Presented by Kanar Hamza (UNE) and Hikuepi Katjiuongua at the Conference on Policies for Competitive Smallholder Livestock Production, Gaborone, Botswana, 4-6 March 2015
It is to briefly introduces the academic paper "Mongolia's Meat Supply Chain Management: Benchmarking with Australian Meat Supply Chain". It outlines Australian and Mongolian meat supply chain analysis and stages comparison between meat supply chain of these 2 countries.
Future scenarios for pig sector development in Vietnam: Results from an updat...ILRI
The document summarizes the results of an economic model analyzing future scenarios for Vietnam's pig sector. The base scenario projects that traditional pork consumption will increase 57% over 10 years while modern pork consumption doubles. Maize imports are projected to reach 4 million tons by 2023 to meet growing feed demand. Alternative scenarios examining higher income growth, technological changes, and policy options suggest the modern pig sector will likely remain small, around 4-8% of production over the next decade.
Yilma et al presentation on shaot marketting and consumption in sfs and pfsESAP
1. The document examines marketing and consumption patterns of sheep and goats in two farming systems in Western Ethiopia - shifting (SFS) and permanent (PFS).
2. Key findings include that prices for sheep and goats fluctuate seasonally, peaking during major holidays. Marketing is constrained by factors like disease, distance to markets, and unstable prices.
3. Consumption of sheep and goat meat is relatively low in both systems. Recommendations focus on improving producers' access to markets and exploring additional marketing opportunities to boost incomes.
Sheep and goat marketing and consumption in relation to religious festivities...ESAP
1. The document examines marketing and consumption patterns of sheep and goats in two farming systems in Western Ethiopia - shifting (SFS) and permanent (PFS).
2. Key findings include that prices for sheep and goats fluctuate seasonally, peaking during major holidays. Marketing is constrained by factors like disease, distance to markets, and unstable prices.
3. Consumption of sheep and goat meat is relatively low in both systems. Recommendations focus on improving producers' access to markets and exploring additional marketing opportunities to boost incomes.
Measurement of competitiveness in smallholder livestock systems and emerging ...ILRI
Presented by S. Bahta (ILRI) and P. Malope (BIDPA) at the Conference on Policies for Competitive Smallholder Livestock Production, Gaborone, Botswana, 4-6 March 2015
Presentation-Australian livestock export to China(2018)Alice L
The keynote address by Dr. Geoff Raby summarized China's strong economic growth and changing consumption patterns, opportunities for Australian agribusiness in China, and recommendations for capitalizing on those opportunities. Specifically, it noted that China's GDP and disposable incomes have more than tripled in recent years, driving growth in meat consumption. It also outlined Australia's significant trade relationship with China in livestock and beef. Dr. Raby recommended Australian agribusiness leverage government cooperation, expand to lower-tier cities, and engage with China's new digital economy.
Dr. Travis Arp - International View - Around the World in 90 Days - Policies ...John Blue
International View - Around the World in 90 Days - Policies Influencing Our Journey - Dr. Travis Arp, Manager of Technical Services, U.S. Meat Export Federation, from the 2015 Animal Agriculture Alliance Stakeholders Summit, The Journey to Extraordinary, May 6 - 7, 2015, Kansas City, MO, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2015-the-journey-to-extraordinary
It is to briefly introduces the academic paper "Mongolia's Meat Supply Chain Management: Benchmarking with Australian Meat Supply Chain". It outlines Australian and Mongolian meat supply chain analysis and stages comparison between meat supply chain of these 2 countries.
Future scenarios for pig sector development in Vietnam: Results from an updat...ILRI
The document summarizes the results of an economic model analyzing future scenarios for Vietnam's pig sector. The base scenario projects that traditional pork consumption will increase 57% over 10 years while modern pork consumption doubles. Maize imports are projected to reach 4 million tons by 2023 to meet growing feed demand. Alternative scenarios examining higher income growth, technological changes, and policy options suggest the modern pig sector will likely remain small, around 4-8% of production over the next decade.
Yilma et al presentation on shaot marketting and consumption in sfs and pfsESAP
1. The document examines marketing and consumption patterns of sheep and goats in two farming systems in Western Ethiopia - shifting (SFS) and permanent (PFS).
2. Key findings include that prices for sheep and goats fluctuate seasonally, peaking during major holidays. Marketing is constrained by factors like disease, distance to markets, and unstable prices.
3. Consumption of sheep and goat meat is relatively low in both systems. Recommendations focus on improving producers' access to markets and exploring additional marketing opportunities to boost incomes.
Sheep and goat marketing and consumption in relation to religious festivities...ESAP
1. The document examines marketing and consumption patterns of sheep and goats in two farming systems in Western Ethiopia - shifting (SFS) and permanent (PFS).
2. Key findings include that prices for sheep and goats fluctuate seasonally, peaking during major holidays. Marketing is constrained by factors like disease, distance to markets, and unstable prices.
3. Consumption of sheep and goat meat is relatively low in both systems. Recommendations focus on improving producers' access to markets and exploring additional marketing opportunities to boost incomes.
Measurement of competitiveness in smallholder livestock systems and emerging ...ILRI
Presented by S. Bahta (ILRI) and P. Malope (BIDPA) at the Conference on Policies for Competitive Smallholder Livestock Production, Gaborone, Botswana, 4-6 March 2015
Presentation-Australian livestock export to China(2018)Alice L
The keynote address by Dr. Geoff Raby summarized China's strong economic growth and changing consumption patterns, opportunities for Australian agribusiness in China, and recommendations for capitalizing on those opportunities. Specifically, it noted that China's GDP and disposable incomes have more than tripled in recent years, driving growth in meat consumption. It also outlined Australia's significant trade relationship with China in livestock and beef. Dr. Raby recommended Australian agribusiness leverage government cooperation, expand to lower-tier cities, and engage with China's new digital economy.
