It is to briefly introduces the academic paper "Mongolia's Meat Supply Chain Management: Benchmarking with Australian Meat Supply Chain". It outlines Australian and Mongolian meat supply chain analysis and stages comparison between meat supply chain of these 2 countries.
Animal Feed Industry in India / Livestock Feed Industry / Poultry Feed IndustryDr. Sandeep Juneja
Livestock Feed Industry Data for India - its increasingly rare to find authentic details on the size and scale of Animal Feed Industry / Livestock Feed Industry in India and hence this attempt to share data on Animal Feed Industry in India
Feed Mill Industry in Bangladesh: A Recent Survey in 2018Mufazzal Emon
The research paper reveals the present scenario of feed mill in Bangladesh through a survey study. The target group of the survey was feed seller (retailer and dealer). A total 800 respondents were interviewed at different levels that covered 46 districts of 8 divisions. According to Department of Livestock Service (DLS), total 198 feed mills are registered up to 27 September 2018. The research found a total 129 active feed mills out of which 96 are registered at DLS against 198 feed mills and 33 without registration. Rest of the registered feed mills (103) are not doing business actively now a day. Active 96 feed mills are situated mainly in Dhaka (46) Division followed by Rajshahi (18), Mymensing (11), Chittagong (9), Rangpur (6), Khulna (5) Division. Out of the 8 divisions, Sylhet division has no active feed mill right now and only 1 feed mill is present in Barisal Division. According to the respondents agreement, Nourish Poultry & Hatchery Limited (12.88%), ACI Godrej Agrovet Private Limited (8.61%), Paragon Feed Limited (7.62%), United Feeds Ltd. (Meghna Group of industries) (7.16%), Kazi Farms Limited (4.66%), City Poultry & Fish Feed Limited (4.47%), Provita Feed Limited (4.34%), Aftab Feed Products Limited (4.01%), CP Bangladesh Company Limited (3.94%), R.R.P Argo Farms (3.02%), Quality Feeds Limited (3.02%), AIT (Agro Industrial Trust) Feed Limited (2.69%), New Hope Feed Mill Bangladesh Limited (1.71%), AG Agro Industries Limited (1.71%), Aman Feed Limited (1.38%) are the major contributors in feed market. Those top 15 feed mills covered more than 70% feed market in Bangladesh. The results showed a competitive market scenario of feed industry in Bangladesh.
Animal Feed Industry in India / Livestock Feed Industry / Poultry Feed IndustryDr. Sandeep Juneja
Livestock Feed Industry Data for India - its increasingly rare to find authentic details on the size and scale of Animal Feed Industry / Livestock Feed Industry in India and hence this attempt to share data on Animal Feed Industry in India
Feed Mill Industry in Bangladesh: A Recent Survey in 2018Mufazzal Emon
The research paper reveals the present scenario of feed mill in Bangladesh through a survey study. The target group of the survey was feed seller (retailer and dealer). A total 800 respondents were interviewed at different levels that covered 46 districts of 8 divisions. According to Department of Livestock Service (DLS), total 198 feed mills are registered up to 27 September 2018. The research found a total 129 active feed mills out of which 96 are registered at DLS against 198 feed mills and 33 without registration. Rest of the registered feed mills (103) are not doing business actively now a day. Active 96 feed mills are situated mainly in Dhaka (46) Division followed by Rajshahi (18), Mymensing (11), Chittagong (9), Rangpur (6), Khulna (5) Division. Out of the 8 divisions, Sylhet division has no active feed mill right now and only 1 feed mill is present in Barisal Division. According to the respondents agreement, Nourish Poultry & Hatchery Limited (12.88%), ACI Godrej Agrovet Private Limited (8.61%), Paragon Feed Limited (7.62%), United Feeds Ltd. (Meghna Group of industries) (7.16%), Kazi Farms Limited (4.66%), City Poultry & Fish Feed Limited (4.47%), Provita Feed Limited (4.34%), Aftab Feed Products Limited (4.01%), CP Bangladesh Company Limited (3.94%), R.R.P Argo Farms (3.02%), Quality Feeds Limited (3.02%), AIT (Agro Industrial Trust) Feed Limited (2.69%), New Hope Feed Mill Bangladesh Limited (1.71%), AG Agro Industries Limited (1.71%), Aman Feed Limited (1.38%) are the major contributors in feed market. Those top 15 feed mills covered more than 70% feed market in Bangladesh. The results showed a competitive market scenario of feed industry in Bangladesh.
