The document discusses Shakespeare's play The Tempest and analyzes it as a tragicomedy. It notes that the play contains elements of both tragedy and comedy, with tragic scenes being immediately followed by comic ones and vice versa. It provides examples of tragic scenes involving shipwreck, betrayal, and characters in servitude, as well as comic scenes involving drunken antics and love plots. The document argues that by blending these tragic and comic elements throughout the play, Shakespeare created a tragicomedy, a genre that contains aspects of both tragedy and comedy and has a happy ending. It analyzes how The Tempest fits the definition of a tragicomedy through its serious themes, balanced with lighter romantic and humorous subplots, ultimately
An Apology for Poetry[7] (also known as A Defence of Poesie and The Defence of Poetry) – Sidney wrote the Defence before 1583. It is generally believed that he was at least partly motivated by Stephen Gosson, a former playwright who dedicated his attack on the English stage, The School of Abuse, to Sidney in 1579, but Sidney primarily addresses more general objections to poetry, such as those of Plato. In his essay, Sidney integrates a number of classical and Italian precepts on fiction. The essence of his defence is that poetry, by combining the liveliness of history with the ethical focus of philosophy, is more effective than either history or philosophy in rousing its readers to virtue. The work also offers important comments on Edmund Spenser and the Elizabethan stage. from wikipidea
Ars Poetica, or "The Art of Poetry," is a poem written by Horace c. 19 BCE, in which he advises poets on the art of writing poetry and drama. The Ars Poetica has "exercised a great influence in later ages on European literature, notably on French drama..."and has inspired poets and writers through the ages
An Apology for Poetry[7] (also known as A Defence of Poesie and The Defence of Poetry) – Sidney wrote the Defence before 1583. It is generally believed that he was at least partly motivated by Stephen Gosson, a former playwright who dedicated his attack on the English stage, The School of Abuse, to Sidney in 1579, but Sidney primarily addresses more general objections to poetry, such as those of Plato. In his essay, Sidney integrates a number of classical and Italian precepts on fiction. The essence of his defence is that poetry, by combining the liveliness of history with the ethical focus of philosophy, is more effective than either history or philosophy in rousing its readers to virtue. The work also offers important comments on Edmund Spenser and the Elizabethan stage. from wikipidea
Ars Poetica, or "The Art of Poetry," is a poem written by Horace c. 19 BCE, in which he advises poets on the art of writing poetry and drama. The Ars Poetica has "exercised a great influence in later ages on European literature, notably on French drama..."and has inspired poets and writers through the ages
This is a brief presentation of the basic concepts introduced by Russian formalism. It might be considered as a suitable departing point to the understanding of this literary theory.
Literary Theory and Criticism
By Belachew Weldegebriel
Jimma University
College of Social Sciences and Humanities
Department of English Language and Literature
Work and war by john ruskin presentationSabraAhmad1
He was the master of English prose writing and a leading English art critic of the Victorian era, also an art patron, draughtsman, a prominent social thinker, and philanthropist.
Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the famed headmaster of Rugby School, and brother to both Tom Arnold, literary professor, and William Delafield Arnold, novelist and colonial administrator.
During this time Arnold wrote the bulk of his most famous critical works, Essays in Criticism (1865) and Culture and Anarchy (1869), in which he sets forth ideas that greatly reflect the predominant values of the Victorian era.
This is a brief presentation of the basic concepts introduced by Russian formalism. It might be considered as a suitable departing point to the understanding of this literary theory.
Literary Theory and Criticism
By Belachew Weldegebriel
Jimma University
College of Social Sciences and Humanities
Department of English Language and Literature
Work and war by john ruskin presentationSabraAhmad1
He was the master of English prose writing and a leading English art critic of the Victorian era, also an art patron, draughtsman, a prominent social thinker, and philanthropist.
Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the famed headmaster of Rugby School, and brother to both Tom Arnold, literary professor, and William Delafield Arnold, novelist and colonial administrator.
