Study of highly broadening Photonic band gaps extension in one-dimensional Me...IOSR Journals
In this paper, we show theoretically that the reflectance spectra of one dimensional multilayer metal-organic periodic structure (1D MOPS) can be enhanced due to the addition of the organic constituents. We have used simple transfer matrix method to calculate the absorption, transmittance and reflectance of the 1D MOPS systems. The organic component like N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) absorbs the light in ultra-violet, visible and infrared electromagnetic region and the structure with Ag-metal also having the tendency to absorb the light by the plasmaonic action and their refractive can be calculated from Drude equation. The reflectance spectra of multilayer 1D MOPS containing a variable number periodic of Ag/N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) structure are calculated taking optical constant of NPB and Ag. The optical band gap and reflectance spectra of 1D MOPS of the considered structure is obtained in the visible and near infrared regions either with the variation of the metal layer thickness or thickness of the organic layer. From the results under investigation through TMM, tunability in the optical band gap was observed either change in thickness of the other layer 1/ or 2 or the angle of the incident. Due to optical absorption of the light in the different region of electromagnetic spectrum due to either N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) or silver metal, the optical band gap of 1DMOPS shows the shift of band edges of λL and λR from ultra-violet to visible and the infrared with change the optical constant.
Study of highly broadening Photonic band gaps extension in one-dimensional Me...IOSR Journals
In this paper, we show theoretically that the reflectance spectra of one dimensional multilayer metal-organic periodic structure (1D MOPS) can be enhanced due to the addition of the organic constituents. We have used simple transfer matrix method to calculate the absorption, transmittance and reflectance of the 1D MOPS systems. The organic component like N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) absorbs the light in ultra-violet, visible and infrared electromagnetic region and the structure with Ag-metal also having the tendency to absorb the light by the plasmaonic action and their refractive can be calculated from Drude equation. The reflectance spectra of multilayer 1D MOPS containing a variable number periodic of Ag/N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) structure are calculated taking optical constant of NPB and Ag. The optical band gap and reflectance spectra of 1D MOPS of the considered structure is obtained in the visible and near infrared regions either with the variation of the metal layer thickness or thickness of the organic layer. From the results under investigation through TMM, tunability in the optical band gap was observed either change in thickness of the other layer 1/ or 2 or the angle of the incident. Due to optical absorption of the light in the different region of electromagnetic spectrum due to either N,N’-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N’diphenyl-1; 1biphenyl-4; 4diamine (NPB) or silver metal, the optical band gap of 1DMOPS shows the shift of band edges of λL and λR from ultra-violet to visible and the infrared with change the optical constant.
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Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
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Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
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While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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2. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Outline
Background
– Use of low quality Scots pine in Norway
– Strength grading of structural timer in Europe
Structural round timber of Scots pine from Norway
– Mechanical properties
– Strength grading
– Applicability of European Standards on round timber
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3. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Possible use of low quality Scots pine
Pulp and paper
Particleboard, fiberboard
Energy
Structural round timber
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4. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Strength of round timber
Stronger than sawn
timber because of fiber
continuity in the surface
Juvenile core is
surrounded by mature
wood that is denser,
stiffer and stronger.
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5. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Strength grading
Strength grading is allocation of timber pieces into
strength classes with defined properties
European standardization
– Requirements for density, stiffness properties and
strength properties
– Measurements and calculations
– Visual grading
– Machine grading
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6. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
European standards regarding strength grading
EN 14081: Strength graded structural timber with
rectangular cross section, part 1-4
EN 338: Strength classes
EN 408: Determination of some physical and mechanical
properties
EN 384: Determination of characteristic values of
mechanical properties and density
National/regional visual grading rules
– INSTA 142: Nordic visual strength grading rules for
sawn timber
7 EN 1912: Assignment of visual grades and species
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7. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
EN 14081-1
Strength graded structural timber with rectangular
cross section. Part 1: General requirements
INSTA 142 EN 14081-4
Nordic visual strength grading Strength graded structural
rules for sawn timber timber with rectangular cross
section.
