM)
consists of:
1. RADIUS
2. ULNA
R: radius, U: ulna, Ca. Os sarpi accessorium

Rotation of forearm:
1. seen to a modarate degree in cats
2. slightly less in dogs
3. does not occur in other domestic animals, because the radius and ulna united by ossification in
Bo and Eq
https://www.slideshare.net/AsadAbdulHannan/comparative-
anatomy-of-forelimb-of-camel-ox-and-horse
Skeleton of the left forearm od a dog, A. lateral aspect

SPATIUM INTEROSSEUM ANTEBRACHII:
- space between the bones
1. narrower in carnivores
2. in ruminants reduced to two short spaces – Spatium interosseum antebrachii prox. et dist.
3. in horses reduced to one - Spatium interosseum antebrachii prox.
Skeleton of the left forearm od a dog,
A. lateral aspect
Skeleton of the left forearm of a horse
lateral aspect
Spatium
interosseum
antebrachii
proximalis
Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox
D. medial aspect

RADIUS:
- it is fused with the ulna in Bo, Eq
- long bone
1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS
2. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS
3. SHAFT (CORPUS RADII)
A. lateral aspect
D. medial aspect
lateral aspect
Radius
Ulna
http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/equine-radius-and-ulna-lateral-view

RADIUS:
1. PROXIMAL EPIPHYSIS expanded to form the CAPUT RADII
Skeleton of the left forearm of a dog, A. lateral, B. medial aspect

SKELETON OF THE FOREARM
(ANTEBRACHIUM)
RADIUS:
a. CAPUT RADII:
 FOVEA CAPITIS RADII
- on the prox. surface of the head
https://veteriankey.com/radius-and-ulna/
Ca.
Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox.
C. medial aspect

(ANTEBRACHIUM)
RADIUS:
a. CAPUT RADII:
 TUBEROSITAS RADII
- on each side of the head
- lies dorsomedially
lateral aspect
http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/equine-radius-and-ulna-lateral-view
http://www.boneid.net/product/proximalartic-surface-right-horse-radius-and-ulna/
Eq.

RADIUS:
a. CAPUT RADII:
 CIRCUMFERENTIA ARTICULARIS :
– lies caudally on the head
- provides articulation with the ulna
Ca.

RADIUS:
b. COLLUM RADII:
- In Ca
- border between the head and the shaft
Ca.

2. SHAFT OF THE RADIUS (CORPUS RADII) presents:
a. FACIES CAUDALIS
b. FACIES CRANIALIS
c. MARGO MEDIALIS
d. MARGO LATERALIS

RADIUS:
a. TROCLEA RADII
- articulates with the carpal bones through the FACIES ARTICULARIS CARPEA (carpal articular
surface)
Skeleton of the forearm of an ox, C. medial aspect

(ANTEBRACHIUM)
RADIUS:
b. CRISTA TRANSVERSA (transversal crest):
- proximal to the articular surface
- found on the caudal surface
D. medial aspect

(ANTEBRACHIUM)
RADIUS:
c. SULCUS TENDINIS (TENDON GROOVES):
- found on the cranial surface
- passage for the tendons
1. sulcus tendinis m. abductor digiti I. longus
2. sulcus tendinis m. extensor carpi radialis
3. sulcus tendinis digit. communis
4. sulcus tendinis m. ext. digit. lateralis

(ANTEBRACHIUM)
RADIUS:
d. PROC. STYLOIDEUS RADII :
- medial facet
- on the medial aspect of the trochlea
- in Ca, Bo, Su
- in Eq – called as Porc. styloideus medialis
D. medial aspect
Skeleton of the left forearm of a dog,
B. medial aspect

(ANTEBRACHIUM)
RADIUS:
e. INCISURA ULNARIS RADII:
- formed by the lateral facet
- in Ca, Su
- articulates with the distal extermity of the ulna

RADIUS:
f. PROC. STYLOIDEUS LATERALIS:
- the distal ulna fused to the radius to form an intergral part of the radius
- in Eq

RADIUS:
g. FOSSA LUNATA:
A. lateral aspect
lateral aspect
D. medial aspect
Ulna

ULNA:
- long bone
1. PORXIMAL EPIPHYSIS
2. DISTAL EPIPHYSIS
3. SHAFT (DIAPHYSIS, CORPUS ULNAE)

(ANTEBRACHIUM)
ULNA:
1. PORXIMAL EPIPHYSIS presents:
a. OLECRANON
- projects behind the radius
 its free end expanded to form the TUBER OLECRANI
D. medial aspect
Tuber
olecrani

ULNA:
b. INCISURA TROCHLEARIS (trochlear notch):
- lies against the radius
- Its articular surface – articulates with the trochlea humeri
D. medial aspect
Ca.

