ELECTORLYTE IMBALANCE

1. ELECTROLYTE
BALANCE
BIOCHEMISTRY PRESENTATION BY
MUHMMAD SHAH RUK NE ALAM

2. WHAT IS
BUFFER
• A buffer is a solution (or a substance) that has the ability
to maintain pH and bring it back to its optimal value by
addition or removal of hydrogen ions
• Buffer + H H buffer
• Normal pH level range is 7.35 – 7.45

3. TYPES OF ACID AND BASES
• Strong acids
• Release large amount of Hydrogen ions
• Weak acids
• Release small amount of Hydrogen ions
• Strong bases
• Accept large amount of Hydrogen ions
• Weak bases
• Accept small amount of Hydrogen ions
Acids
Release protons (H) Eg-H2CO3 ,
HCL
Bases
Accept protons (H)
Eg – HCO3

4. • When Hydrogen ion conc. Increases
• Reaction shifts towards right
• When Hydrogen ion conc. Decreases
• Reaction shifts towards left
In this way hydrogen ion concentration is maintained

5. TYPES OF CHEMICAL BUFFER
• Carbonic acid-bicarbonate
• Buffering changes caused by organic and fixed acids
• Protein buffer system
• Amino acids
• Minor buffering system
• Phosphate – Buffer pH in the ICF

7. CARBONIC ACID-BICARBONATE
BUFFERING SYSTEM
• Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
• Weak acid – H2CO3
• Bicarbonate salt (NaHCO3)
• Strong acid is added
• When HCL is added Hydrogen conc. increases –
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H + HCO3

8. CONDITION
• Strong base is added
• H+ conc. Reduces
• NaOH + H2CO3 NaHCO3+H2O
• In this way CO2 conc. decreases
• This inhibits respiration

9. BICARBONATE BUFFER
• Has the following limitations: –
• Cannot protect the ECF from pH changes due to increased or depressed
CO2 levels
• Only functions when respiratory system and control centers are working
normally
• It is limited by availability of bicarbonate ions (bicarbonate reserve).

10. PHOSPHATE BUFFER
SYSTEM
• Main elements of phosphate buffer system
H2PO4, and HPO4
• Phosphoric acid changes pretty quickly into dihydrogen
phosphate, or H2PO4.
• This dihydrogen phosphate is an efficient buffer

11. CONDITION
• Phosphate buffer system in the ECF is low compared to the
bicarbonate buffer.
• Its buffering power is less compared to the bicarbonate buffer.
• It has its importance in the renal tubules of kidneys for two
reasons..

13. PROTEIN BUFFER SYSTEM
• Proteins are made up of amino acids
• Amino acids have a central carbon with four groups off of it:
1.A carboxyl group (COOH)
2.An amino group (NH2)
3.A hydrogen atom
4.An R group.

15. CONDITION
• The carboxyl and amino groups are what enable proteins to act as buffers.
• Carboxyl group is attached to the amino acid central carbon: C – COOH
• Carboxyl group consists of a double bond to one of the oxygen's and a
single bond to the hydroxyl group.
• At neutral pH the carboxyl ion is present as COO instead of COOH.
• Acidic medium – becomes COOH
• Basic medium – becomes COO.

16. • Amino group is attached to the amino acid central carbon: C -
NH2.
• Neutral pH, the amino group is actually- NH3+ rather than just
NH2.
• Acidic medium – becomes NH3+
• Basic medium- becomes NH2

18. DISORDER
• Disorders of acid-base regulation
• May lead to
• Alkalosis
• Respiratory alkalosis
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Acidosis
• Respiratory acidosis
• Metabolic acidosis