Dr. Travis Arp - International View - Around the World in 90 Days - Policies ...John Blue
International View - Around the World in 90 Days - Policies Influencing Our Journey - Dr. Travis Arp, Manager of Technical Services, U.S. Meat Export Federation, from the 2015 Animal Agriculture Alliance Stakeholders Summit, The Journey to Extraordinary, May 6 - 7, 2015, Kansas City, MO, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2015-the-journey-to-extraordinary
Feed the future innovation lab for small-scale irrigation in Ghana: Opportuni...ILRI
Presented by Augustine Ayantunde, Amare Haileslassie, Alan Duncan, Naaminong Karbo at the Feed the Future Innovation lab for Small-scale Irrigation, Ghana Stakeholder Consultation, Tamale, Ghana, 15 April 2014
Effective science communication in contemporary research environmentILRI
Presented by Karembu M., Nguthi F., Wafula D., Odhong’ J.A., Ecuru J., Ozor N., Urama K., Acheampong E., Opati L., Komen J., Virgin I., Gasingirwa M., Selassie T., Abebe A., Omari J., Chuwa P. and Nyange N. at the First Bio-Innovate Regional Scientific Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 February 2013
The document lists and describes several research sites that have been selected or are under consideration by the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish to focus their research activities. The sites include value chains for smallholder pigs in Uganda and Vietnam, dairy in Tanzania and Nicaragua-Honduras, goats and sheep in Ethiopia, and aquaculture in Egypt. Sites are chosen based on criteria agreed upon with stakeholders related to livestock and fish densities, market access, and poverty distribution.
Community’s perception of brucellosis by applying participatory epidemiology ...ILRI
Presented by Jongchansittoe, P., Chotinun S., Chaisowwong W., Waropastrakul,S., Unger, F. and Kreausukon, K. at the PENAPH First Technical Workshop, Chiangmai, Thailand, 11–13 December 2012.
The new role of SLU in the CGIAR Livestock and Fish Research Program ILRI
The document discusses the new role of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) in collaborating with the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish (L&F). Over several years, SLU and L&F engaged in discussions to identify areas of common interest for strategic partnership. They agreed to prioritize research on herd health for ruminants and pigs, including infections and reproductive health. Two additional areas were identified for further exploration: feed and forages, as well as animal genetics. The partnership aims to apply SLU's holistic approach to herd health within L&F programs and leverage SLU's expertise in feed utilization, forage breeding, and bioinformatics.
Experience with value chain benchmarking tools ILRI
Presented by Samwel Mbugua and Hikuepi Katjiuongua at the Workshop on ICARDA-ILRI Training on Tools for Benchmarking Sheep and Goat Value Chains in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 6-9 November 2013
Strategic partnerships in the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and FishILRI
The document discusses strategic partnerships for the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish. It notes that strategic partnerships aim to develop joint programs by integrating partners into planning, management, and implementation. So far, potential research partners identified include Wageningen University Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and potential development partners include SNV, CARE, and GIZ. Near-final partner agreements have been reached with Wageningen and SLU, and an MoU signed with SNV. Next steps include involving partners in various activities and establishing joint appointments. The document recognizes the need to strengthen strategic partnerships at regional and national levels specific to individual research projects.
Project introduction: Development context and learningsILRI
Presented by Edward Okoth at the Closing workshop of the BecA‐ILRI‐CSIRO‐AusAID project on Understanding ASF epidemiology as a basis for control, Nairobi, Kenya, 2‐3 October 2013
Potential livestock research areas in the LIVES projectILRI
This document outlines potential livestock research areas for the LIVES project in Ethiopia. It discusses the need to generate knowledge on livestock interventions to feed learning activities and disseminate beyond project areas. Key research focus areas are gaps in knowledge on value chains, gender-sensitive value chain and extension interventions, and impact studies with gender disaggregated data. Specific diagnostic, action, and impact research topics are proposed for dairy, small ruminants, poultry, and apiculture. Priority research locations will be sites where commodities rank highly both across zones based on household involvement and within zones.
Local innovation platforms: Experiences from the Nile BDC in EthiopiaILRI
Presented by Zelalem Lema, Beth Cullen, Aberra Adie, Gerba Leta and Elias Damtew at the Africa RISING Training Workshop on Innovation Platforms, Addis Ababa, 23-24 January 2014
Innovation platforms in the aquaculture value chain in EgyptILRI
This document summarizes the proceedings of a two-day workshop in Cairo to establish an Innovation Platform for the aquaculture value chain in Egypt. The workshop brought together stakeholders from across the value chain to identify and prioritize challenges, form working groups around key issues, and develop initial action plans. The goal was to facilitate engagement and collaboration between stakeholders to stimulate sustainable and equitable growth in the Egyptian aquaculture sector.
The project aims to improve farming systems and food security through integrated research programs focused on key geographies like the Ethiopian highlands. It involves seven work packages including characterizing current farming practices, establishing knowledge sharing groups, identifying problems and gaps, and assessing new technologies. The project coordinates with other groups and aligns with national agricultural priorities to have the biggest impact through improved household management strategies and innovation.
Capacity building interventions at the Kabe Watershed Pilot Project in Ethiop...ILRI
Presented by Derbew Kefyalew (ILRI) at the Workshop on the Lessons and Success Stories from a Pilot Project on Climate Change Adaptation Interventions in Kabe watershed, south Wollo, Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 11-12 February 2013
Collective action issues at the Kabe Watershed Pilot Project in Ethiopia, 201...ILRI
Presented by Derbew Kefyalew (ILRI) at the Workshop on the Lessons and Success Stories from a Pilot Project on Climate Change Adaptation Interventions in Kabe watershed, south Wollo, Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 11-12 February 2013
Design of Mycoplasma vaccines employing synthetic biology tools ILRI
This document summarizes a presentation on designing Mycoplasma vaccines using synthetic biology tools. The research aims to develop an effective vaccine for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a widespread and economically important livestock disease in Africa. The project will employ genome transplantation to delete genes involved in the Mycoplasma capsule, which could allow for a more effective glycoconjugated vaccine. Initial results showed the successful deletion of three capsule biosynthesis genes and backtransplantation of altered genomes. The vaccine has the potential to significantly improve food security, nutrition, health, and poverty reduction in Africa by controlling CBPP.