(ANTEBRACHIUM)
ULNA:
c. PROCESSUS ANCONEUS:
- proximal to the articular surface of the incisura trochlearis
- projects cranially
D. medial aspect https://www.slideshare.net/joanelf/skeletal-structure-of-the-equine-forelimb
Ca.

ULNA:
d. PROCESSUS CORONOIDEUS LATERALIS et
PROCESSUS CORONOIDEUS MEDIALIS:
- distally
- on either side of the incisura trochlearis
- project forwards
Proc.
coronoideus
med.
Proc.
coronoideus
lat.

ULNA:
e. INCISURA RADIALIS ULNAE:
- between the proc. coronoideus med. et lat.
- articulates with the circumferentia articularis radii
Skeleton of the left forearm of an ox. C. lateral aspect
Ca.

ULNA:
2. SCHAFT OF THE ULNA (CORPUS ULNAE):
- triangular
- slightly convex cranially
D. medial aspect
Corpus
ulnae

ULNA:
2. SCHAFT OF THE ULNA (CORPUS ULNAE) presents:
MARGO INTEROSSEUS:
- in carnovores
- surface facing the radius
- rough, elongated margo
Ca.

ULNA:
- in ruminants and horses the radius and ulna fused
- the interosseal space reduced
- the distal third of the shaft of the ulna has completely regressed in horse
D. medial aspect

ULNA:
 SPATIUM INTEROSSEUM ANTEBRACHII:
- in Ca, Su

ULNA:
 SPATIUM INTEROSSEUM ANTEBRACHII PROXIMALE:
- in Eq, Bo
D. medial aspect
Spatium
interosseum
prox.

ULNA:
 SPATIUM INTEROSSEUM ANTEBRACHII DISTALE:
- In Bo
D. medial aspect

ULNA:
a. CAPUT ULNAE (HEAD OF THE ULNA)
- in horse there is no head
- projects distally as the PROC. STYLOIDEUS ULNAE
Skeleton of the forearm of an ox, C. medial aspect Skeleton of the left forearm of a dog, A. lateral aspect

ULNA:
- carries a CIRCUMFERENTIA ARTICULARIS ULNAE:
CIRCUMFERENTIA ARTICULARIS ULNAE:
- in Ca, Su
articulates with the radius
Ca.

ULNA:
- In Bo. fused to the radius

ULNA:
- in Eq. it is used with the trochlea of the radius to form the PROC. STYLOIDEUS LATERALIS

ULNA:
CAPUT ULNAE (HEAD OF THE ULNA):
 bears the FACIES ARTICULARIS CARPEA – articulates with the bones of the carpus
Skeleton of the left forearm of a dog, A. lateralaspect
Bo.

SKELETON OF THE MANUS
composed of:
1. BASIPODIUM represented by the OSSA CARPI
2. METAPODIUM represented by the OSSA METACARPALIA
3. ACROPODIUM represented by the OSSA DIGITORUM MANUS

SKELETON OF THE MANUS
composed of:
4. DORSUM MANUS
5. PALMA MANUS
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1040638717692846

SKELETON OF THE CARPUS
consists of three rows of carpal bones:
1. PROXIMAL (ANTEBRACHIAL) ROW
2. MIDDLE (INTERCARAPAL) ROW
3. DISTAL (METACARPAL) ROW
Skeleton of the left dorsal (A) and left palmar (B) forepaw of the dog. (From Evans HE, de
Lahunta A: Miller’s guide to the dissection of the dog, ed 7, Philadelphia, 2010, WB Saunders.)