Maintaining end-to-end cold chain integrity is a critical focus for all cold storage operations as much of their inventory is consumed directly by end customers. If any instance of impropriety throughout the supply chain occurs it could lead to widespread sickness or death. On average, 10% of all pharmaceutical inventory is temperature controlled and a significantly larger portion of food products are also temperature controlled. Any contamination could result in thousands or even millions of dollars in inventory loss, logistics costs and settlement fees. Preventing inventory contamination in the cold chain has increased in complexity as the supply chain has globalized. A larger portion of temperature regulated goods are crossing international borders creating both regulatory challenges as well more opportunities for failure and/or complication before goods reach their final destination. Some of the most notable regulations impacting the cold chain are the Sanitary Food Transportation Act, Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) and EU Good Distribution Practices. These pieces of legislation impact all key supply chain players including those that manufacture, store, transport and sell refrigerated and frozen products. Much of this legislation closely regulates the tracking and storage of handling and temperature related inventory data.
In an effort to solve cold chain challenges related to temperature maintenance, monitoring and recording supply chain operators handling temperature regulated inventory have begun to implement some successful industry best practices. Inventory pre-cooling has proven successful in reducing the wear and tear on refrigeration equipment and helps to guarantee temperature consistency from the time it is loaded until it is unloaded. Many cold chain businesses have also installed trailer condition monitoring systems that monitor temperature conditions in real time and send alerts if any unacceptable temperature variations are encountered. Packaging optimization has also proven useful in extending shelf life and improving product condition. In addition to monitoring trailer conditions, cold chain operators are also implementing inventory temperature monitoring technologies to track inventory status on a piece by piece or pallet by pallet basis. Retailers have also been encouraged to develop standard operating procedures (SOPs) for receiving to ensure only inventory of the highest quality ends up on their shelves and in consumer hands. With capacity increasing and the supply chain growing globally it is more critical than ever that the cold chain implement these best practices in order to keep consumers safe.
Presented by Muhammad Farooq Tareen at the Workshop on transforming livelihoods in South Asia through sustainable livestock research and development, Kathmandu, Nepal, 13-14 November 2018
David Laborde
POLICY SEMINAR
Fertilizer Availability and Affordability: Implications for agricultural productivity and food security
MAY 4, 2022 - 9:30 TO 11:30AM EDT
Sheep and goat value chains development in Ethiopia: Basic concepts of value ...ILRI
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1000, and 20000 dairy farm proposal for malaysiaHamed Faghiri
Dear All,
It contains plenty of useful and valuable information about dairy cattle farming in Malaysia. Please do not hesitate to contact me directly for more information.
Regards
Dr. Hamed Faghiri
If your are an Entrepreneur or wish to profit from a burgeoning trend in Rural India, then this industry maybe the right one for you.Also help farmers achieve higher yields from low investments.
This Slideshare presentation is a partial preview of the full business document. To view and download the full document, please go here:
http://flevy.com/browse/business-document/industry-reportsaudi-arabia-energy-industry-548
Globalization has become the essence of international trade and has been the primary reason why companies have gone beyond their national boundaries and setup production centers in different countries. As a consequence, consumers today are getting high quality, low priced and technologically enhanced products and services all over the world. Some commodities that have been widely affected by globalization are oil & gas, our primary sources of energy. World energy sector has been booming as giant corporations go to different countries in the search of new sources of energy. Saudi Arabia since its inception and the discovery of oil has been the center of the world oil trade and politics. It plays a major role in the supply of oil and keeping the prices in balance. So, it naturally attracted the major oil exploration and production giants from all over the world to extract the biggest source of energy. This paper gives an overview of the multinationals operating in the Saudi Arabian energy sector and how they have impacted the growth of the sector.
This dissertation through use of secondary resources and qualitative analysis intends to add value to the existing literature by bringing out a new perspective in the international business research. Literature Review forms the base of the dissertation and is essentially divided into three parts. The first part explores the existing theories relating to Multinational companies and Internationalization. It explains the evolution of the theories and presents counter views on the internationalization of companies. The second part talks about the macroeconomic environment of Saudi Arabia using the PESTLE framework and describes the factors any company should consider before investing in Saudi Arabia. The third and the last part of the Literature review we discuss the energy sector of Saudi Arabia and the major companies operating in it. It uses the well known Porter?s Five Forces model to understand the competitive structure of the Saudi Arabia energy sector.