During this time Arnold wrote the bulk of his most famous critical works, Essays in Criticism (1865) and Culture and Anarchy (1869), in which he sets forth ideas that greatly reflect the predominant values of the Victorian era.
An Objective Evaluation of Shakespeare’s Universal Appealpaperpublications3
Suit the action to the word, the word to the action, with this special observance; that you o‟verstep not the modesty of
nature. For anything so o‟erdone is from the purpose of playing, whose end both at the first, and now, was and is, to hold
as „twere the mirror up to nature, to show Virtue her own feature, scorn her own Image, and the very age and body of the
time his form and pressure.
- Hamlet: III.ii.17-24
William Shakespeare is cllaed the Bard of Avan.
Shakespeare's influence is summarized nicely by Thomas Carlyle.
This King Shakespeare does he not shine, in crowned sovereignty, over us all, as the noblest, gentlest, yet strongest of rallying-signs; indestructible; really more valuable in that point of view than any other means or appliance whatsoever? We can fancy him as radiant aloft over all Nations of Englishmen, thousand years hence. From Paramatta, from New York, wheresoever, under what sort of Parish-Constable soever, English men and women are, they will say to one another, 'Yes, this Shakespeare is ours; we produced him, we speak and think by him; we are of one blood and kind with him. (Thomas Carlyle, The Hero as Poet, 1841).
Similar to Shakespeare's The Tempest as a Tragicomedy (10)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
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The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
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Shakespeare's The Tempest as a Tragicomedy
1. @ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com
ISSN No: 2456
International
Research
Shakespeare’s
Department of English,University of Kashmir,
Thune, Kangan, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir
ABSTRACT
William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is beyond
the greatest dramatist of all time. He occupies a
position unique in world literature. Other poets, such
as Homer and Dante, and novelists, such as, Leo
Tolstoy and Charles Dickens, have transcended
national barriers; but no writer’s living reputatio
compare to that of Shakespeare.1
His plays, sonnets
and two long narrative poems earned him an
international acclaim and acceptance as the best writer
in the history of English literature. His play,
Tempest, is thought by many critics to be the last play
that Shakespeare wrote alone. In this play
Shakespeare artistically blends aspects of both tragic
and comic forms2
: a sorrowful scene is immediately
followed by an amusing scene and vice versa. On one
hand, the play has enough comic elements to lighten
the tragic elements and on the other hand it has
enough tragic elements to intensify the comic
elements. The paper aims to study The Tempest
tragicomedy by highlighting Shakespeare’s artistic
technique of blending tragic and comic elements in
the play.
Keywords: tragicomedy, comic, tragic, happiness,
sorrow
A tragicomedy is a work which does not fit with
either a tragedy or a comedy: It is not light
enough to be called a comedy and it does not
death or any other awful event to be called a tragedy.
A tragedy is basically a serious story which often
involves the death of one or more characters and it
generally has a tragic end. A comedy is a lightened,
funny story that has a happy ending. A tragicomedy,
thus, is a play that is neither a comedy nor a tragedy,
although it has the features of both.3
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2017
ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume
International Journal of Trend in Scientific
Research and Development (IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
Shakespeare’s The Tempest as a Tragicomedy
Ishfaq Hussain Bhat
Department of English,University of Kashmir,
Thune, Kangan, Ganderbal, Jammu and Kashmir
1616) is beyond doubt
the greatest dramatist of all time. He occupies a
position unique in world literature. Other poets, such
as Homer and Dante, and novelists, such as, Leo
Tolstoy and Charles Dickens, have transcended
national barriers; but no writer’s living reputation can
His plays, sonnets
and two long narrative poems earned him an
international acclaim and acceptance as the best writer
in the history of English literature. His play, The
is thought by many critics to be the last play
that Shakespeare wrote alone. In this play
Shakespeare artistically blends aspects of both tragic
: a sorrowful scene is immediately
followed by an amusing scene and vice versa. On one
he play has enough comic elements to lighten
the tragic elements and on the other hand it has
enough tragic elements to intensify the comic
The Tempest as a
tragicomedy by highlighting Shakespeare’s artistic
and comic elements in
tragicomedy, comic, tragic, happiness,
does not fit with
gedy or a comedy: It is not light hearted
enough to be called a comedy and it does not include
death or any other awful event to be called a tragedy.