INTERCARPAL ROW:
consisted of from 1 to 4 individulal bones (OSSA CARPI CENTRALIA)
- fuses after birth with the medial bone of th antebrachail row
- in domestic species remains only the antebrachial and metacarpal rows to be considered

PROXIMAL (ANTEBRACHIAL) ROW comprises the:
1. OS CARPI RADIALE (os scaphoideum, Cr)
– situated medially, distal to the radius
2. OS CARPI ULNARE (os triquetrum, Cu)
- lies distal to the ulna
3. OS CARPI INTERMEDIUM (os lunatum, Ci)
- between os carpi radiale et ulnare
4. OS CARPI ACCESSORIUM (os pisiforme, Ca)
- laterally
- A sesamoid bone
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mTFfgmS-M9s
Bo.
Cr.
radius ulna
Cu.
Ci. Ca.
metacarpus

METACARPAL ROW comprises from medial to lateral the:
1. OS CARPALE PRIMUM (os trapezium, C1)
2. OS CARPALE SECUNDUM (os trapezoideum C2)
3. OS CARPALE TERTIUM (os capitatum C3)
4. OS CARPALE QUARTUM (os hamatum, C4)
5. OS CARPALE QUINTUM (C5) absent or fused with C4
Bo.
Cr.
radius ulna
Cu.
Ci. Ca.
metacarpus
C2+C3 C4

THE NUMEBER OF CARPAL BONES:
1. 8 in pig 4 in each row
2. 7 in carnivores – Cr and Ci fused – OS CARPI INTERMEDIORADIALE

1. 7 in horse – C1 missing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnbvCwlIOTI

1. 6 in ruminants – C1 missing, C2 and C3 fused – OS TRAPEZOIDEOCAPITATUM
Bo.
Cr.
radius ulna
Cu.
Ci. Ca.
metacarpus
C2+C3 C4

SKELETON OF THE METACARPUS
OSSA METACARPALIA (Mcc)
1. OS METACARPALE PRIMUM (Mc1)
- situated medially
2. OS METACARPALE SECUNDUM (Mc2)
3. OS METACARPALE TERTIUM (Mc3)
4. OS METACARPALE QUARTUM (Mc4)
5 OS METACARPALE QUINTUM (Mc5)
- situated laterally

1. in carnivores: Mc3- Mc4 the longest
2. in pigs Mc1 missing

in horse
• Mc3 fully developed
• Mc2 and Mc4 reduced
• Mc1 and Mc5 lacking
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CnbvCwlIOTI

in ruminants
• Mc1, Mc2 missing,
• Mc3 and Mc4 fused
• Mc5 rudiment

PARTS OF THE OSSA METACARPALIA (Mcc):
1. PROXIMAL END (BASIS)
2. CORPUS (BODY)
3. DISTAL EXTREMITY (CAPUT)
Skeleton of the left dorsal (A) and left palmar (B) forepaw of the dog. (From Evans HE, de Lahunta A: Miller’s guide to the dissection of the dog, ed 7, Philadelphia, 2010, WB Saunders.)

1. PROXIMAL END (BASIS):
bears:
a. the metacarpal tuberosity - medial
b. facies articularis for the individual metacarpal bones
c. facies articularis for the carpal bones
Metacarpal
tuberosity

2. CORPUS (BODY):
- carries the distal extremity (Caput)

SKELETON
OF THE METACARPUS
3. CAPUT (HEAD):
a. TROCLEA
- divides by a sagittal ridge (crista trochlea) into:
• a medial
• a lateral surface
https://threedmedprint.biomedcentral.com/
track/pdf/10.1186/s41205-019-0050-2
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ahe.12294

IN CARNIVORES:
TUBEROSITAS OSSIS METACARPALIS – on dorsal surface of Mc2 and Mc3

IN RUMINATS:
Mc3 and MC4 fused – large metacarpal bone
 palmar and dorsal surface
 dorsal longitudinal grooves (sulcus longitudinalis dorsalis)
 palmar longitudinal grooves (sulcus longitudinalis palmaris)
 TUBEROSITAS OSSIS METACARPALIS III – on dorsal surface of Mc3 - medially
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ahe.12294