The next section of the dissertation is key findings where the information received from the previous section is analyzed. The impact on the energy sector is discussed followed by the gaps in the existing studies and the future prospects of the Saudi Arabian energy sector. The dissertation concludes by summarizing the key findings obtained from the various studies and paves way for further research on this topic.
This presentation was given at the 5th International Symposium on Goat and Sheep Production in Joao Pessoa, Brazil, by Susan Schoenian, Sheep & Goat Specialist for University of Maryland Extension.
Maintaining end-to-end cold chain integrity is a critical focus for all cold storage operations as much of their inventory is consumed directly by end customers. If any instance of impropriety throughout the supply chain occurs it could lead to widespread sickness or death. On average, 10% of all pharmaceutical inventory is temperature controlled and a significantly larger portion of food products are also temperature controlled. Any contamination could result in thousands or even millions of dollars in inventory loss, logistics costs and settlement fees. Preventing inventory contamination in the cold chain has increased in complexity as the supply chain has globalized. A larger portion of temperature regulated goods are crossing international borders creating both regulatory challenges as well more opportunities for failure and/or complication before goods reach their final destination. Some of the most notable regulations impacting the cold chain are the Sanitary Food Transportation Act, Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) and EU Good Distribution Practices. These pieces of legislation impact all key supply chain players including those that manufacture, store, transport and sell refrigerated and frozen products. Much of this legislation closely regulates the tracking and storage of handling and temperature related inventory data.
In an effort to solve cold chain challenges related to temperature maintenance, monitoring and recording supply chain operators handling temperature regulated inventory have begun to implement some successful industry best practices. Inventory pre-cooling has proven successful in reducing the wear and tear on refrigeration equipment and helps to guarantee temperature consistency from the time it is loaded until it is unloaded. Many cold chain businesses have also installed trailer condition monitoring systems that monitor temperature conditions in real time and send alerts if any unacceptable temperature variations are encountered. Packaging optimization has also proven useful in extending shelf life and improving product condition. In addition to monitoring trailer conditions, cold chain operators are also implementing inventory temperature monitoring technologies to track inventory status on a piece by piece or pallet by pallet basis. Retailers have also been encouraged to develop standard operating procedures (SOPs) for receiving to ensure only inventory of the highest quality ends up on their shelves and in consumer hands. With capacity increasing and the supply chain growing globally it is more critical than ever that the cold chain implement these best practices in order to keep consumers safe.
Presented by Muhammad Farooq Tareen at the Workshop on transforming livelihoods in South Asia through sustainable livestock research and development, Kathmandu, Nepal, 13-14 November 2018
David Laborde
POLICY SEMINAR
Fertilizer Availability and Affordability: Implications for agricultural productivity and food security
MAY 4, 2022 - 9:30 TO 11:30AM EDT
Sheep and goat value chains development in Ethiopia: Basic concepts of value ...ILRI
Presented by Getachew Legese (ICARDA) at the Workshop on ICARDA-ILRI Training on Tools for Benchmarking Sheep and Goat Value Chains in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 6-9 November 2013
1000, and 20000 dairy farm proposal for malaysiaHamed Faghiri
Dear All,
It contains plenty of useful and valuable information about dairy cattle farming in Malaysia. Please do not hesitate to contact me directly for more information.
Regards
Dr. Hamed Faghiri
If your are an Entrepreneur or wish to profit from a burgeoning trend in Rural India, then this industry maybe the right one for you.Also help farmers achieve higher yields from low investments.
This Slideshare presentation is a partial preview of the full business document. To view and download the full document, please go here:
http://flevy.com/browse/business-document/industry-reportsaudi-arabia-energy-industry-548
Globalization has become the essence of international trade and has been the primary reason why companies have gone beyond their national boundaries and setup production centers in different countries. As a consequence, consumers today are getting high quality, low priced and technologically enhanced products and services all over the world. Some commodities that have been widely affected by globalization are oil & gas, our primary sources of energy. World energy sector has been booming as giant corporations go to different countries in the search of new sources of energy. Saudi Arabia since its inception and the discovery of oil has been the center of the world oil trade and politics. It plays a major role in the supply of oil and keeping the prices in balance. So, it naturally attracted the major oil exploration and production giants from all over the world to extract the biggest source of energy. This paper gives an overview of the multinationals operating in the Saudi Arabian energy sector and how they have impacted the growth of the sector.