A tragedy is basically a serious story which often
involves the death of one or more characters and it
generally has a tragic end. A comedy is a lightened,
A tragicomedy,
thus, is a play that is neither a comedy nor a tragedy,
It is difficult to categorize The Tempest
tragedy or a comedy. The published versions of
Shakespeare’s work also make it difficult t
determine what he Intended. The First Folio classified
The Tempest as a comedy. Later published collections
classify it as a ‘Romance’ but this is not a really
accurate category to use, either.
no major love story in its plot, so the
does not seem to be suitable. The play does have
certain comic elements: the characters of Caliban and
Ariel are often played for comic relief. However, it is
also possible for both of these characters to be played
with more tragic context: both are bound by servitude,
and beg for their freedom, which makes them
somewhat tragic. Caliban is ostracized for being ugly;
this can also be comic or tragic, depending on the
portrayal in the performance. Prospero’s age and
occasional befuddlement can also be played for either
comic or tragic effect. Because the play contains
elements of both the genres, it has been referred to by
some critics as a “tragicomedy”. This seems to be the
best working term to refer to this play that defines
placement in either genre. 4
While going through The Tempest
fact which supports the view that this play is a tragic
comedy. We find that, in this play, tragic events are
immediately followed by amusing situations, and that
amusing situations then imme
serious and sad happenings. In certain scenes, we find
the serious and sad events blending with the amusing
elements. In the very opening scene we witness a ship
being tossed by the sea-waves, it is threatened with
destruction and the Passengers find themselves faced
with an impending catastrophe : (Paul, 193)
Dec 2017 Page: 316
| www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 1
Scientific
(IJTSRD)
International Open Access Journal
as a Tragicomedy
The Tempest as either a
tragedy or a comedy. The published versions of
Shakespeare’s work also make it difficult to
determine what he Intended. The First Folio classified
as a comedy. Later published collections
classify it as a ‘Romance’ but this is not a really
accurate category to use, either. The Tempest contains
no major love story in its plot, so the term “Romance’
does not seem to be suitable. The play does have
certain comic elements: the characters of Caliban and
Ariel are often played for comic relief. However, it is
also possible for both of these characters to be played
both are bound by servitude,
and beg for their freedom, which makes them
somewhat tragic. Caliban is ostracized for being ugly;
this can also be comic or tragic, depending on the
portrayal in the performance. Prospero’s age and
also be played for either
comic or tragic effect. Because the play contains
elements of both the genres, it has been referred to by
some critics as a “tragicomedy”. This seems to be the
best working term to refer to this play that defines
The Tempest we are struck by a
fact which supports the view that this play is a tragic-
comedy. We find that, in this play, tragic events are
immediately followed by amusing situations, and that
amusing situations then immediately give way to
serious and sad happenings. In certain scenes, we find
the serious and sad events blending with the amusing
elements. In the very opening scene we witness a ship
waves, it is threatened with
assengers find themselves faced
with an impending catastrophe : (Paul, 193)
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2017 Page: 317
“Mercy on us.
