This document discusses small animal nutrition and the iterative process of clinical nutrition for dogs and cats. It covers assessing the animal, food, and feeding method and then developing a feeding plan. Key parts of the assessment include signalment, medical history, diagnostics, and physical exam including body condition scoring. The document reviews calculating energy requirements, important nutrients like protein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. It also covers life stage nutrition needs for growth, reproduction/lactation, adults, seniors and the special considerations for large breed dogs.
What Is Complete And Balanced Nutrition For DogsHilary Watson
Presentation describing the 36 essential nutrients for dogs and the research and regulatory bodies that define them. Explains why complete and balanced nutrition should be the goal of all dog owners.
Macronutrients:-
Nutrients are substances needed for growth, metabolism, and for other body functions. Since “macro” means large, macronutrients are nutrients needed in large amounts.
The prefix makro is from the Greek and means big or large
Macronutrients are nutrients that provide calories or energy.
Minerals and Vitamins are called micronutrients since they are needed in SMALL amounts.
What Is Complete And Balanced Nutrition For DogsHilary Watson
Presentation describing the 36 essential nutrients for dogs and the research and regulatory bodies that define them. Explains why complete and balanced nutrition should be the goal of all dog owners.
Macronutrients:-
Nutrients are substances needed for growth, metabolism, and for other body functions. Since “macro” means large, macronutrients are nutrients needed in large amounts.
The prefix makro is from the Greek and means big or large
Macronutrients are nutrients that provide calories or energy.
Minerals and Vitamins are called micronutrients since they are needed in SMALL amounts.
Ponència presentada al II Seminari Internacional de Preservació Digital, celebrat a Brasil del 3 al 6 d'agost, que ha anat a càrrec de Ricard de la Vega, cap d'Aplicacions i Projectes del CSUC.
En la presentació s'ha realitzat un repàs a als repositoris cooperatius que gestiona el CSUC, centrant-se en la preservació i arxiu de les tesis doctorals que conté el repositori TDX.
AgeLoc TR90 Body Building/Shaping Weight Management ProgramChing Chen
TRADITIONAL WEIGHT LOSS PROGRAMS ARE BASED ON THE MYTH:
‘It’s all about the number on the scale"
Weight management and body shaping are about far more than a number on the scale’
When the expression of certain genesare out of sync, the body becomesLESS EFFICIENT AT REGULATING WEIGHT AND BODY SHAPE.
Eating Plan BASED ON PROTEIN SCIENCE + Balanced nutrition
Supplements work together with eating plan and increased activity
The right eating plan complements the effects of active ingredients, the wrong eating plan can negate them
Eating Plan Difference #1
Problem
Traditional diets recommend restricting calories by reducing intakes of macronutrients equally, lowering protein to inadequate levels in the process.
Solution
Maintain pre-diet protein intakes; restrict overall calories by reducing intakes of carbohydrates and fats, while maintaining fruit/vegetable consumption
EATING PLAN DIFFERENCE #2
Problem:
Most individuals consume the majority of their protein at their main meal, typically dinner. Result: lean muscle maintenance and metabolic burn potential is compromised.
Solution:
By distributing protein intake evenly among your three main meals, the eating plan promotes the maintenance of metabolically-active lean muscle.2,3
The eating plan recommends at least 30 g of protein at each of 3 meals/day.
EATING PLAN DIFFERENCE #3
Problem
Traditional diets are high in carbohydrates which produce “fat storing” effects in the body and low in protein which has “fat burning” effects.
Solution
Consume optimal amounts of protein and avoid refined carbohydrates to inhibit fat storage.
EATING PLAN DIFFERENCE #4
Problem
Traditional diets are ‘one size fits all.’
Solution
The Program incorporates an eating plan that is designed to deliver kcals and protein at levels proportionate to an individual’s body size.
EATING PLAN DIFFERENCE #5
Problem
Traditional diets are just that, ‘diets’ designed to be followed for a finite period of time.
Solution
The Program incorporates a sustainable ‘Eating Plan’ that provides optimal levels of protein and fruits/vegetables.
It is a lifestyle plan designed to be followed for the 90 days of the program and beyond – for life!
THE EATING PLAN IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMPLETE AGELOC BENEFITS
Helps maintain metabolically-active lean muscle and inhibit fat storage2, in order to:
Increase metabolic burn rate to boost fat loss1
Gain/maintain a youthful, toned body shape3,4
Promote satiety and hunger control5
Improve glycemic control6,7,8
ageLOC TR90 program incorporates and recognizes
the importance of exercise.
So be active and have fun!
minimum of 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week.