This dissertation through use of secondary resources and qualitative analysis intends to add value to the existing literature by bringing out a new perspective in the international business research. Literature Review forms the base of the dissertation and is essentially divided into three parts. The first part explores the existing theories relating to Multinational companies and Internationalization. It explains the evolution of the theories and presents counter views on the internationalization of companies. The second part talks about the macroeconomic environment of Saudi Arabia using the PESTLE framework and describes the factors any company should consider before investing in Saudi Arabia. The third and the last part of the Literature review we discuss the energy sector of Saudi Arabia and the major companies operating in it. It uses the well known Porter?s Five Forces model to understand the competitive structure of the Saudi Arabia energy sector.
The next section of the dissertation is key findings where the information received from the previous section is analyzed. The impact on the energy sector is discussed followed by the gaps in the existing studies and the future prospects of the Saudi Arabian energy sector. The dissertation concludes by summarizing the key findings obtained from the various studies and paves way for further research on this topic.
This presentation was given at the 5th International Symposium on Goat and Sheep Production in Joao Pessoa, Brazil, by Susan Schoenian, Sheep & Goat Specialist for University of Maryland Extension.
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4. SECTOR BACKGROUND
• Mongolia is one of the leading countries in terms of the livestock number
and meat consumption per capita and home to 45 million head of livestock.
The meat industry is considered to be one of the most potential sectors for
future development. Despite the growth of livestock, Mongolia’s meat
industry faces many problems such as meat price increase, meat
contamination and improper meat processing during last several years.
Source: National Statistical Office of Mongolia
Table: Average price of beef
5. PROBLEMS IN MONGOLIAN MEAT INDUSTRY
Reduce
Cost
Improve
Product
Quality
Not optimized
Supply Chain
Poor
quality
High
price
Improper
processing
These problems indicate that Mongolia’s meat supply chain is not optimized
and reminding effective management must take into account in the supply
chain, to reduce cost and to improve service level.
6. PURPOSE
– To ANALYZE MONGOLIAN MEAT SUPPLY CHAIN
to determine what factors and which stage of the
supply chain lead to price increase and quality
decline of the end-consumer product.
– To GIVE RECOMMENDATIONS on where
improvements can be made in the Mongolia’s
meat supply chain based on the analysis of
Australian meat supply chain.
7. OBJECTIVES
• To investigate cold chain management
• To identify the impact of the meat industry in
Mongolian economy.
• To examine primary factors which affect high meat
price.
• To identify where improvements can be made in
the supply chain.
• To investigate Australian beef supply chain and
find out the factors that may have favorable
impacts on the improvement of Mongolia’s meat
supply chain.
10. Meat &
marine
products
Fruits &
vegetables
Fish & Sea
food
Dairy
products
Beverages
COLD CHAIN PRODUCTS: FOOD SECTOR
• If cold chain control is violated at any point, meat safety, quality and
hygiene are compromised.
• Controlling the temperature of meat products from the processing
stage has been proven to not only help control microbial growth, but
also assist in creating a quality meat product.
11. COLD CHAIN
• A cold chain is a temperature-controlled supply chain that
provides a series of facilities for maintaining ideal storage
conditions for perishables from the point of origin to the point
of consumption.
Major Industries: Food, Pharmaceutical
• A well-organized cold chain reduces spoilage, retains the quality
of the products and guarantees a cost efficient delivery to the
consumer given adequate attention for customer service.
• Feature of cold chain is every stage in the chain should comply
with cold chain standards which extend shelf life and ensure
product quality and safety.
SUPPLY CHAIN
TEMPERATURE
CONTROL
(REFRIGERATION)
COLD CHAIN
13. Australia is one of the world’s largest producers of
commercial livestock and red meat. Beef cattle and
sheep are the dominant industries. Also they are
major agricultural commodities and represent a
significant segment of the economy.
The Australian meat industry is affected by both domestic and international
demand for its products. So the market is characterized by a range of domestic
and export consumer types at the point of final consumption and through the
supply chain.
AUSTRALIAN MEAT INDUSTRY
15. AUSTRALIAN MEAT SUPPLY CHAIN
• Livestock supply chain is the most extensive in Australia in terms of
distance and geographical spread.
