Gifford Lecture One: Cosmos, Time, MemorySean Carroll
Based on my book The Big Picture, this is the first of five lectures exploring how different ways of talking about the world fit together. The other four lectures are on YouTube.
Space is not fundamental (although time might be). Talk at the 2010 Philosophy of Science Association Meeting, Montreal. By Sean Carroll, http://preposterousuniverse.com/
What We (Don't) Know About the Beginning of the UniverseSean Carroll
A plenary talk at the January 2017 meeting of the American Astronomical Society, on whether the universe truly had a beginning, and what might have come before.
Gifford Lecture One: Cosmos, Time, MemorySean Carroll
Based on my book The Big Picture, this is the first of five lectures exploring how different ways of talking about the world fit together. The other four lectures are on YouTube.
Space is not fundamental (although time might be). Talk at the 2010 Philosophy of Science Association Meeting, Montreal. By Sean Carroll, http://preposterousuniverse.com/
What We (Don't) Know About the Beginning of the UniverseSean Carroll
A plenary talk at the January 2017 meeting of the American Astronomical Society, on whether the universe truly had a beginning, and what might have come before.
Quantum Entanglement - Cryptography and CommunicationYi-Hsueh Tsai
1. Introduction 2. Quantum Entanglement 3. Quantum Cryptography - Quantum Key Distribution 4. Physical Limit for E2E Time Delay - Speed of Light 5. Shorten E2E Delay - Faster-Than-Light Communication 6. Conclusions
To improve communication security, quantum cryptography could be considered. 2. To shorten E2E delay, technology regarding Faster-ThanLight (FTL) communication is required.
Philosophical Issues in Quantum ThermodynamicsSean Carroll
I give a brief non-systematic introduction to some issues in the foundations of quantum mechanics and thermodynamics, and speculate about how they might intersect in quantum thermodynamics.
Quantum Computers_Superposition Interference Entanglement and Quantum Error C...Professor Lili Saghafi
The experimental implementation of Quantum Computers and Improved quantum error correction could enable universal quantum computing. In a way that can change the world .
Cryptography, entanglement, and quantum blocktime: Quantum computing offers a more scalable energy-efficient platform than classical computing and supercomputing, and corresponds more naturally to the three-dimensional structure of atomic reality. Blockchains are a decentralized digital economic system made possible by the 24-7 global nature of the internet.
What is Quantum Computing
What is Quantum bits (Qubit)
What is Reversible Logic gates and Logic Circuits
What is Quantum Neuron (Quron)
What are the methods of implementing ANN using Quantum computing
Quantum Field Theory and the Limits of KnowledgeSean Carroll
A seminar, given to philosophers, on how quantum field theory allows us to delineate known from unknown in fundamental physics, and why the laws of physics underlying everyday phenomena are known.
Quantum Entanglement - Cryptography and CommunicationYi-Hsueh Tsai
1. Introduction 2. Quantum Entanglement 3. Quantum Cryptography - Quantum Key Distribution 4. Physical Limit for E2E Time Delay - Speed of Light 5. Shorten E2E Delay - Faster-Than-Light Communication 6. Conclusions
To improve communication security, quantum cryptography could be considered. 2. To shorten E2E delay, technology regarding Faster-ThanLight (FTL) communication is required.
Philosophical Issues in Quantum ThermodynamicsSean Carroll
I give a brief non-systematic introduction to some issues in the foundations of quantum mechanics and thermodynamics, and speculate about how they might intersect in quantum thermodynamics.
Quantum Computers_Superposition Interference Entanglement and Quantum Error C...Professor Lili Saghafi
The experimental implementation of Quantum Computers and Improved quantum error correction could enable universal quantum computing. In a way that can change the world .
Cryptography, entanglement, and quantum blocktime: Quantum computing offers a more scalable energy-efficient platform than classical computing and supercomputing, and corresponds more naturally to the three-dimensional structure of atomic reality. Blockchains are a decentralized digital economic system made possible by the 24-7 global nature of the internet.
What is Quantum Computing
What is Quantum bits (Qubit)
What is Reversible Logic gates and Logic Circuits
What is Quantum Neuron (Quron)
What are the methods of implementing ANN using Quantum computing
Quantum Field Theory and the Limits of KnowledgeSean Carroll
A seminar, given to philosophers, on how quantum field theory allows us to delineate known from unknown in fundamental physics, and why the laws of physics underlying everyday phenomena are known.
The First Annual Robert Grosseteste Lecture on Astrophysics/Cosmology, a public talk given at the University of Lincoln.