Market-oriented livestock production and sustainable watershed management in ...ILRI
Presented by Azage Tegegne, Berhanu Gebremedhin, Dirk Hoekstra, Gebremedhin W/wahid, Zewdu Ayele and Kahsay Berhe at the “Training on Participatory Integrated Watershed Management Planning and Implementation”, workshop, Bahir Dar, 22-27 November 2012
Animal genetic resources for improved productivity under harsh environmenta...ILRI
Presented by Jan Philipsson, Emelie Zonabend, Erling Strandberg, James Audho, Julie Ojango and Okeyo Mwai at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Global Workshop, Uganda, December 2012
Uganda, December 2012
This document provides an outline and updates on the "Competitive Smallholder Livestock in Botswana" research project. It discusses the motivation and objectives of defining and improving the competitiveness of Botswana's smallholder livestock sector. Key points include: smallholders produce most of Botswana's meat but cattle productivity is low; the project aims to enhance smallholder competitiveness through better understanding production systems and improving market participation; and work involves surveys, trials, and research on topics like efficiency, markets, and policy. Updates provided include training conducted, data collected, model scenarios analyzed, and project outputs and presentations.
An analysis of beef market liberalization in Botswana: A quantitative value c...ILRI
Presented by Kanar Hamza, Karl M. Rich, A. Derek Baker, Sirak Bahta, and Hikuepi Katjiuongua at the International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (IFAMA) annual meeting, Cape Town, South Africa, 16-17 June 2014.
Despite the relatively stable growing trend over the past few years, meat output has not managed to keep up with the consumption demand. Whilst domestic pork production is relatively sufficient for the domestic consumption demand, there is a significant shortage in the supply of beef and chicken.
For more information, please email vietnam.bc@ipsos.com
Feed the future innovation lab for small-scale irrigation in Ghana: Opportuni...ILRI
Presented by Augustine Ayantunde, Amare Haileslassie, Alan Duncan, Naaminong Karbo at the Feed the Future Innovation lab for Small-scale Irrigation, Ghana Stakeholder Consultation, Tamale, Ghana, 15 April 2014
Effective science communication in contemporary research environmentILRI
Presented by Karembu M., Nguthi F., Wafula D., Odhong’ J.A., Ecuru J., Ozor N., Urama K., Acheampong E., Opati L., Komen J., Virgin I., Gasingirwa M., Selassie T., Abebe A., Omari J., Chuwa P. and Nyange N. at the First Bio-Innovate Regional Scientific Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 February 2013
The document lists and describes several research sites that have been selected or are under consideration by the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish to focus their research activities. The sites include value chains for smallholder pigs in Uganda and Vietnam, dairy in Tanzania and Nicaragua-Honduras, goats and sheep in Ethiopia, and aquaculture in Egypt. Sites are chosen based on criteria agreed upon with stakeholders related to livestock and fish densities, market access, and poverty distribution.
Community’s perception of brucellosis by applying participatory epidemiology ...ILRI
Presented by Jongchansittoe, P., Chotinun S., Chaisowwong W., Waropastrakul,S., Unger, F. and Kreausukon, K. at the PENAPH First Technical Workshop, Chiangmai, Thailand, 11–13 December 2012.
The new role of SLU in the CGIAR Livestock and Fish Research Program ILRI
The document discusses the new role of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) in collaborating with the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish (L&F). Over several years, SLU and L&F engaged in discussions to identify areas of common interest for strategic partnership. They agreed to prioritize research on herd health for ruminants and pigs, including infections and reproductive health. Two additional areas were identified for further exploration: feed and forages, as well as animal genetics. The partnership aims to apply SLU's holistic approach to herd health within L&F programs and leverage SLU's expertise in feed utilization, forage breeding, and bioinformatics.
Experience with value chain benchmarking tools ILRI
Presented by Samwel Mbugua and Hikuepi Katjiuongua at the Workshop on ICARDA-ILRI Training on Tools for Benchmarking Sheep and Goat Value Chains in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 6-9 November 2013
Strategic partnerships in the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and FishILRI
The document discusses strategic partnerships for the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish. It notes that strategic partnerships aim to develop joint programs by integrating partners into planning, management, and implementation. So far, potential research partners identified include Wageningen University Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, and potential development partners include SNV, CARE, and GIZ. Near-final partner agreements have been reached with Wageningen and SLU, and an MoU signed with SNV. Next steps include involving partners in various activities and establishing joint appointments. The document recognizes the need to strengthen strategic partnerships at regional and national levels specific to individual research projects.
Project introduction: Development context and learningsILRI
Presented by Edward Okoth at the Closing workshop of the BecA‐ILRI‐CSIRO‐AusAID project on Understanding ASF epidemiology as a basis for control, Nairobi, Kenya, 2‐3 October 2013
Potential livestock research areas in the LIVES projectILRI
This document outlines potential livestock research areas for the LIVES project in Ethiopia. It discusses the need to generate knowledge on livestock interventions to feed learning activities and disseminate beyond project areas. Key research focus areas are gaps in knowledge on value chains, gender-sensitive value chain and extension interventions, and impact studies with gender disaggregated data. Specific diagnostic, action, and impact research topics are proposed for dairy, small ruminants, poultry, and apiculture. Priority research locations will be sites where commodities rank highly both across zones based on household involvement and within zones.
Local innovation platforms: Experiences from the Nile BDC in EthiopiaILRI
Presented by Zelalem Lema, Beth Cullen, Aberra Adie, Gerba Leta and Elias Damtew at the Africa RISING Training Workshop on Innovation Platforms, Addis Ababa, 23-24 January 2014
Innovation platforms in the aquaculture value chain in EgyptILRI
This document summarizes the proceedings of a two-day workshop in Cairo to establish an Innovation Platform for the aquaculture value chain in Egypt. The workshop brought together stakeholders from across the value chain to identify and prioritize challenges, form working groups around key issues, and develop initial action plans. The goal was to facilitate engagement and collaboration between stakeholders to stimulate sustainable and equitable growth in the Egyptian aquaculture sector.