IN HORSE:
- Mc3 the large metacarpus
- the dorsal surface is convex
- the palmar surface falt
- oval in cross section
- Facies articularis carpeae
- the base bears a prominet tuberosity - medially
Metacarpal
tuberosity

SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE FOREFOOT
DIGITI MANUS:
1. in carnivores: all five digits are present (1st to 5t)
2. in pigs there are 4 (2nd to 5th)
3. in ruminants two chief digits 3rd and 4th, fully developed, the 2nd and the 5th reduced
4. in horse only one digit, the 3rd one

each digit has three PHALANGES (OSSA DIGITORUM MANUS)
1. PHALANX PROXIMALIS (Os compedale, first, PhI, long pastern bone)
2. PHALANX MEDIA (OS coronale, second, PhII, short pedal bone)
3. PHALANX DISTALIS (Os unguiculare, Os ungulare, third, PhIII, coffin bone)

each PHALANX has:
1. BASIS
2. BODY
3. CAPUT with TROCHLEA
Skeleton of the left dorsal (A) and left palmar (B) forepaw of the dog. (From
Evans HE, de Lahunta A: Miller’s guide to the dissection of the dog, ed 7,
Philadelphia, 2010, WB Saunders.)

FIRST DIGIT:
- developed only in carnovores
- bears only PhI and PhIII
- the middle PhII missing
Skeleton of the left dorsal (A) and left palmar (B) forepaw of the
dog. (From Evans HE, de Lahunta A: Miller’s guide to the
dissection of the dog, ed 7, Philadelphia, 2010, WB Saunders.)
http://www.picgran.com/edit.php

PHALANX PROXIMALIS:
- short
- cylindrical
1. BASIS PHALANGIS PROXIMALIS:
- carries FOVEA ARTICULARIS
http://www.ironfreehoof.com/hoof-anatomy-and-bones-of-the-lower-leg.html
1. Coffin bome
2. Navicular bone
3. P2
4. P1
5. Proximal sesamoid bones
basis
corpus
caput

PHALANX PROXIMALIS :
2. CORPUS PHALANGIS PROXIMALIS
- ends distally at the CAPUT
- TRIGONUM PHALANGIS PROXIMALIS – on the palmar side
Trigonum
phalangis
proximalis
Equine Proximal Phalanx (Palmar View)
http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/
equine-proximal-phalanx-palmar-view
basis
corpus
caput

PHALANX PROXIMALIS :
3. CAPUT PHALANGIS PROXIMALIS
- has a TROCHLEA
basis
corpus
caput
Equine Proximal Phalanx (Palmar View)
http://www.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/
equine-proximal-phalanx-palmar-view

SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF
THE FOREFOOT
PHALANX MEDIA :
1. BASIS PHALANGIS MEDIAE bears:
- FOVEA ARTICULARIS
- PROC. EXTENSORIUS in Eq, Bo - dorsally
- TUBEROSITAS FLEXORIA in Eq, Bo - palmar
basis
corpus
caput
Fovea articularis
Proc. extensorius
Facies flexoria
http://www.ironfreehoof.com/hoof-anatomy-and-
bones-of-the-lower-leg.html
Eq, dorsal aspect
Eq, palmar aspect
Proximal articulating surface
Articulating with P1
Distal articulating surface
Articulating with P3

PHALANX MEDIA :
2. CORPUS PHALANGIS MEDIAE
3. CAPUT PHALANGIS MEDIAE
https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/819373725928752709/

SKELETON OF THE DIGITS OF THE
FOREFOOT
PHALANX DISTALIS:
1. FACIES ARTICULARIS
2. FACIES ARTICULARIS SESAMOIDEA
Os ungulare of a horse. 1 Processus extensorius, 2
Facies articularis 3 Processus palmaris, 4 Incisura
processus palmaris, 5 Sulcus parietalis, 6 Foramen
parietale, 7 Margo solearis, 8 Crena marginis solearis,
9 Margo coronalis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin_bone#/media/File:Hufbein-Pferd.jpg
Facies articularis
sesamoidea
Facies
articularis
Proc.
extensorius
Proc. palmaris
Grooves for foramina
solaria
Dorsal view