We split, we split, farewell my wife, my
children, Farewell brother: we split, we split, we
split.”( Tempest, 5)
But in the midst of the danger and the anxiety,
we find Gonzalo making remarks which greatly
amuse us. (Paul, 193):
Gonzalo: “I have a great comfort from this
fellow: methinks he hath no drowning mark upon
him, his complexion is perfect gallows: stand fast
good Fate to his hanging, make the rope of his destiny
our cable, for our doth little advantage: if he be not
born to be hang’d, our case is miserable.” (Tempest,
4)
Antonio also makes witty remarks which
greatly amuse us:
“Hang, cur, hang, you whoreson, insolent
noise-maker, we are less afraid to be drown’d, than
thou art.” ( The Tempest, 4)
The scene which follows is full of sadness
because here Prospero gives his daughter a detailed
account of the misfortunes which he and she had
experienced as a consequence of the perfidy of his
brother Antonio who had been abetted by King
Alonso and Sebastian (Paul, 193). This scene is
replete with seriousness, dismay and sorrow:
Prospero:
“Twelve year since, Miranda, twelve year since,
Thy father was the Duke of Milan and
A Prince of power.
…By foul play were we heav’d thence,
But blessedly holp hither…
My brother and thy uncle, call’d Anthonio:
…in my false brother
Awak’d an evil nature, and my trust
Like a good parent, did beget of him
A falsehood in its contrary…”
(Tempest, 7-10)
When Ariel asks Prospero to free him, Prospero
reminds him the sufferings to which Ariel had been
subjected to by the witch, Sycorax. The tragic
elements of the play get manifested through his
speech full of pathos, sorrow and seriousness:
“Dost thou forget
From what a torment I did free thee?
…hast thou forgot
The foul Witch Sycorax, who with age and
envy
Was grown into a hoop?...thou my slave,
As thou report’st thyself, was then her
servant,
…And in her most unmitigable rage
Into a cloven pine, within which rift
Imprison’d, thou didst painfully remain
A dozen years: within which space she died,
And left thee there…thou best know’st
What torment I did find thee in; thy groans
Did make wolves howl…it was mine Art…
That made gape the pine, and let thee out.”
(Tempest, 14-16)
This scene replete with pathos is immediately
followed by a scene in which Ferdinand falls in love
with Miranda who fully reciprocates his love.
Throughout the following scene there runs a vein of
comedy. Antonio and Sabastian continue to make
sarcastic remarks about Gonzalo and Gonzalo hits
back. The scene which follows is wholly comic.
Trinculo and Stephano come upon Caliban who seems
to them to be a monster and who, after getting drunk,
himself becomes a comic character. (Paul, 193-94).
Caliban is Prospero’s servant. When Prospero was
shipwrecked on the island Prospero treated him kindly
but their relationship changed when
Caliban tried to rape Prospero’s daughter, Miranda.
He then became Prospero’s unwilling servant.
5
Commenting on the relationship between Prospero
and Caliban, Meredith Anne Skura states: “Caliban’s
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2017 Page: 318
childish innocence seems to have been what first
attracted Prospero, and now it is Caliban’s childish
lawlessness that enrages him.” (Skura, 65).The third
Act of the play also presents a juxtaposition of the
comic and the tragic elements. Caliban, Stephano and
Trinculo appear once again and their entire
conversation is greatly amusing, with Ariel invisibly
playing tricks to create a misunderstanding among
them. The only serious note in this scene is the
conspiracy which the three men hatch against
Prospero at Caliban’s suggestion.( Paul, 194):
Caliban:
“As I told thee, ‘tis a custom with him
I’ th’ afternoon to sleep: there thou mayst brain him,
Having first seiz’d his books: or with a log
Batter his skull, or paunch him with a stake,
Or cut his wezand with thy knife.”
(Tempest, 48)
Stephano:
“Monster, I will kill this man: his daughter
And I will be King and Queen, save our Graces:
and
Trinculo and thyself shall be Viceroys: dost thou
like
The plot, Trinculo?”
(Tempest, 49)
This is followed by a romantic sub-plot in which
Ferdinand and Miranda’s love develops and Prospero,
feeling fully satisfied with Ferdinand’s conduct,
agrees to the marriage of the lovers. Prospero also
arranges a masque for the entertainment of the
lovers.(Paul, 194):
Prospero to Ariel:
“…go bring the rabble here, to this place:
Incite them to quick motion, for I must
Bestow upon the eyes of this young couple
Some vanity of mine Art: it is my promise,
And they expect it from me.”