The project aims to improve farming systems and food security through integrated research programs focused on key geographies like the Ethiopian highlands. It involves seven work packages including characterizing current farming practices, establishing knowledge sharing groups, identifying problems and gaps, and assessing new technologies. The project coordinates with other groups and aligns with national agricultural priorities to have the biggest impact through improved household management strategies and innovation.
Capacity building interventions at the Kabe Watershed Pilot Project in Ethiop...ILRI
Presented by Derbew Kefyalew (ILRI) at the Workshop on the Lessons and Success Stories from a Pilot Project on Climate Change Adaptation Interventions in Kabe watershed, south Wollo, Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 11-12 February 2013
Collective action issues at the Kabe Watershed Pilot Project in Ethiopia, 201...ILRI
Presented by Derbew Kefyalew (ILRI) at the Workshop on the Lessons and Success Stories from a Pilot Project on Climate Change Adaptation Interventions in Kabe watershed, south Wollo, Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 11-12 February 2013
Design of Mycoplasma vaccines employing synthetic biology tools ILRI
This document summarizes a presentation on designing Mycoplasma vaccines using synthetic biology tools. The research aims to develop an effective vaccine for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), a widespread and economically important livestock disease in Africa. The project will employ genome transplantation to delete genes involved in the Mycoplasma capsule, which could allow for a more effective glycoconjugated vaccine. Initial results showed the successful deletion of three capsule biosynthesis genes and backtransplantation of altered genomes. The vaccine has the potential to significantly improve food security, nutrition, health, and poverty reduction in Africa by controlling CBPP.
Market-oriented livestock production and sustainable watershed management in ...ILRI
Presented by Azage Tegegne, Berhanu Gebremedhin, Dirk Hoekstra, Gebremedhin W/wahid, Zewdu Ayele and Kahsay Berhe at the “Training on Participatory Integrated Watershed Management Planning and Implementation”, workshop, Bahir Dar, 22-27 November 2012
Animal genetic resources for improved productivity under harsh environmenta...ILRI
Presented by Jan Philipsson, Emelie Zonabend, Erling Strandberg, James Audho, Julie Ojango and Okeyo Mwai at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) Global Workshop, Uganda, December 2012
Uganda, December 2012
This document provides an outline and updates on the "Competitive Smallholder Livestock in Botswana" research project. It discusses the motivation and objectives of defining and improving the competitiveness of Botswana's smallholder livestock sector. Key points include: smallholders produce most of Botswana's meat but cattle productivity is low; the project aims to enhance smallholder competitiveness through better understanding production systems and improving market participation; and work involves surveys, trials, and research on topics like efficiency, markets, and policy. Updates provided include training conducted, data collected, model scenarios analyzed, and project outputs and presentations.
An analysis of beef market liberalization in Botswana: A quantitative value c...ILRI
Presented by Kanar Hamza, Karl M. Rich, A. Derek Baker, Sirak Bahta, and Hikuepi Katjiuongua at the International Food and Agribusiness Management Association (IFAMA) annual meeting, Cape Town, South Africa, 16-17 June 2014.
Despite the relatively stable growing trend over the past few years, meat output has not managed to keep up with the consumption demand. Whilst domestic pork production is relatively sufficient for the domestic consumption demand, there is a significant shortage in the supply of beef and chicken.
For more information, please email vietnam.bc@ipsos.com
1) The document analyzes the beef cattle value chain in northern Bangladesh by identifying key actors, challenges, and opportunities for improvement.
2) It outlines the objectives of identifying the main actors and their roles, challenges and opportunities in the value chain, and recommendations to policymakers.
3) The methodology includes surveys of producers, traders, brokers, retailers, and others to map the value chain and identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats through analytical tools.
1. The document discusses opportunities for linking farmers in Southern and Eastern Africa to high-value livestock product markets. It provides lessons from the beef industry in Namibia and Botswana as well as the dairy industry in East Africa.
2. Key lessons from Namibia include smart branding, certification programs, and public-private partnerships to finance small producers. Lessons from Botswana include issues with its monopolistic market structure and weak traceability systems.
3. Dairy demand is growing strongly in East Africa, though non-tariff barriers and transport costs limit regional trade. Smallholder dairy farmers can compete by improving economies of scale and access to services.
Proceeding aciar beefcattle_ias team_jan_2014Ho Cao Viet
The document analyzes beef cattle value chains in southern central coastal Vietnam. Key findings include:
1) Beef cattle farming contributes significantly to farmer household incomes in the region. 2) Live cattle and beef prices have been rising with strong demand in urban areas. 3) Farmers have improved cattle breeds and invested more in farming. 4) Government policies aim to enhance quality and quantity of cattle through improved slaughterhouses, veterinary services, and feed sources. 5) Beef cattle farming utilizes cassava byproducts and manure fertilizes soil.
Competitive smallholder livestock in Botswana: Results of a livestock value c...ILRI
The smallholder livestock sector in Botswana faces a challenge in exploiting the growing national and regional demand for meat, as well as preferential access to the EU market. The incentives for value addition in pursuit of these markets appear to be limited. There is also limited evidence of innovation in the value chain, particularly for small stock. This poster gives details from a study that explores the existing value chains in which livestock products are produced and traded.
Cattle Prices in Ethiopia: Trends, quality premiums, and associatesessp2
Cattle prices in Ethiopia from 2006-2015 are analyzed. Three key findings are:
1) Domestic factors like income, prices of substitutes, and seasonality have a more prominent influence on cattle prices than exports.
2) Cattle prices increase significantly with improvements in cattle quality attributes like age, sex, and body condition. Improving cattle quality could boost incomes.
3) Prices are lower in remote, lowland pastoral areas where cattle holdings are high but sales are low. This indicates potential to increase sales and incomes in these regions.
Smallholder market competitiveness for beef production in Botswana: A quantit...ILRI
Poster prepared by Kanar Hamza (NIIA) and Sirak Bahta (ILRI) for the Agrifood chain toolkit conference: Livestock and fish value chains in East Africa, Kampala, 9-11 September 2013.
