This document defines and discusses shock, including its pathophysiology, stages, types, signs and symptoms, and management. It notes that shock occurs when there is critical hypoperfusion of tissues due to a reduction in oxygen delivery. The stages of shock are initial, compensatory, progressive, and irreversible. The types of shock covered are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, anaphylactic, septic, and neurogenic. Signs, causes, assessments, and management approaches are described for each type of shock.

2. Prep by LUQMANALI
BS ANAESTHESIA (5TH SEMESTER)

3. In this lecture we will learn:
Definition of shock
Pathophysiology
Compensatory mechanism
Stages
Types

4. Critical Hypoperfusion to tissue
OR
Physiological state characterized by
systemic reduction of O2 delivery to tissue

5. Cells switch from aerobic to anaerobic
metabolism
Lactic acid production
Cell function ceases and swells
Membrane become more permeable
Electrolytes and fluids seep in and out of cell

6. Na+/K+ Pump impaired
Mitochondria damage
Cell death

7. Increased heart rate
Vasoconstriction
Increased preload
Increased respiratory rate
Decrease renal perfusion

8. INITIAL STAGE: tissue are under perfused
COMPENSATORY STAGE: reversible stage
PROGRASSIVE STAGE: Failling
compensaory mechanism
IRREVERSIBLE STAGE: Multiple organ
disfunction

9. hypovoleumic shock
Cardiogenic shock
Anaphylactic shock
Septic shock
Neurogenic shock

10. It is caused by too little fluid volume or blood
volume
ASSESMENT:
Low blood pressure
Increased heart rate
Decreased body temprature

11. MANAGEMENT
MaximizeO2 delivery
Control blood loss
Fluid resuscitation

13. It occurs due to heart problems
ASSESMENT:
Rapid breathing
Severe shortness of breath
Loss of consciousness
Low blood pressure

14. MANAGEMENT:
vasopressors to treat low blood pressure
ionotropic agents
Aspirin

15. It is caused due to allergic reactions
ASSESMENT:
Measuring amount of certain
enzyme(tryptase) which can be elevated upto
3 hours after anaphylaxis
Wheezing
pruritis

16. MANAGEMENT:
Vasopressor to maintain organ perfusion
Positive ionotropes
I.V epinephrine
Immediate withdrawal of antigen if possible

17. It is a life threatening condition in which your
blood pressure drops to a dangerous level
after an infection
ASSESMENT:
Increased heart rate
Increased CO2
Tachypnea
Pink, warm , flushed skin

18. MANAGEMENT:
Prevention
Find and kill the source of infection
 MaximizeO2 delivery
Vasoconstrictors
ionotropic drugs

20. It is a type of shock which is occur due to
damage to nervous system
ASSESMENT:
bradycardia
Hypotension
Hypothermia
Poikilothermy

21. MANAGEMENT:
I.V fluids
Treat hypoxia
Maintain ventilatory support
Treat bradycardia with atropine

23. http://emedicine.medscap.com
http://mayoclinic.org.com
http://www,webmd.com
http://myoclevelandclinic.org.com
Textbook of anesthesia(Smith and
Aitkenhead’s)