(Tempest, 56)
Act V of the play is largely serious; it has a large
component of serious and painful developments,
though the whole thing ends happily. In the beginning
of this Act, Ariel reports to Prospero the miserable
condition of the three sinners who had been
imprisoned by him in a lime-grove. It also presents
the sad plight of Gonzalo who is shedding tears. Ariel
pleads for the mercy towards the sufferers. (Paul,
195):
“…all prisoners Sir,
In the line-grove which weather-fends your cell,
They cannot budge till your release: the King,
His brother, and yours, abide all three distracted,
And the remainder mourning over them,
Brimful of sorrow, and dismay: but chiefly
Him that you term’d sir, the good old Lord
Gonzalo,
His tears run down his beard like winter’s drops.”
(Tempest, 65)
The scene in which Prospero, reminds Alonso of the
heinous crime which he had committed twelve years
ago is equally pathetic. He also reminds Sebastian and
Antonio of their obnoxious and hateful misdeeds:
“Home both in words, and deed; most cruelly
Did thou Alonso, use me, and my daughter:
Thy art pinch’d for ‘t now Sebastian. Flesh and
blood,
You, brother mine, that entertain’d ambition,
Expell’d remorse, and nature, who, with
Sebastian
Would here have kill’d your king: I do forgive
thee.”
(Tempest, 67)
Conforming to the genre of tragicomedy, this scene of
sadness and grief is followed by a scene which proves
to be a source of great joy and happiness to all
concerned. Alonso is reunited with his son Ferdinand
who is engaged to marry Prospero’s daughter
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 2 | Issue – 1 | Nov-Dec 2017 Page: 319
Miranda. Ariel is granted freedom for which he has
been longing (Paul, 196):
“…my Ariel; chick
That is thy charge: then to the elements
Be free, and fare thou well: please you draw near.”
(Tempest, 76)
Thus the happy ending of the play obliterates the
tragic elements or at least diminishes their effect
considerably. (Paul, 196)
According to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, a play
is a tragedy if everyone suffered in the end, even the
innocent; a play is a comedy if the innocent triumph
and only the wicked come to the horrible end. During
Renaissance, tragicomedy became an accepted genre
in which the ending was happy, but it contained
themes like danger, fall from position, it also
contained comic elements. Looking at tragicomedy
through this lens, we can see that it applies to
Shakespeare’s
The Tempest perfectly. On one hand serious issues
normally portrayed in tragedies are present, including
Prospero’s fall from power, the murder plot of
Sebastian and Antonio against Alonso, and the theme
of revenge, On the other hand, we have a romance
between Ferdinand and Miranda, a humorous sub-plot
with the low-class Stephano and Triniculo, and the
lighter elements of the bridal masque and harmless
magic. Ultimately when Prospero draws those who
have wronged him into his magic circle, the play
hangs in the balance between comedy and tragedy:
Will he take revenge on those who have wronged him
showing himself to be no better than they? Or will he
overcome his desires for retribution and heed his
higher nature? He eventually forgives those who have
wronged him. The technique of blending tragic
elements with comic elements employed by
Shakespeare makes The Tempest a perfect example of
tragicomedy.6
Works Cited:
1) Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. Peocock
Books. 2006. Print.
2) Paul, Rajinder. The Tempset. Rama Brothers India
Pvt. Ltd. 2007. Print.
3) Skura, Meredith Anne. “Discourse and the
Individul”: The Case of Colonialism in The
Tempest.
4) Shakespeare Quarterly 40 (1989)
Web Sources:
1) https://www.britannia.com/biography/william-
shakespeare-literary-criticism
2) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/tragicomedy
3) https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/why-
does-tempest-by-shakespeare-considered-153181
4) https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-
tempest-tragic-comedy-586139
5) https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Relationship-
between-Prospero-Caliban-and-Ariel-in-
F3JMBRYTJ
6) https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/why-
does-tempest-by-shakespeare-considered-153181