The document summarizes Pakistan's halal meat sector, including its scope and challenges. It notes that the livestock sector contributes significantly to Pakistan's agriculture GDP and rural employment. However, limitations include non-commercial production systems and a lack of modernized processing. The role of Lahore Meat Company is described as facilitating enhanced and hygienic meat production, developing disease-free zones, consulting services, and certifications to expand Pakistan's share in the large global halal meat market.
Demand for different pig breed types, what do we need to know?ILRI
Presented by Nga Nguyen, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, at the Stakeholder Workshop on Assessing Competitiveness of Smallholder Pig Farming in the Changing Landscape of northwest Vietnam, Hanoi, 30 May 2017
SADP Livestock Report Findings, Davao City, June 10, 2009Elmer Esplana
Findings of the Livestock Report for the Strategic Agribusiness Development Plan for the Philippine Department of Agriculture. The presentation was done in Apo View Hotel, Davao City, June 10, 2009
Pakistan's meat industry is currently unorganized and informal. The dairy industry has modernized but the meat industry remains at early stages of development. There is opportunity to apply lessons from dairy to improve meat production, handling, and exports. Key areas for development include establishing recognized meat breeds, improved production systems, cold chain infrastructure, export market growth, and better utilization of byproducts. The government could form a central meat authority to regulate quality, pricing, and promote a level playing field for industry stakeholders.
China meat product industry report, 2010 2011ResearchInChina
This report analyzes China's meat industry from 2010-2011, focusing on regional development characteristics, key breeding and processing enterprises, and the prospects for low-temperature meat products. It highlights increased meat output and the growing number of local enterprises in breeding and processing, with integration expected to increase through enhanced food safety and slaughtering industrialization.
2005:How Trade Liberalisation Can Contribute to solving the Crisis in the Bee...econsultbw
This document discusses how trade liberalization could help resolve the crisis facing Botswana's beef and cattle sector. It notes that while historically important, the sector has experienced long-term decline and stagnation in recent decades. It is heavily protected through the state-owned Botswana Meat Commission's monopoly on beef exports and a ban on live cattle exports. The document evaluates proposals to liberalize trade by lifting the ban on live cattle exports. It argues this could stimulate higher productivity and offtake in the cattle farming sector, improve supply to the BMC, increase export earnings and incomes, and help restore profitability. Overall trade liberalization may support reforms needed to ensure long-term viability and growth of the beef and cattle industry.
2005:How Trade Liberalisation Can Help to Resolve the Crisis in Botswana’s Be...econsultbw
The document discusses the cattle and beef sector in Botswana. Some key points:
- The sector has historically been important but has declined in recent decades, now accounting for around 2-3% of GDP.
- The Botswana Meat Commission (BMC) plays a central role, exporting beef to the EU which accounts for most exports. BMC has a monopoly on beef exports.
- The national cattle herd is around 1.7 million, mostly on communal lands. Productivity is low with low calving/offtake rates compared to commercial farms.
- There are concerns about overstocking degrading rangelands, especially in communal areas. Overall the sector faces challenges if current trends continue.
Livestock Master Plan (LMP): Roadmaps for the Ethiopia Growth and Transformat...ILRI
The document summarizes the key findings and recommendations from Ethiopia's Livestock Master Plan (LMP). The LMP was developed through extensive consultation and analysis to provide a roadmap for livestock development under Ethiopia's Growth and Transformation Plan II. The analysis found that proposed interventions across dairy, red meat, poultry and cross-cutting areas could achieve significant increases in production, incomes, exports and GDP while reducing poverty and improving food security. Successful implementation will require substantial public and private investment, as well as supportive policies and further research.
www.beefpoint.com.br - apresentação de Rashid Kadimi, presidente do All India Meat & Livestock Exporters Association (AIMLEA) e CEO do Allansons Limited, no 18º Congresso Mundial da Carne, sobre a produção e exportação de carne bovina da Índia.
Similar to Feasibility analysis to trade boneless beef from Botswana to the Middle East: A system dynamics approach (20)
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Presentation by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 28–30 November 2023.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
Poster by Guy Ilboudo, Abel Sènabgè Biguezoton, Cheick Abou Kounta Sidibé, Modou Moustapha Lo, Zoë Campbell and Michel Dione presented at the 6th Peste des Petits Ruminants Global Research and Expertise Networks (PPR-GREN) annual meeting, Bengaluru, India, 29 November 2023.
A training, certification and marketing scheme for informal dairy vendors in ...ILRI
Presentation by Silvia Alonso, Jef L. Leroy, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas and Delia Grace at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Milk safety and child nutrition impacts of the MoreMilk training, certificati...ILRI
Poster by Silvia Alonso, Emmanuel Muunda, Moira Donahue Angel, Emily Kilonzi, Giordano Palloni, Gideon Kiarie, Paula Dominguez-Salas, Delia Grace and Jef L. Leroy presented at the Micronutrient Forum 6th Global Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, 16 October 2023.
Preventing the next pandemic: a 12-slide primer on emerging zoonotic diseasesILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Preventing preventable diseases: a 12-slide primer on foodborne diseaseILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Preventing a post-antibiotic era: a 12-slide primer on antimicrobial resistanceILRI
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Food safety research in low- and middle-income countriesILRI
Presentation by Hung Nguyen-Viet at the first technical meeting to launch the Food Safety Working Group under the One Health Partnership framework, Hanoi, Vietnam, 28 September 2023
The Food Safety Working Group (FSWG) in Vietnam was created in 2015 at the request of the Deputy Prime Minister to address food safety issues in the country. It brings together government agencies, ministries, and development partners to facilitate joint policy dialogue and improve food safety. Over eight years of operations led by different organizations, the FSWG has contributed to various initiatives. However, it faces challenges of diminished government participation over time and dependence on active members. Going forward, it will strengthen its operations by integrating under Vietnam's One Health Partnership framework to better engage stakeholders and achieve policy impacts.