SKELETON OF THE DIGITS
OF THE FOREFOOT
PHALANX DISTALIS:
3. FACIES PARIETALIS
4. FACIES SOLEARIS
Forman
nutrieuns
Proc. extensorius
for the m. extensor
diggitorum comm.
Hoof cartilage
situated here
Articular
surface for
P2
Sulcus
parietalis

FOREFOOT
PHALANX DISTALIS:
FACIES PARIETALIS IN HORSE:
A. PARS MEDIALIS:
1. Sulcus parietalis medialis
2. Porcessus palmaris medialis
3. Foramen processus palmaris medialis
4. Incisura processus palmaris medialis

PHALANX DISTALIS:
FACIES PARIETALIS IN HORSE:
B. PARS LATERALIS:
1. Sulcus parietalis lateralis
2. Porcessus palmaris lateralis
3. Foramen processus palmaris lateralis
4. Incisura processus palmaris lateralis
Os ungulare of a horse. 1 Processus extensorius,
2 Facies articularis 3 Processus palmaris,
4 Incisura processus palmaris, 5 Sulcus parietalis,
6 Foramen parietale, 7 Margo solearis,
8 Crena marginis solearis, 9 Margo coronalis

PHALANX DISTALIS:
FACIES SOLEARIS IN HORSE:
1. Facies flexoria
2. Linea semilunaris
3. Planum cutaneum
Linea
semilunaris
Facies flexoria
Planum
cutaneaum
Linea semilunaris
http://m.onlineveterinaryanatomy.net/content/equine-distal-phalanx-ventral-view

PHALANX DISTALIS:
4. Sulcus solearis medialis
5. Sulcus solearis lateralis

PHALANX DISTALIS:
6. Foramen soleare mediale
7. Foramen soleare laterale
8. Canalis solearis

PHALANX DISTALIS IN HORSE:
9. Margo coronalis
10. Processus extensorius
11. Margo solearis
12. Crena marginis solearis
Os ungulare of a horse.
1 Processus extensorius,
2 Facies articularis
3 Processus palmaris,
4 Incisura processus palmaris,
5 Sulcus parietalis,
6 Foramen parietale,
7 Margo solearis,
8 Crena marginis solearis,
9 Margo coronalis
https://holistichorse.com/hoof-care/seedy-toe-or-white-line-disease/

PHALANX DISTALIS IN HORSE:
13. Cartilago ungularis medialis
14. Cartilago ungularis lateralis
http://vanat.ahc.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab04/Img4-13.html
http://enlightenedequine.com/2011/09/12/what-makes-it-natural-hoof-care/

FOREFOOT
OSSA SESAMOIDEA:
- increase the surface of the interdigital joints
1. OSSA SESAMOIDEA PROXIMALIA
- two bones on the palmar aspects
– in the articulatio metacarpophalangea

SKELETON OF THE DIGITS
OF THE FOREFOOT
2. OS SESAMOIDEUM DISTALE (navicular bone)
- in the articulatio interphalangea distalis
- one bone on the palmar aspect of each phalanx

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
VETERINARY

BIBLIOGRAPHIE
1. R. Nickel, A. Shummer, E. Steiferle: Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere Band III., 2.
Auflage
2. Klaus-Dieter Budras, Patrick H. McCarthy , Wolfgang Fricke : Renate Richter Anatomy of the
Dog, 5th revised Edition
3. Klaus-Dieter Budras , W.O.Sack, Sabine Röck : Anatomy of the Horse 5th revised Edition
4. Klaus – Dieter Budras, Rober E. Habel: Bovine Anatomy, 1st Edition
5. Miller’s Anatomy of the dog, 4th Edition
6. König – Liebich: Anatomie der Haussäugetiere, 4. Auflage
7. König – Liebich: Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals, 4th Edition
8. Saunders W.B: Veterinary Anatomy Flash Cards, 2nd Revised edition

Bones of-the-thoracic-limb

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to Bones of-the-thoracic-limb

Similar to Bones of-the-thoracic-limb (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Bones of-the-thoracic-limb