• The meat supply chain has seven key functional stages, made up of:
Breeding
Fattening
Feedlotting
Marketing
Transportation
Processing
Retailing
1
2
4
5
6
7
3
18. QUALITY ASSURANCE (QA)
The QA systems developed by the Australian meat industry that
cover all the links in the supply chains, from paddock to fork.
• Livestock Production
Assurance
• LPA Quality Assurance
National Feedlot
Accreditation Scheme
TruckCare
• Australian Government
Legislation and Standards
• AQIS health certificate
• Australian Government
Halal Slaughter Program
• Micro-organism monitoring
• MLA food safety program
• National Residue Survey
National Saleyard
Quality Assurance
Program
• National Livestock
Identification System
• AUS-MEAT
QA on farms QA on feedlots
QA on
transportation
QA on
saleyards
QA on
processing
QA on overall
supply chain
19. INTEGRITY OF THE COLD CHAIN
Quality
Assurance
Systems
Integrity of
the Cold
Chain
Integrity of the cold chain is critical for both the domestic and the export market.
Quality assurance systems ensure integrity of the cold chain in Australian meat
supply chain. However cold chain is complicated to manage the product arrives at
market in prime condition.
20. MONGOLIA’S MEAT SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS
MONGOLIAN LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY
• Livestock industry was the main foundation of Mongolia’s
economy and it still plays an important role in economy,
employment and export revenues.
21. CONTINUED…
80 percent (1.35 million
hectares) of total land is
suitable for livestock
herding.
Main livestock production
comes from meat, milk
and cashmere products
which are included in the
country’s strategic
products.
80%
22. MONGOLIA’S MEAT INDUSTRY
Meat industry plays an important role in the food sector and is
considered to be one of the most potential sectors for future
development. Mongolia annually produces 200-250 thousand tons
of meat from 8.2 million livestocks and self-sufficient for its
domestic meat consumption (MoIA, 2013).
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Performance
2013/2012
Meat production 221.3 264.4 204.4 208 220.4 238.2 107.40%
Meat processed
through plants
12 21.4 14.7 15.6 16.4 22.1 134.70%
Source: MoIA, 2013
Table 8 : Recent meat production (thousand tons)
23. MEAT EXPORT
Mongolia’s contribution to world meat exports is very small. Meat
export occupies very small portion in meat production. Actual
meat exports during the last six years averaged around 10.3-3
thousand tons.
Meat products are mainly exported to Russia (horse meat, beef),
Arab countries: Turkey, Jordan … (mutton, lamb), China (mutton,
goat) and Japan (horse meat).
Meat production and export, in thousand tons, (Source: MoIA, 2013)
24. PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
Five types of livestock are raised in Mongolia:
sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and camels. Sheep
and goats comprise the majority of livestock
and respectively accounted for 44.5% and
42.6% of the total number of livestock in 2013.
Mongolian livestocks are organically produced related to the traditional pastoral
livestock breeding. All livestocks fed with organic grass while they graze on native
pasture and that can be a special characteristic of Mongolian livestocks.
The structure comparison of Mongolian livestock
In 1990 In 2013
25. END CONSUMER DEMAND – MEAT CONSUMPTION
• Meat consumption in urban areas and rural areas are different.
But the difference is getting smaller in recent years. Mongolians
mainly consume beef and mutton, accounting for around 45% and
35% of the total quantity of meat respectively, while horse, goat,
and camel meats occupy small portion in consumption.
Province name
Total meat
consumption
thousand tn
Percentage of meat
consumption %
Total meat
consumption mn.
₮
Percentage of
meat
consumption
in GDP
Ulaanbaatar 97,0 40,1% 378 252,10 12,7%
Selenge 12,6 5,2% 37 800,00 19,4%
Uvurkhangai* 11,5 4,7% 26 353,58 24,1%
Khuvsgul 10,4 4,3% 29 094,24 20,5%
Arkhangai* 9,8 4,0% 20 502,72 16,7%
Khentii 8,3 3,4% 18 009,00 22,4%
Table 14 : Annual meat consumption by province
Source: NSO and MOIA, end of 2008
26. DISTRIBUTION OF SUPPLY
Although livestock is relatively uniformly distributed in
comparison with the population size of each region, the
forests and mountainous areas of northern and eastern
Mongolia are most populous in terms of livestock.
Overgrazing is becoming problematic in areas close to major
markets.