30-60 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise (5 days/wk) 20-60 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise (3 days/wk)
Resistance exercises: 2-3 days each week using a variety of exercises and equipment
Activities to increase flexibility:
2-3 days each week
AGELOC TR90 KEY TAKEAWAYS
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. The Iterative Process
Two step clinical
nutrition process
Step 1:
Assess the patient,
food and feeding
method
Step 2:
Develop feeding plan
including food
choice and feeding
method
Animal
Food
Feeding
Method
ASSESSMENT
Food
Feeding
Method
FEEDING PLAN
3. Iterative Process
Factors in Patient Assessment
Signalment: species, breed, age, gender,
neuter status, activity level,
environment
Medical History: medical conditions, vaccines,
surgeries, medications
Diagnostics: blood chemistry, radiographs
Physical Exam: abnormalities, BCS
4. Body Condition Scoring
Subjective method of assessing an animal’s fat
stores
Fat cover is evaluated over the ribs, down the
topline, around the tail base and along the
abdomen
1 2 4 5
EMACIATED THIN
3
IDEAL OVERWEIGHT OBESE
PALPATION IS KEY!
7. Iterative Process: Dietary History
What Do You Need to Know About
the Animal’s Dietary History?
Brand of Food
Form of Food
Feeding Method & Frequency
Treats?
Table food?…
8. Review of Nutrients
• Water
• Carbohydrates
• Protein
• Fat
• Minerals
• Vitamins
• Antioxidants*
Energy
Producing
Nutrients
9. Review of Basic Nutrients:
Water
As fed
Nutrients are
calculated as a
percentage of the
product including
water
Dry matter basis
Nutrients are
calculated as a
percentage of the
product without the
water
Vs.
Nutrients in food…
10. Which Has More Protein?
Moist Product
• 75% moisture
• 10% protein
• 8% fat
• 9% CHO
Dry Product
• 10% moisture
• 18% protein
• 12% fat
• 32% CHO
11. Review of Basic Nutrients:
Water
For Moist Products the percentage of nutrients
on a Dry Matter Basis (DMB)
equals approximately
4x the percent on an as fed basis
Moist Product – as fed
• 75% moisture
• 10% protein
• 8% fat
• 9% CHO
This product contains ~40% protein DMB
12. Review of Basic Nutrients:
Water
Dry Product – as fed
• 10% moisture
• 18% protein
• 12% fat
• 32% CHO
For Dry Products the percentage of nutrients on
a Dry Matter Basis equals approximately
10% more than the percent on an as fed basis
This product contains ~20% protein DMB
13. • Energy source
Conditionally essential
23% for gestation and lactation in dogs
Cats are different
• Provides form to dry and canned food
• Increases food volume
• Reduces cost
Review of Basic Nutrients:
Carbohydrates
14. Benefits of Insoluble
Carbohydrates
“Normalize” bowel transit time
Increase satiety
Provide probiotics for intestinal health
Review of Basic Nutrients -
Carbohydrates
Soluble Insoluble “Fiber”
Sugars
Starches
…etc.
Beet pulp
Cellulose
Soybean hulls
…etc.
15. Review of Basic Nutrients -
Proteins
• Tissue Building
• Growth
• Hormones
• Enzymes
• Blood Cells
• Antibodies
• Energy source
Comprised of Amino Acids
16. Amino Acids of Special Concern
Arginine
(Essential)
Immune system stimulant; key in
management of dogs with cancer
Taurine
(Essential in
cats)
Critical for retinal and cardiac muscle
development in cats; Conditionally
essential in Newfoundlands
Carnitine
(Conditionally
essential)
Improves fat metabolism, builds lean
body tissue, make mitochondria more
efficient
17. AAFCO
Association of AmericanAssociation of American
Feed Control OfficialsFeed Control Officials
Nutrient Profiles forNutrient Profiles for
dogs and catsdogs and cats
minimum nutrient valuesminimum nutrient values
required at different liferequired at different life
stagesstages
some maximumsome maximum valuesvalues
18. Review of Basic Nutrients -
Proteins
AAFCO PROTEIN minimums - DMB
Adult Dog – 18%
Puppy – 22%
Adult Cat – 26%
Kitten – 30%
23. Calculating Energy Requirements
RER – Resting Energy Requirement
Measure of the amount of energy needed
based on animal’s metabolic body size
Formula:
Expressed in kilocalories
RER = 30 x BW(kg) +70
STEP 1
24. DER = Daily Energy Requirement
An animal’s RER multiplied by a factor that
accounts for the animal’s life stage or life style
DER Factor = Numeric value that accounts for
life stage, neuter status, life style, body
condition, gestation or lactation
Calculating Energy Requirements
STEP 2
DER = RER x DER factor
25. Calculating Energy Needs
What You Need to Know About the
Animal Before You Calculate:
Age
Neuter Status
Current Weight
Target Weight
(if not at ideal weight)
26. How Much Will We Feed
Gracie Whitesox?
