Death
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Post-mortem biochemical changes in the body can provide information about time since death. Vitreous potassium levels rise markedly after death, increasing more rapidly in infants than adults and in those who died from chronic versus acute illnesses. Hypoxanthine levels in blood also rise linearly for the first 24 hours after death and can help estimate time since death. Enzyme levels like lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase increase in blood in the first few days due to cell breakdown, with LDH peaking around day four, and both can indicate prolonged survival time rather than precise time of death.
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Rhabdomyolysis
Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers that results in the release of muscle fiber contents into circulation. It occurs when muscle injury or necrosis leads to increased intracellular calcium and the lysis of muscle cells. This releases myoglobin and potassium into the bloodstream, which can cause kidney damage or cardiac arrhythmias. Common causes include severe exertion, crush injuries, drugs, and hereditary conditions. Symptoms include muscle pain, weakness, and dark urine. Treatment focuses on aggressive hydration and eliminating myoglobin from the kidneys through diuresis or dialysis.
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This document discusses exertional rhabdomyolysis, which is the breakdown of skeletal muscle from excessive or unaccustomed exercise. It defines rhabdomyolysis, explains contributing factors like sickle cell trait and dehydration, lists signs and symptoms, and provides implications for coaches to prevent rhabdomyolysis through proper training programs. The purpose is to educate coaches on this condition so they can recognize it and minimize risk through specific, gradual training.
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Rhabdomyolysis- introduction pathophysiology etiology prognosis clinical presentation diagnosis management differential diagnosis
Rhabdomyolysis
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Rhabdomyolysis
Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers that results in the release of muscle fiber contents into circulation. It occurs when muscle injury or necrosis leads to increased intracellular calcium and the lysis of muscle cells. This releases myoglobin and potassium into the bloodstream, which can cause kidney damage or cardiac arrhythmias. Common causes include severe exertion, crush injuries, drugs, and hereditary conditions. Symptoms include muscle pain, weakness, and dark urine. Treatment focuses on aggressive hydration and eliminating myoglobin from the kidneys through diuresis or dialysis.
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This document discusses two types of pathologic calcification: dystrophic and metastatic. Dystrophic calcification occurs locally in areas of tissue necrosis and injury, despite normal calcium levels. Metastatic calcification deposits calcium in otherwise normal tissues and results from hypercalcemia, usually due to excess parathyroid hormone. Both types of calcification can occur intracellularly or extracellularly and may impair organ function over time.
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This document provides definitions for over 100 medical terms beginning with A-D. Some key terms defined include:
- ACTH, which is a hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands.
- AIDS, which is the failure of the immune system caused by HIV.
- Angina, which is chest pain or pressure caused by inadequate blood flow to the heart.
- Anemia, which is a low red blood cell or hemoglobin level. There are many types such as iron deficiency anemia.
- Appendicitis, which is the inflammation of the appendix and requires prompt surgical removal.
- Arrhythmias, which are abnormalities in heart rhythm.
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Drake heather the circulatory system 18.1 - 18.5
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body in blood vessels. Blood consists of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is composed of water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. Red blood cells are produced through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow from blood stem cells called hemocytoblasts. Sodium ions make up around 90% of plasma cations and significantly impact blood osmolarity.
About Blood From Rtibloodinfo
Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is 55% of blood and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells provide immune functions and include granulocytes and agranulocytes. Platelets help with clotting by releasing clotting factors when vessels are damaged. All blood cells are produced through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow from stem cells.
All About Blood From Rtibloodinfo
Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are biconcave discs that contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells provide defense against pathogens through mechanisms like phagocytosis. Platelets help in blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged. All blood cells are produced through hematopoiesis, which occurs primarily in the bone marrow.
9. Blood, Lymph and Immunity
The document describes the functions of blood, lymph, and immunity. It discusses the composition of blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes hematopoiesis, the production of blood cells in the bone marrow. It also covers the lymphatic system and immune system, including innate immunity provided by white blood cells and adaptive immunity involving lymphocytes and antibody production.
Major extracellular and intracellular electrolytes first semester b.pharm PTU...
Intracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
Electrolytes
Physiological Importance of electrolytes
Intracellular Compartment
Extracellular Compartment
Transcellular Compartment
Functions of major physiological ions:
Chloride
Phosphate
Bicarbonate
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium replacement
Calcium replacement.
Calcium gluconate
Calcium chloride
Calcium lactate
Calcium levulinate
Blood chapter.ppt
Blood is a fluid connective tissue that circulates throughout the body transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, heat, and waste products. It is composed of plasma, which is 90-92% water, and three types of blood cells suspended in the plasma - erythrocytes (red blood cells), platelets, and leukocytes (white blood cells). Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while platelets help with clotting and leukocytes help fight infection. Tight regulation of blood volume and composition is maintained through homeostatic mechanisms.