Reservoirs of pathogenic Leptospira species in UgandaILRI
Presentation by Lordrick Alinaitwe, Martin Wainaina, Salome Dürr, Clovice Kankya, Velma Kivali, James Bugeza, Martin Richter, Kristina Roesel, Annie Cook and Anne Mayer-Scholl at the University of Bern Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences Symposium, Bern, Switzerland, 29 June 2023.
Assessing meat microbiological safety and associated handling practices in bu...ILRI
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Feasibility analysis to trade boneless beef from Botswana to the Middle East: A system dynamics approach
1. Feasibility analysis to trade boneless beef from
Botswana to the Middle East: A system dynamics
approach
Kanar Hamza (PhD candidate at UNE)
Hikuepi Katjiuongua
Conference on Policies for Competitive Smallholder Livestock Production
Gaborone, Botswana, 4-6 March 2015
1
2. Purpose
In this study, we analyze the feasibility to export beef from
Botswana to the Middle Eastern markets.
To do such analysis:
1- We look at prices of Botswana beef in its 2013 market
channels.
2- Then we look at prices of beef of major exporters to the
Middle East (Brazil, Australia, and India)
3- Then we analyze economic feasibility to export beef from
Botswana to the Middle East.
3. Research
questions
• Is it feasible (profitable) to export Botswana beef to the
Middle Eastern markets?
• How does the Middle East export trade channel affect value
chain actor’s profitability?
4. The importance
of this research
• Botswana is already one of Africa’s largest beef exporters;
• According to UN COMTRADE database, the export value of Botswana’s beef was
approximately $116 million in 2013;
• By contrast, beef exports value from both Namibia and South Africa were about
$77 million and $61 million, respectively. However, maintaining Botswana’s access
to the EEA markets is challenging. For example, FMD outbreak in 2011 caused
significant lost in export value
0
60
120
180
2010 2011 2012 2013
Million
USD
Year
Botswana Beef Export Value (Source: UN COMTRADE)
5. The importance
of this research
• Botswana’s beef exports heavily dependent on the EEA and
South Africa (von Engelen et al. 2012)
• Reforms for market diversification are urgently needed.
6. Market shares and prices of Botswana beef in
its current market channels and those of major
beef exporters (Brazil, Australia, and Beef) to
the Middle East (ME)
7. BMC export
markets in 2013
Angola 1%
Germany
11% Namibia 0.002%
Netherlands 4%
Norway 0.24%
South Africa
54%
United Kingdom
30%
Botswana Meat Commission Export Market Share
(UN COMTRADE 2013 Data)
8. Price received per
BMC market channel
5651
13375
3172
11651
19608
4965
5651
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Angola Germany Namibia Netherlands Norway South Africa United Kingdom
USD/ton
Price of boneless beef from Botswana – UN COMTRADE 2013 Data
9. Middle Eastern markets
(Bahrain, Jordan, Oman, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, and Kuwait)
Australia
29%
Brazil
25%
India
28%
Others
18%
Australia, Brazil, and India Market Share of the targeted Middle
Eastern Markets (UN COMTRADE 2013 data)
10. Australian beef
price in ME
7532
6235
10340
6267
9425 9240
7546
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Bahrain Jordan Oman Saudi Arabia United Arab
Emirates
Qatar Kuwait
USD/ton
Price of boneless beef from Australian – UN COMTRADE 2013 Data
11. Brazilian beef
price in ME
4671
6936
5896
5336
6806
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Jordan Oman Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Kuwait
USD/ton
Price of boneless beef from Brazil- UN COMTRADE 2013 Data
12. Indian beef price
in ME
5644
4228 4137
4764
4545
4112
4330
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Bahrain Jordan Oman Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Qatar Kuwait
USD/ton
Price of boneless beef from India- UN COMTRADE 2013Ddata
13. Modelling
approach
• We present a holistic quantitative value chain model of the
beef sector in Botswana to evaluate the effects of beef export
to the Middle East on all value chain actors.
• Methodologically, we used a system dynamics modeling
approach to develop a dynamic value chain framework that
highlights the changes and the performance of the beef value
chain among involved actors over time (Rich et al. 2011).
16. Tested scenarios
(1) A baseline;
(2) We look at the effect of trading beef to the Middle Eastern markets on
the profit performance of producers and other value chain actors
(assuming price of 4,500 pula per head the Middle Eastern markets)
(3) This scenario is the same as run 2 but we assume a price of 5,500 pula
per cattle in the Middle Eastern markets; and
(4) This scenario is the same as Run 2 but we assume a price of 6,500 pula
per cattle in the Middle Eastern markets.
(Note: these assumed prices are within the range of main
exporters price to the Middle Eastern markets)
18. Value chain actor’s cumulative profit performance relative to baseline
scenario (Source: simulation results)
Runs Producers BMC Feedlots Traditional Butchers Modern Butchers
Run 2 vs 1 42% 1% 6% No Change No Change
Run 3 vs 1 49% 10% 7% 2% 2%
Run 4 vs 1 55% 20% 8% 4% 3%
19. Value chain actor’s average profit performance over time (week to week
comparison) relative to baseline scenario (Source: simulation results)
Runs Producers BMC Feedlots Traditional Butchers Modern Butchers
Run 2 vs 1 79% -23% 12% No Change No Change
Run 3 vs 1 88% 9% 16% 5% 4%
Run 4 vs 1 95% 43% 20% 10% 7%
20. Conclusion
Our model results highlight the importance of beef trade to the Middle East to
diversify beef export market channels of Botswana.
• A notable result is that during FMD outbreaks, trading beef to the Middle Eastern
markets significantly improves the financial performance of producers, feedlots,
BMC, and, to a lesser extent, traditional and modern butchers profits.
• However, trade to the Middle East is less profitable in the short term when BMC
has access to the EEA markets (unless BMC receives higher prices for its beef in the
Middle East than the EEA markets).
• This suggests that although beef trading to the Middle East has potential benefits
to producers, careful consideration of Botswana’s beef price in the Middle East is
key to make Botswana’s beef export feasible to the Middle East.
21. Limitations
• Price analysis is done based on UN COMTRADE data. This
database does not provide information about cuts and quality
of beef traded. It only provide volume and price received per
ton.