27. INCONSISTENCY OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY
Inconsistency of demand and supply led to threefold increase in
meat price between 2001 and 2009 (Mercy-Corps, 2010).
MAIN FACTORS:
1) Dependence of livestock production on weather and seasonal
conditions
Dependence of pastoral
livestock breeding on
weather conditions
causes the supply
shortage because of the
decrease of livestock
number during adverse
weather.
28. 2) Meat supply has the characteristic of seasonal fluctuation.
Annual supply, Source: Mercy Corps, 2010
INCONSISTENCY OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY
Shortage
Surplus
There is a supply shortage between January and June and
supply is exceeded between July and December. This is because
herders tend to sell livestock in the months between July and
December when livestocks have the heaviest weight.
29. Supply
Chain
Participants
Regulatory
Groups
STAKEHOLDERS OF MONGOLIA’S MEAT SUPPLY CHAIN
Herder households
Agents
Intermediaries
Slaughterhouses
Meat Processors
Wholesalers
Retailers
Mongolian Meat Association (MMA)
Ministry of Industry and Agriculture (MoIA)
State Specialized Inspection Agency (SSIA)
Mongolian National Agency for
Standardization and Metrology (MNASM)
33. A CASE STUDY OF MEAT WHOLESALING: ULAANBAATAR
CITY’S “HUCHIT SHONHOR” FOOD MARKET
In the past, Huchit Shonhor food market was just one of many small
markets in the city, but with the movement of fowl places out of the city,
the Huchit Shonhor market began to carry out "the wholesale market"
functions. The majority of the meat for Ulaanbaatar city consumption is
shipped to the Huchit Shonhor food market from fowl places and then
retailers and merchants of other food markets buy the meat from the
Huchit Shonhor food market and then sell to consumers.
Wholesaler
from
countryside
Wholesaler
inside the
market
Meat
salesperson
inside the market
Retailers
Food
markets
Others
Wholesalers
Increases price
Increases price
Increase price
Increase price
Increase price
34. CONTINUED…
Wholesaler from
countryside
Wholesaler
inside the market
Meat Salesperson
inside the market
Mutton 1300 - 2200 1550 - 2200 2200 - 2500
Beef 1600 - 2000 1400 - 2200 2000 - 2400
Horse meat 500 - 1000 700 - 1000 1100 - 1300
Goat meat 1100 - 1600 1400 - 1700 1800 - 2000
Camel meat 1100 - 1200 1200 - 1450 1750 - 2000
Meat transaction participants in this market have a strong influence in
meat price formation of Ulaanbaatar city. At each stage of the meat sales
transaction, meat price become more expensive than previous stage and this
transaction with multi-participants is the main reason of high meat price in
Ulaanbaatar city.
Source: Changes and Actual State of Mongolian Meat Market and Distribution System
A Case Study of Ulaanbaatar City’s “Khuchit Shonhor” Food Market, 2006
Table: Meat prices by stages of sale in Huchit Shonhor food market, tg/per kg
35. MAIN FACTORS OF MEAT PRICE INCREASE
1. Strong Influence of Wholesale Function of the
supply chain.
2. Inconsistency of Demand and Supply
– Adverse weather conditions (dzud and drought)
– Supply fluctuation
37. STAGE COMPARISON OF AUSTRALIAN AND MONGOLIA’S
MEAT SUPPLY CHAIN - LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
AUSTRALIA MONGOLIA
Responsiveness
to harsh
weather
conditions
Australian meat industry has developed necessary
capacity to handle such uncertainties which are
caused by adverse weather conditions.
Mongolia’s cannot respond
significantly to changes in weather
conditions.
Rearing
method
The use of feedlots has developed. The use of
feedlot removed most of the seasonality in the
weight gain of livestock by providing a year-round
supply of feed, and the extremes in the variability
of growth rate of livestocks when they graze on
seasonal grasses. In the southern part, more
intensive farms are mainly located. Livestock graze
on improved pastures that have replaced the less
nutritious native grasses there.
The usual pastoral livestock
breeding method used in
Mongolia involves the extensive
grazing of various types of
livestock at one herder household
site (livestock farming).
Livestock
producer
Private companies and farmers produce most of
the commercial livestocks. They own stations
where the livestock graze on vast land. Some of
them are vertically integrated and operated as a
meat processor and a distributer of end-products.
Producer Alliances are well developed.