The lecture focusses on the large-scale structure of the Universe and the ideas that physicists are weaving together to explain how it came to be the way it is. Over the last few decades, astronomers have revealed that our cosmos is not only vast in scale – at least 14 billion light years in radius – but also exceedingly complex, with galaxies and clusters of galaxies linked together in immense chains and sheets, surrounding giant voids of (apparently) empty space. Cosmologists have developed theoretical explanations for its origin that involve such exotic concepts as ‘dark matter’, ‘dark energy’ and ‘cosmic inflation’, producing a cosmic web of ideas that is, in some ways, as rich and fascinating as the Universe itself.
Krystalická hrůza H. P. Lovecrafta ve filmuBloxxterMagick
H. P. Lovecraft nebyl nikdy příliš dobrý spisovatel. Ale pokud byl v něčem excelentní, tak to bylo navození atmosféry kosmické hrůzy a děsu. Přednáška o něm samotném, mýtu Cthulhu i o jeho zfilmovaných dílech (včetně ukázek) a projekce fenomenálního celovečerního filmu, který vás uvede do světa Azthotha, Yog-Sothotha nebo Nyrlathotepa.
Prezentace z přednášky na 6. ročníku setkání Mezi Světy 2012. Nejznámější z fiktivních Necronomiconů je Simonův Necronomicon. Ačkoliv se nejedná o ryzí Necronomiconskou praxi, ale jde spíše o praxi pohansko-magickou, považuji ho jako znalec Necronomiconu a magik za esenciální.
The semantic technology enhances big data advancements by allowing sophisticated analysis of texts. Through the Linked Data technology, tremendous amount of information can be connected. However, this inherits ambiguity when it needs to be manipulated for certain purpose like natural language interface, semantic search and question answering. There are limited works which address ambiguity in semantic search. This paper introduces a technique based on self-adaptive disambiguation which utilizes the possible concept annotations of terms in the natural language queries. This will allow users to compose query in natural language and receive accurate answers without having to master the formal syntax of the semantic query language.
Magické myšlení aneb jak magie ovlivňuje náš životBloxxterMagick
Celý náš život je prodchnut rituály, tradicemi našich prabáb a pradědů nás ovlivňují více než si myslíme. Bojíme se poznání za závojem a schováme se za vědu. Přitom právě ta nám dodává potvrzení magického pohledu na svět a jeho fungování.
Filosofie, matka všech věd je odsouzena do knihoven a myslí profesorů. Přitom je tou nejcennější pomocnicí v našem praktickém životě. Pojďte se podívat spolu se mnou, že magické myšlení není vzdálené od našeho běžného života, přijďte poznat, že iracionálno není děsivé a magie není jen ve filmech a knihách.
Pojďte se seznámit s čarodějnictvím a pohanstvím současnosti.
Lektor: Pavel Ungr (Cody), známý jako popularizátor magie a pohanství, více než 2 roky vedl PFI a je zakladatelem magické skupiny Blasphemion, autor množství textů o magii a pohanství, majitel blogu o pohanství a magii Bloxxter (http://bloxxter.info/), spoluzakladatel projektu Divinorum a jeden z pořadatelů komunitního setkání magiků, pohanů a mystiků Mezi Světy (http://mezisvety.divinorum.cz/).
Proposed smart traffic signal control in brunei darussalamAndino Maseleno
This paper presents proposed SMART (Systematic Monitoring of Arterial Road Traffic Signals)
traffic signal control in Brunei Darussalam. Traffic congestion due to stops and delays at traffic light signals
has much been complained about in Brunei Darussalam as well as across the world during the recent years.
There are primarily two types of traffic signal controls in Brunei Darussalam. The most common one is
the fixed or pre-timed signal operation traffic light and the other one is the actuated signal operation traffic
light. Although the actuated signal control is more efficient than the fixed or pre-fixed signal control in the
sense that it provides fewer stops and delays to traffic on the major arteries, the best option for Brunei
Darussalam would be to introduce SMART traffic signal control. This type of traffic signal uses artificial
intelligence to take the appropriate action by adjusting the times in real time to minimise the delay in the
intersection while also coordinating with intersections in the neighbourhood. SMART signal simultaneously
collects event-based high-resolution traffic data from multiple intersections and generates real-time signal
performance measures, including arterial travel time, number of stops, queue length, intersection delay, and
level of service. In Brunei Darussalam, where we have numerous intersections where several arterial roads
are linked to one another, The SMART traffic signal control method should be implemented.
Proceeding of Brunei International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2012Andino Maseleno
Proceeding of Brunei International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2012.
25th-26th January 2012, Rizqun International Hotel, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam.
A TED Talk by Dan Cobley, who is certain that physics and marketing have a lot of in common. He uses Newton's second law, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, the scientific method and the second law of thermodynamics to explain the fundamental theories of branding.