• The model presented here can be improved in terms of
precision about beef sector costs and returns, particularly
regarding the costs of BMC to access new market channel
such as those of the Middle East. We assumed a 5% of
received price as entry cost but more research is needed to
provide more precise cost estimates.
Editor's Notes
Email: kdizyee@gmail.com
Rectangles represent chain actors and the flows represent trading channels
Price settings and supply demand interaction and sales decision making by producers. The red flow, BMC export to the Middle East represent addition market channel.
Run 1(baseline): The following are key assumptions of the business as usual run (run 1) (Hamza et al. 2014):
During FMD outbreaks, exports to the EEA (over 75% of export market share) are blocked for two years. Thus, we assume that demand from the export market declines by about 75% for two years based on lost access to the EEA markets, and then returns to normal.
FMD outbreaks (big enough in scale to interrupt export market) were programmed to occur randomly once each 7 years (based on historic outbreaks) (BIDPA, 2006; Mapitse, 2008). The reported simulation introduced an FMD outbreak in early 2015 (week 264) (simulation time horizon is 572 weeks). However, we deliberately introduced 2011 (week 60) FMD outbreak to ensure we replicate past events as it happened not based on stochastic events.
Run 1 was used for two purposes: (1) to validate the constructed model, and (2) to provide a benchmark to compare alternative beef trading scenarios (runs 2, 3, and 4 below) relative to business as usual (run 1). Sterman (2000) and Forrester and Senge (1980) suggested several procedures to validate SD models. Hamza et al. (2014-under review) validated this model by comparing model results with historic data (from 2010 to 2013) for three key variables (total cattle population, BMC prices, and BMC slaughter rate).
Run 2 (trading beef to the Middle East): In this run, we look at the effect of trading beef to the Middle Eastern markets on the profit and productive performance of producers and other value chain actors. In addition to the existing domestic and export market channels, this policy targets exports of boneless beef to the Middle East. We use this scenario to look at impact of extra beef trading to the Middle East on chain actors’ performance in particular during FMD incidents where access to the EEA markets is banned. We only target boneless beef export to ensure market access during disease incidents (i.e. focusing on disease-free meat rather than disease status of the region). We evaluate the effect of exporting 1,000 heads of cattle (equivalent in boneless beef) starting from 2015 (week 260). This scenario is motivated by the need for market diversification because during FMD-outbreaks, Botswana loses significant access to its its (current) export market. In this scenario, we assume the price per cattle (its equivalent in boneless beef) sold to the Middle Eastern markets is 4,500 Pula (1 USD = 9.5 Pula).
Run 3: This scenario is the same as run 2 but we assume a price of 5,500 pula per cattle in the Middle Eastern markets.
Run 4: This scenario is the same as Run 2 but we assume a price of 6,500 pula per cattle in the Middle Eastern markets.
In all figures, trend line 1 represents run 1(business as usual), 2 represents run 2, 3 represents run 3, and 4 represents run 4.
Supply and supply demand parameters, and BMC monopsony power enables the model to endogenize price which in turn feeds back to production and consumption in a dynamic manner. In particular, as price goes up due to shifts in supply and demand, producers’ willingness to sell increases, which in turn has an implication for the stocks of animals in future periods and on numbers produced and sold. In contrast, the price increase reduces demand which in turn affects market incentives so as to put downward pressure on future prices. Figure shown in this slide highlights price movements in the adult cattle price paid by BMC. The BMC monopsony strongly influences cattle prices in Botswana, with the prices in each market channel updating accordingly to changes in prices paid by BMC. Exporting beef to the Middle East (runs 2, 3 and 4) introduces higher demand to the market which in turn forces BMC to pay higher prices to ensure a stable supply of cattle. Additionally, higher price of run 4 relative to runs 3 and 2 is because we set three different price scenarios for beef in the Middle East markets. That is, if prices in export market are high, then higher price is transferred to producers, and vice versa.
In 2011, for all runs, an FMD outbreak is forced into the model because FMD actually occurred in Botswana in early 2011. The model randomly generated another FMD shock to all runs in early 2015 (week 264). FMD outbreak leads to changes in supply and demand because total animal demand declines due to the lack of access to the EEA markets. This can be interpreted in figure 9 (above) through lowering demand curve. The demand curve moves toward a new equilibrium (below current demand curve) as excess inventory is sold. Price crashes at early stages of FMD shock because lack of access to EEA markets increases volume in the domestic market. Reduced prices lower the incentives for farmers to sell cattle, causing supplies of animals to fall. Likewise, lower prices increase domestic demand. It should be noted that there are time lags for this information to flow to producers, and delays in the flows of cattle to the market as sales, production and breeding decisions are made and implemented. The market reacts vigorously to disease-related shocks, with increased volatility arising in the short-term which gradually dissipates over time. When the FMD outbreak finishes (after two years), total demand heads back to the levels before the FMD outbreak which leads to an increase in price. The situation is different for runs 2, 3, and 4 relative to run 1 because there is a permanent demand increase to supply markets in the Middle East.
We assume FMD related shocks will not ban access to the Middle Eastern markets because BMC supplies boneless beef and removes lymph nodes from the carcass to reduce the likelihood of disease transfer. Thus, prices in runs 3 and 4 is higher than run 1 because of higher demand in export markets (run 2 price is low because we assume that Botswana’s beef is value at 4,500 pula per head in the Middle East and only a fraction of export market price is paid to producers by BMC). The magnitude of price changes depends on prices paid for beef in export markets. The higher the price in export market, the higher price paid to producers which in turn increase price in all domestic market channels and vice versa. Intuitively, higher prices in export and producers market should increase both BMC and producers profit and reduce domestic market channel chain actors profit because higher price lowers demand in domestic market. Similarly, we expect run 2 to generate the worst returns to BMC and producers because cattle price is the lowest relative to other runs. But lower price in run 2 should increase volume traded at domestic market which should positively impact domestic chain actors (traditional and modern butchers) profitability. Similarly, increase in price (export) should positively affect producers and BMC. Likewise, higher price lower demand at domestic market which in turn affects traditional and modern urban butchers trade volume. Table in the next slide summarizes changes in the cumulative profit performance of different value chain actors in each run relative to the business as usual run (run 1).