Almost all (97%) livestocks are
privately owned by herder
households. This is the result of
the large-scale privatization
process that began in the early
1990s, almost all state-owned
38. STAGE COMPARISON - MARKETING
AUSTRALIA MONGOLIA
Selling
Systems
Various livestock selling systems are
used in Australian meat supply chain
including saleyard auctions, direct sale,
auction plus, property auctions,
forward contract, over the hooks
marketing and niche markets to cater
for different needs and markets. Each
of selling systems has their own
advantages and disadvantages and it is
possible for the processors to choose a
convenient method to source livestock
depending on targeted market and a
season.
In Mongolia, livestock is mainly
sold to a merchant or an agent.
A buyer may visits the property,
inspect the livestock, and
negotiate a price. Other selling
systems are not implemented
in the meat supply chain. Meat
processing plants are mainly
source through their agents
and other processors source
through an intermediaries. This
type of marketing method
increases the role and influence
of intermediaries in the supply
chain.
39. STAGE COMPARISON - PROCESSING
AUSTRALIA MONGOLIA
Regulations There are around 240 to 300 slaughterhouses
and their operations are accredited by QA
systems. The Australian processing industry has
also introduced a number of measures to
enhance meat quality.
Portion of the meat which are being
processed under regulations are as
low as 13%. It shows that the
control of meat quality and standard
fulfillment of processing is loosely
defined.
Processing
Technology
Australian meat processors produce value-
added meat products by advanced technologies
and techniques while supporting the high
quality. Meat is packaged in a variety of ways for
ease of handling and transportation for both
export and domestic markets.
The portion of value-added meat
products is small due to the lack of
sophisticated processing technology
in small slaughterhouses.
Vertical
Integration
Most of the large processors operate a
significant vertically integrated supply chain
from cattle breeding to distribution and occupy
majority of the market.
Few of large processors operate
vertically integrated supply chain
from marketing to distribution.
Responsiveness
to the Change of
Consumer Taste
High proportions of Australians are eating less
red meat and are looking to lower the fat levels
in the diet. The industry has responded by
producing meat cuts with lower fat level.
Large cuts are still dominated in
Mongolia’s meat industry.
40. Australia Mongolia
Regulations The transport requirements for
livestock are complex and
governed by a number of
restrictions and guidelines in
Australia. Livestocks must be
transported live on specialized
livestock vehicles between farm-
based and intermediate
movements and once slaughtered
the product must be transported
between 4ºC and -22ºC by
refrigerated truck depending on
the end marketplace and whether
the product is chilled or frozen to
comply with cold chain rule.
But in Mongolia, livestock is
transported through the
functional stages by
unspecialized truck. Also meat
products from small
slaughterhouses are
distributed to food markets
and retailers by unrefrigerated
trucks. This stage affects badly
to product quality due to the
transportation which is not
abided by any specific cold
chain rules relating to loading,
unloading and transporting
livestock in Mongolia.
STAGE COMPARISON - TRANSPORTATION
41. STAGE COMPARISON - RETAILING AND WHOLESALING
AUSTRALIA MONGOLIA
Regulations In Australia there are a number of
initiatives to enhance existing
regulations to ensure the quality
of meat is maintained until the
final consumers. Domestic meat
retailers are developing a quality
assurance program covering areas
such as product handling,
cleaning, display temperature and
even business management.
Meat products are mainly sold in food
markets under inappropriate
temperature which is not in compliance
with cold chain standard. Almost all
meat products which are sold in food
markets are contaminated due to its
polluted environment and operation
which is not regulated by standards of
product handling, cleaning, and display
temperature.
Influence of
Wholesalers
Increasing vertical integration of
supply chain reduced a role and
influence of a separate wholesale
function.
In Mongolia, wholesaler has a very
strong influence in this stage. Meat
products slaughtered in
slaughterhouses are mainly supplied to
food markets by wholesalers. Many
intermediaries participate in retailing
and wholesaling stage. It is one of the
main reason of high meat price.
43. PERFORMANCE
• The effectiveness of the cold chain in maintaining the safety, durability and
quality of foods relies on controlling product temperature through each and
every step in the cold chain.