UNIT II: Major extra and intracellular electrolytes
This document provides information on major electrolytes in the human body including sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and magnesium. It discusses the functions and normal levels of each electrolyte, as well as conditions that can arise from electrolyte imbalances such as hypokalemia and hypernatremia. The document also explains how electrolytes are distributed between intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments and regulated to maintain homeostasis. Replacement therapies are mentioned for correcting electrolyte abnormalities.
BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY
Plasma volume
• Blood volume
• plasma composition & function
• blood composition & cell count
• White blood cell types & function
• Platelets count & function
• Hemostasis, mechanism &
disorders
blood consists of 3 types of
specialized cellular elements:
erythrocytes(RBC) Whole cells
leukocytes(WBC) whole cells
Platelets(thrombocytes) Cell
fragments
suspended in a complex liquid
plasma
General physiology - Blood
This document provides an overview of blood components and functions. It discusses:
1. Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in plasma.
2. Plasma volume, blood volume, and the composition and functions of plasma and blood cells like hemoglobin, iron transport, and immune functions are described.
3. Measurement techniques for blood components like packed cell volume and blood volume are outlined.
Basic blood
Hematology is the study and treatment of blood. The main components of blood are plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen, while white blood cells help fight infection. Platelets assist in clotting. A complete blood count test analyzes levels of blood components. Blood disorders include anemia, blood clots, and cancers that affect blood cells. Blood functions include transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste removal, temperature regulation, clotting, and immune defense.
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UNIT II: Major extra and intracellular electrolytes
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Death
- 1. Post-mortem biochemical changes Israa Kamel Mohamed El Araby e-mail: israakamel2125@gmail.com
- 3. Bile, bone marrow, brain, testicle, muscle tissue, liver, synovial and CSF fluids BLOOD(femoral vein) Mg, PO4, urea, creat., hypoxanthine, ammonia,…, protines Vitreous K, Na, Cl , hypoxanthine Samples
- 4. Vitreous Energy metabolism continues for a relatively longer period. It is a well protected and isolated fluid. Stable. The autolytic process is slower well preserved even in cases of severe head trauma. Less susceptible to contamination and putrefactive changes. It can be easily obtained. Blood vitreous barrier: It consists of three components: Tight junctional complexes. It inhibits passage of high molecular weight constituents. Basal lamina of the vitreo- retinal junction It physically blocks the passage of large molecules. Vitreous cortex the physiochemical characteristics of the vitreous hyaluronic acid network.
- 5. Marked and progressive rise More rapidly in an infant than in an adult More in dying from a chronic illness than from an acute illness Potasium in vitreous
- 7. Metabolite changes HypoxanthinePhosphateMagnesium During tissue hypoxia including death, elevated hypoxanthine concentrations are found in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and urine. Hypoxanthine concentration increases linearly for the first 24 hours after death Inorganic phosphate rises within 1hr post mortem to reach 6.6mmol.L/L by 18 hrs after death. (antemortem conc. 0.6– 0.9mmol.L/L Organic phosphorus not present antemortem and present early postmortem Plasma conc. Rise rapidly after blood hemolysis. Its level rises specifically in salt water drowning victims and metamphetamine poisoning.
- 8. EthanolAmmoniaUrea Creatinine Uric acid environmental temp, septicaemia, and severe trauma with wound contamination provide conditions for microbial ethanol synthesis Urine and vitreous humour will only indicate alcohol ingestion, not microbial production of ethanol because microbes do not quickly penetrate the bladder or the eye. Ante-mortem, ammonia is rapidly removed from circulation by the liver, where it is converted to urea The ammonia produced from amino acids and tissue degradation accumulates over time as it is not removed by the liver The only exception in a study of post-mortem blood and pericardial fl, which found a marked elevation in conc. in the blood of delayed traumatic deaths but not other deaths These biomarkers may be suggestive of prolonged survival time rather than PMI
- 9. Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)Aspartate aminotransferase(AST) Lactatepyruvate (anaerobic glycolysis) LDH activity in serum increases rapidly within a few hours post mortem followed by a slower increase for the next two to three days, reaching its highest concentration around the fourth day post mortem. Red blood cells are the main source of serum LDH so that its post- mortem increase must be ascribed to red blood cell autolysis Aspartate glutamate found in the heart and skeletal muscle, as well as liver, kidney, erythrocytes, and brain tissue The amount of AST enz. released from any tissue depends on the severity of cellular damage. Erythrocytes contain high conc. of AST and haemolysis can elevate AST conc. in the blood stream. Linear increase for the first 60 hours post mortem Protein changes
- 10. Methods Chromatography based methods 2D gel electrophoresis Mass spectrometry