EN 1912 Part 4: Machine grading – grade
Assignment of visual grades machine settings for machine
and species controlled settings
EN 338
Strength classes
8
Eurocode 5
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8. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
European standards applicable on round timber?
EN 338: Strength classes
EN 14251: Structural round timber - Test methods
– (Corresponds to EN 408)
EN 384: Determination of characteristic values of
mechanical properties and density
– Corrections for moisture content, dimensions and sample
size
National/regional visual grading rules
Missing:
– EN 1912: Assignment of visual grades and species
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– Machine grading
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9. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Visual grading of Scots pine round timber
Ranta-Maunus (1999)
– A: C30 (Scots pine and Norway spruce)
– B: C18 (Scots pine)
– Strength reducing characteristics, geometrical
characteristics, biological characteristics
Boren & Barnard (2000)
– C30 (Scots pine)
– C24 (Scots pine)
– Knot size, knot sum, annual ring width, tapering
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10. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Tested materials
Density, modulus of elasticity and
bending strength
Visual characteristics
533 logs
– 75 mm – 250 mm
– Sampled from 150 trees from 10
locations
– All logs with diameter >75 mm
tested
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11. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Uncorrected values of density, MoE and MoR
Some correlation between dimension and moisture content
(r = 0.552)
Strong, even if poor quality
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12. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
EN 338 – Strength classification
(Vestøl & Høibø, 2010)
Strength class is limited by MoE
Should be possible to obtain C40 by rejecting only a small
number of pieces
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14. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Site effect on bending strength
It is not possible to obtain
C40 from all sites without
rejecting a large number
Models showed that visual
grading left significant
effects of site
Predicting MoR from MoE
is more accurate, and not
as dependent on site
15
(Vestøl & Høibø, 2010)
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15. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Corrections according to EN 384
MoE is corrected for moisture content
– Correction coefficient = 0.02
MoR is not corrected for moisture content
MoR is corrected for dimension by dividing on
" 150 % 0.2
kh = $ '
# D&
16
!
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16. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
MoE and MoR models
Y= +f(A,B,C…)+Si+ ij
– f(A,B,C…) = covariate function
– Si = random effect of site (i = 1–10)
Tested covariates
– Density, annual ring width, grain angle
– Maximum knot size, relative maximum knot size
– Maximum knot group, relative maximum knot sum
– Tapering
– Moisture content
– Dimension
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17. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
MoE, Correction for moisture content
MoE = f(MC, density, tapering, knot sum)
– Fixed effects model:
• RMSE = 1953 N/mm2, R2 = 0.61
– 16.0% of random variance due to site
The model predicts a correction for moisture content
– Average correction coefficient: 0.02 (as in EN 384)
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18. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
MoR, Correction for moisture content
MoR = f(MC, ln(D), ln(density), tapering, knot size, knot sum, grain angle)
– Fixed effects model
• RMSE = 6.1 N/mm2 , R2 = 0.75
– 11.3% of random variance due to site
The model predicts corrections for both moisture content and dimension
– Average correction coeffisient for moisture content: 0.04
19
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19. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
MoR, Correction for dimension
MoR = f(MC, ln(D), ln(density), tapering, knot size, knot sum, grain angle)
– Fixed effects model
• RMSE = 6.1 N/mm2 , R2 = 0.75
– 11.3% of random variance due to site
The model predicts corrections for dimension as described in EN 384
" 150 % 0.192
kh = $ '
# D&
!
20
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20. NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES
Conclusions
Visual grading leaves significant residuals due to site that
cannot be accounted for.
– Visual grading rules have to be either conservative or limited to
timber from a specific region.
The model indicates that MoE of round timber can be corrected
for moisture content as described in EN 384.
The model indicates that bending strength can be corrected for
dimension as described in EN 384, but it should also be
corrected for moisture content.
The correction coefficients should be estimated from a
controlled experiment without correlation between dimension
and moisture content
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