To explain this, for example, in run 2 vs 1, producers cumulative profit over 11 years (i.e. simulation time horizon) has increased by 42%. BMC profit has increased by 1% and traditional and modern butchers profit remain unchanged.
Generally, cumulative profit at the end of simulation (year 2021) of chain actors is higher under export of beef to the Middle East assumption runs (runs 2, 3 and 4) relative to business as usual run (run 1) for all three price scenarios of beef in the Middle Eastern markets. In general, the higher the price received per ton of beef at the Middle Eastern markets, and export markets in general, the higher the profit performance of chain actors. Producers gain the most from access to the Middle Eastern markets. BMC and feedlots, in particular in runs 3 and 4, make significant profit gains relative to business as usual (run 1), while traditional and modern butchers gain are minor relative to other chain actors. Under run 2, producers and feedlots cumulative profit increased by 42% and 6%, respectively, relative to run 1, while changes in other chain actor’s performance were minor. Despite the fact that cattle price in run 2 is lower than cattle price in run 1, chain actors made higher profit because more cattle were traded to export markets. That is, more traded volume offsets lower profit margin for all chain actors.
Under run 3, where traded beef in the Middle Eastern markets is valued higher than run 2 (run 2 price was set at 4,500 pula/cattle, while price in run 3 is set at 5,500 pula/cattle), the performance of all value chain actors rises notably (producers: +49%; BMC: +10%; feedlots: +7%; traditional butchers: +2%; modern retailers: +2%; see table 3). This notable improvement is due to more flow of cattle at a higher price (5,500 pula/head) to the Middle East relative to run 1 and 2. Under scenario 4, where higher price (6,500 pula/head) is assumed per cattle in the Middle East, the performance of all chain actors increases significantly (producers: +55%; BMC: +20%; feedlots: +8%; traditional butchers: +4%; modern retailers: +3%; see table 3). Higher prices in runs 3 and 4 lower beef demand relative to run 1, however, a combination of annual increase in meat consumption (3% per year) at domestic markets because of population and income growth and increased chain actor’s profit margin because of higher prices offset lost demand. While cumulative profit indicates long term return of investment of any investment, it is important to evaluate the impact of investments in the short run in terms of profit over time. Table shown on the next slide summarizes chain actor’s average profit performance over time relative to business as usual (run 1).
Epi, -23% of BMC reflects that over a few years period of time BMC profit in run 2 is significantly lower than run 1. In other words, this does not reflect that BMC’s profit is lower in run 2 compare to run 1 over simulation time horizon. Generally, when BMC has access to the EEA markets, trading to the Middle East makes BMC profit to be lower than run 1. Otherwise (when access to the EEA markets is banned), then BMC profit under runs 2 (3 and 4) is higher than run 1.
Under run 2, producers and feedlots average profit over time increases by 79% and 12%, respectively, relative to run 1. Increased trade volume to export markets in run 2, despite lower cattle price relative to run 1, increased both producers and feedlots profit over time. However, on average, BMC’s profit over time under run 2 relative to run 1 declined by 23% because of lower profit margin relative to run 1. This is because exports to the Middle East lowers weighted average price of BMC’s export market and, hence, lowered BMC’s profit margin especially when there is no trade interruption to the EEA markets. In general, under run 2, all chain actors profit over time, except producers, is lower than run 1 when the access to the EEA markets are uninterrupted. However, the condition changes when access to the EEA market is banned. In this case, all chain actors profit over time under run 2 are higher than run 1. Changes in profit over time for both traditional and modern butchers were very small. Average profit over time for runs 3 and 4 were higher than business as usual run (run 1) (table 4) for all chain actors. In general, in the long term, the trade of beef to the Middle East proves to be profitable (table 3 above) under all tested runs.
Unreported simulation figures show that under business as usual scenario (run 1), BMC’s profit over time in case of no market disruption to the EEA markets is the highest relative to runs 2, 3, and 4. Adding extra trade to the Middle East when there is no disruption to the EEA markets lowers BMC’s profit margin because BMC has to pay producers higher prices to obtain sufficient supply to meet the EEA and the Middle Eastern markets demand. Unless we assume that prices of Botswana’s beef is valued higher in the Middle East than the EEA markets, BMC’s profit margin declines. This could justify BMC’s, despite the difficulties to maintain access to the EEA markets because Botswana is FMD endemic region, insistence to keep access to the EEA markets. However, during disease incidents (such as FMD), BMC losses access to the EEA markets for about two years, in this case, trade to the Middle East is profitable (even at a lower profit margin than trading to the EEA markets) to BMC because more beef is traded to the export markets.
In general, producers are the major winners as more beef is exported to global markets. Feedlots gain significantly from extra trade because feedlots charge BMC a commission fee per head of cattle grown at their facilities. Domestic market players (traditional and modern butchers) gain slightly from extra beef trade to export markets mainly because of the movement of price at domestic markets. However, BMC’s profit measurement is more complicated than other actors, under all scenarios illustrated in this paper, trade to the Middle East is economically profitable to BMC only during the time were BMC losses access to the EEA markets. The outlook to trade beef to the Middle East seems promising especially under high price scenarios (5,500 pula/cattle and, particularly, any prices higher than 6,500 pula/head).
This paper contributes to the policy debate on beef market diversification in Botswana. First, it provides an overview of beef price in current market channels of Botswana and possible price range of beef at the Middle Eastern markets. Second, it highlighted distributional impacts throughout the value chain associated with trade of beef to the Middle Eastern markets under different price assumptions.
The model presented here can be improved in terms of precision about beef sector costs and returns, particularly regarding the costs of BMC to access new market channel such as those of the Middle East. We assumed a 5% of received price as entry cost but more research is needed to provide more precise cost estimates. In addition, cost analysis is needed to evaluate the costs of rejecting animals due to disease presence at BMC facilities on BMC’s profitability.