• The analysis of supply chain structure and stage comparison between
Australian and Mongolia’s meat supply chain clarifies that Australian meat
supply chain performance and effectiveness are better than Mongolia’s. It is
attributable to the well-established QA systems, which support cold chain
control that cover every stage in the Australian meat supply chain. Also the
effectiveness and well formulated management of Australian meat supply
chain is attributable to some other factors such as supply chain integration,
responsiveness and flexibility to change of demand and weather conditions,
sophisticated processing technology, effective marketing systems, intensive
livestock operations and so on.
• On the contrary, cold chain control is violated at each stage in Mongolia’s
meat supply chain. Meat safety, quality and hygiene are compromised due
to the poor temperature control in the supply chain.
44. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MONGOLIA’S MEAT SUPPLY
CHAIN IMPROVEMENT
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
• To develop necessary capacity to handle such
uncertainties which are caused by adverse weather
conditions.
• To develop livestock producer vertical and horizontal
alliances to provide producers with leverage to get
into the commercial world by combining to deal with
a significant volume of product.
• To develop the use of feedlot to remove seasonality in
the weight gain of livestock, and the extremes in the
variability of growth rate of livestocks when they
graze on seasonal grasses.
45. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MONGOLIA’S MEAT SUPPLY
CHAIN IMPROVEMENT
LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
• To develop necessary capacity to handle such
uncertainties which are caused by adverse weather
conditions.
• To develop livestock producer vertical and horizontal
alliances to provide producers with leverage to get
into the commercial world by combining to deal with
a significant volume of product.
• To develop the use of feedlot to remove seasonality in
the weight gain of livestock, and the extremes in the
variability of growth rate of livestocks when they
graze on seasonal grasses.
46. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MONGOLIA’S MEAT SUPPLY
CHAIN IMPROVEMENT
MARKETING
• To develop various selling systems to distribute
livestock efficiently. Implementing various selling
systems can be efficient. It will give opportunity for
processors to source livestock through a variety of
channels. Generally, Australia's mechanism to
distribute livestock between different stages and
vertical integration of the supply chains can offer
valuable benchmarks for the Mongolia’s meat
industry.
47. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MONGOLIA’S MEAT SUPPLY
CHAIN IMPROVEMENT CONTINUED…
• To enhance the audit of the regulatory bodies on
slaughterhouses operations and to make consolidation
of small slaughterhouses.
• To be innovative when respond to consumer taste
change.
• To improve processing technology to produce value-
added products while supporting high quality.
• To attract export market by its’ organic products.
MEAT PROCESSING
48. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MONGOLIA’S MEAT SUPPLY
CHAIN IMPROVEMENT CONTINUED…
• Livestock should be transported live on specialized
livestock vehicles between movements to ensure the
welfare of the animal and work so that the livestocks do
not become stressed or hurt. Once slaughtered the it
must be transported by refrigerated truck depending on
the end marketplace and whether the product is chilled
or frozen to comply with cold chain rule.
TRANSPORTATION
49. l
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MONGOLIA’S MEAT SUPPLY
CHAIN IMPROVEMENT CONTINUED…
RETAILING AND WHOLESALING
• To improve the environment and product handling operations
of food markets.
• To increase supply chain vertical integration of meat processors
to reduce wholesale function in the supply chain. Vertical
integration of Australian meat supply chains can be a good
lesson to reduce the role and influence of a separate wholesale
function.
50. l
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MONGOLIA’S MEAT SUPPLY
CHAIN IMPROVEMENT CONTINUED…
WHOLE SUPPLY CHAIN
• Developing quality assurance systems which cover all stages of
the supply chain is necessary in Mongolia’s meat industry.
• Forming an alliance with the Australian meat industry can be
another useful approach to quickly learn how meat supply
chains are developed and managed in Australia. In this respect,
industry exchange visits may be arranged through peak bodies
in both countries for senior industry personnel. On the other
hand, technical training tours may be organized for various
other industry personnel to learn from each other various
techniques related to meat products such as preparation,
processing, and specifications.
51. Further Research
The recommendations for the future
development of Mongolia’s meat supply chain
can be improved by basis of economic
calculations and feasibilities.
52. CONCLUSION
• Success of the Australian meat industry is attributable to
the development and effective management of its meat
supply chains. In this regard, Mongolia’s meat industry can
benefit from learning how Australia has developed and
managed its meat supply chains.
• The paper accomplished two main aims.
• It can be helpful to any stakeholders of Mongolia’s meat
supply chain since it can give them clear understanding
about the supply chain.
• Analyses included in the paper might be a valuable source
of information for scholars who intend to conduct
research in this area.