Ben Ambridge walks through 10 popular ideas about psychology that have been proven wrong and uncovers a few surprising truths about how our brains really work.
Top 10 Interesting Facts About Solar SystemTenfact
Astronomer Clyde Tombaugh had discovered Pluto in 1930, while he was looking for objects farther out in space than Uranus, that were creating anomalies in Uranus’s orbit which were discovered earlier in the 18th and 17th century.
Being inside a certain star’s gravitational force is like being a part of it and acting as it does in its journey. Technically, this means we live inside the Sun. Interesting…
Pluto is believed to be smaller than the country USA.
‘’My Very Educated Mother Just Showed Us Nine Planets.’’ How you remember 9 planets.
The sun does burns and gives heat/light through a basic and efficient process of nuclear fusion.
One of the most talked about theories is that so many of these so-called icy comets collided with earth and have formed the Earth’s oceans.
mercury is not the planet with the highest of temperatures in our solar system although it is the one closest to the sun.
Saturn’s density is not even 70 percent that of water. So it will float on water like wood on water.
If Earth’s core is where hell is, then moon Lo is where the devil resides
One day on Mercury equals to 58 days on Earth
Check the full article here: http://tenfact.com/top-10-facts-solar-system/
Read in 2011, a very foundational book on physics, narrated in a very easy lay-man terms.. This book talks about constants, in nature and how we need to interpret and listen to these constants..
These are my book notes, great book one can buy this book on Amazon... worth a read for science buffs
Time Electron Theory.(What is time and Emergence of time).syedmuneemqadri
"What is time? Is it a physical quantity, illusion, or dimension? Defining time is challenging and fascinating. We often consider time as a dimension to help us understand the concept of space-time. Time undeniably exists, but we can only sense its presence through its effects. For instance, if we take two apples, one bought months ago and the other just a day ago, we can tell that one apple was bought a long time ago because it had rotted. We express time as the effect caused by it. If there were no effects of time on this universe, then the concept of time would not exist.
A run through of the basic principles of quantum mechanics, first principles in Philosophy, deriving mathematical Platonism and informational monism, and recognizing that quantum gravity necessitates informational monism while accommodating mathematical Platonism.
hello, friends it time for new scientific consideration ,usually what we think how time pass away,,,,,,,,,o come on i wish to get back in past...also in future......what you say???...take a look........
Abstract: Dr. David Joseph Bohm an American scientist who theorized quantum mechanics in the most ordinary and understandable way, which is somewhat referred to as the “Pilot Wave-model”. Also he prophesized in neuropsychology, and gave the Holonomic model of brain affecting our view of the quantum mechanics. His theories suggest that the phenomenon of “NON LOCALITY” or quantum entanglement is due to the famous “frame dragging” phenomenon predicted by Sir. Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity.
Bohm’s theory also suggests that time doesn’t exist in the way we think it does as stated by “THE BIG CRUNCH” theory. According to it time exists due to the interacting frequencies of the waves due to particle vibrations in space and that the universe never began.
In this paper existence of quantum entanglement is used to question the degree of correctness of the Space-time fabric theory.
Translation of four dimensional axes anywhere within the spatial and temporal boundaries of the universe would require quantitative values from convergence between parameters that reflect these limits. The presence of entanglement and volumetric velocities indicates that the initiating energy for displacement and transposition of axes would be within the upper limit of the rest mass of a single photon which is the same order of magnitude as a macroscopic Hamiltonian of the modified Schrödinger wave function. The representative metaphor is that any local 4-D geometry, rather than displaying restricted movement through Minkowskian space, would instead expand to the total universal space-time volume before re-converging into another location where it would be subject to cause-effect. Within this transient context the contributions from the anisotropic features of entropy and the laws of thermodynamics would be minimal. The central operation of a fundamental unit of 10-20 J, the hydrogen line frequency, and the Bohr orbital time for ground state electrons would be required for the relocalized manifestation. Similar quantified convergence occurs for the ~1012 parallel states within space per Planck’s time which solve for phase-shift increments where Casimir and magnetic forces intersect. Experimental support for these interpretations and potential applications is considered. The multiple, convergent solutions of basic universal quantities suggest that translations of spatial axes into adjacent spatial states and the transposition of four dimensional configurations any where and any time within the universe may be accessed but would require alternative perspectives and technologies.
Interstellar Communication Theories and its PossibilitiesIJMER
This paper reviews and discusses the research dimensions in four dimensional time travel and
time dependencies of future and past on the basis of present. The paper investigates the theories that
support time travel in any manner and explore possibilities based on them for interstellar communication
The Phase Theory towards the Unification of the Forces of Nature the Heart Be...IOSR Journals
A new theory has been presented, for the first time, called the "Phase Theory", which is the natural evolution of the physical thought and is considered the one beyond the super string theory. This theory solves the unsolved problems of the mysterious of matter, antimatter and interactions and makes a wide step towards the unification of the forces of nature. In this theory, the vibrating string of different frequency modes which determines the different types of elementary particles is replaced by a three dimensional infinitesimal pulsating (black)holes with the same frequency. Different types of elementary particles are determined by different phase angles associated with the same frequency. This allows the force of interactions to take place among elementary particles, without the need to invoke the notion of the force carrier particles, as the (stable) force of interactions can never take place between elementary particles at different frequencies. Besides the strong mathematical proofs given in this paper to prove its truthfulness, an experimental prediction has been given to confirm the theory presented in the form of the relation between the electron radius and quarks radii. The paper shows that quarks are direct consequence of this theory, and solves "the flavor problem" in QCD, and gives the clue to answer the questions of "Why are there so many flavors? The paper also derives the equation of the big bang theory which describes the singularity of the moment of creation of the universe.
Indeterminism in quantum mechanics can be interpreted as a form of occasionalism, which is called “quantum occasionalism”
It in turn implies the option for any probabilistic determinism and thus for causal determinism as a particular case to be extended equivalently to that form of occasionalism
This article aims to present possible strategies for humanity to seek its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live. Research on the fate of our Universe, on the existence or not of multiverse or parallel universes and on the development of the final theory or theory of everything, that is, of the theory of the unified field, are important questions to elucidate in order to point out possible strategies for humanity seeks its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
Setting Time Aright
1.
2. Intuitive time: “now” is real. The past has happened. (Memories, records.) The future is conjectural. (Teleology, free will.) time future present past ?
3. Newtonian/Laplacian time: the block universe. All times are implicit in every moment. Prediction and retrodiction: reversibility . time future present past
4. How do we reconcile the block universe with our intuitive understanding of time? vs. ?
5.
6. A conjecture: Time is fundamental, but space is not. In quantum mechanics, we speak of wave functions that depend on space and time, ( x , t ) . But that’s only for one particle. The wave function really depends on configuration space as well as time. “ Space” is just an example of configuration space. ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 … x N ; t ) [ 1 ( x ), 2 ( x )…; t ] many-particle quantum mechanics quantum field theory
7. Time is the parameter in Schrödinger’s equation. Quantum mechanics describes one-dimensional paths in Hilbert space, parameterized by time. That structure could plausibly survive any future ideas about “configuration space” or the Hamiltonian. Space emerges from the quantum state. (e.g. holography, AdS/CFT)
8. Why does time have a direction? We know the answer: increasing entropy. time
9. Life and death Biological evolution Memory Cause and effect [Penrose] All past/future distinctions arise because our environment is very far from equilibrium, and entropy is increasing.
10. space of states “ macrostates” = sets of macroscopically indistinguishable microstates Entropy counts the number of states that look the same macroscopically.
11. Entropy increases toward the future because there are more ways to be high-entropy than low-entropy. The mystery is why it was lower in the past.
12. To understand the evolution of entropy, we need to supplement Boltzmann by the Past Hypothesis: The observable universe began in a low-entropy state that could evolve into our current state via increasing entropy. Nobody knows why this should be true, but it is.
13. The past hypothesis helps reconcile reversible microphysics with macroscopic directionality; e.g. why do we remember the past and not the future?
14. empty, quiet parent universe “ Big Bangs” arrows of time arrows of time time One idea: the universe we see arises from a restless time-symmetric multiverse with unbounded entropy. [Carroll & Chen; cf. Aguirre & Gratton; Garriga & Vilenkin; Hartle, Hawking, & Hertog; Page] t S
15. Divide the world into macrostates that look macroscopically the same. Entropy = number of microstates in each macrostate. (Boltzmann) Complexity = length of description required to specify each macrostate. (Kolmogorov) How does complexity evolve?
16. Entropy increases. Complexity first increases, then decreases. low entropy low complexity medium entropy high complexity high entropy low complexity
22. Is there a law of thermodynamics governing the evolution of complexity? What kinds of complexity actually evolve?
23. Adaptive systems & self-organized criticality Far from equilibrium, dynamical models can be attracted to particular low-entropy states with complex structure. E.g. sandpile models with scale-free avalanches.
24. Life: the ultimate complex system Organisms can use free energy (increase entropy) to maintain out-of-equilibrium configurations. Schrödinger: matter is alive “when it goes on doing something” longer than we would expect it to.
25. “ The purpose of life is to hydrogenate carbon dioxide.” -- Mike Russell [E. Smith] [Yung, Russell & Parkinson]