“Gracie Whitesox”
3yrs; Female(N) Maine Coon; Wt. 11lbs; BCS 3/5
27. 1. Calculate RER: 30 x (BW in kg) +70
Calculating Gracie’s Energy Needs
28. 1. Calculate RER: 30 x (BW in kg) +70
30 x (11 ÷ 2.2) + 70
Calculating Gracie’s Energy Needs
29. 1. Calculate RER: 30 x (BW in kg) +70
30 x (11 ÷ 2.2) + 70
30 x (5)+70 = 220 kcals
Calculating Gracie’s Energy Needs
30. 1. Calculate RER: 30 x (BW in kg) +70
30 x (11 ÷ 2.2) + 70
30 x 5+70 = 220 kcal
2. Calculate DER:
Average, neutered feline adult =
(Use DER factors provided in notes)
Calculating Gracie’s Energy Needs
31. 1. Calculate RER: 30 x (BW in kg) +70
30 x (11 ÷ 2.2) + 70
30 x 5+70 = 220 kcal
2. Calculate DER: (Use DER factors provided in notes)
Average, neutered feline adult =
1.2 x RER
Calculating Gracie’s Energy Needs
32. 1. Calculate RER: 30 x (BW in kg) +70
30 x (11 ÷ 2.2) + 70
30 x 5+70 = 220 kcal
2. Calculate DER: (Use DER factors provided in notes)
Average, neutered feline adult =
1.2 x RER
1.2 x 220 = 264 kcals per day
Gracie should have 264 kcals per day
Calculating Gracie’s Energy Needs
33. 3. Find the food’s metabolizable energy:
ex: Purina®
Cat Chow®
Indoor Formula =
379 kcal per cup
4. Divide Gracie’s DER by the #kcal per cup/can of
food
DER = 264 ÷ 379 = ~3/4 cup per dayGracie should eat ~3/4 cup of cat food per day
Gracie’s DER is 264 kcal per day
How much food should she eat per day?
Calculating Gracie’s Energy Needs
35. What information about Breeze
do you need?
• Current weight ( 35 pounds)
• Overweight? Underweight ( BCS 3/5)
• Diet ( Beneful 365 calories per cup)
• Treats? ( no)
• Activity level ( so you can choose DER) normal
active adult
• Special considerations such as diabetes,
kidney disease, sensitive stomach ( none)
• neutered
36. 1. Calculate RER: 30 x (BW in kg) +70
2. Convert 35 pounds to kilograms so you can put it
in the formula
3. 35 pounds X 1 kilogram/2.2 pounds
4. 35 divided by 2.2 equals 15.9kilograms
Calculating Breeze’s Energy Needs
37. 1. Calculate RER: 30 x (BW in kg) +70
30 x (35 /2.2) + 70
Calculating Breeze’s Energy Needs
38. 1. Calculate RER: 30 x (BW in kg) +70
30 x (11 ÷ 2.2) + 70
30 x (15.9)+70 = 547 kcals
Calculating Breeze’s Energy Needs
39. 1. Calculate RER: 30 x (BW in kg) +70
30 x (11 ÷ 2.2) + 70
30 x (15.9)+70 = 547 kcal
2. Calculate DER:
Average, neutered canine adult = 1.6 DER
(Use DER factors provided in notes)
Calculating Breeze’s Energy Needs
40. 1. Calculate RER: 30 x (BW in kg) +70
30 x (11 ÷ 2.2) + 70
30 x 5+70 = 547 kcal
2. Calculate DER: (Use DER factors provided in notes)
Average, neutered canine adult =
1.6 x RER
Calculating Breeze’s Energy Needs
41. 1. Calculate RER: 30 x (BW in kg) +70
30 x (11 ÷ 2.2) + 70
30 x (15.9)+70 = 547 kcal
2. Calculate DER: (Use DER factors provided in notes)
Average, neutered canine adult =
1.6 x RER
1.6 x 547 = 875 kcals per day
Breeze should have 875 kcals per day
Calculating Breeze’s Energy Needs
42. 3. Find the food’s metabolizable energy:
ex: Beneful adult=
365 kcal per cup
4. Divide Breeze’s DER by the #kcal per cup/can of
food
DER = 875 ÷ 365 = ~2.4 cup per dayBreezee should eat ~2.4 cups of food per day
Breezes’s DER is 875 kcal per day
How much food should he eat per day?
Calculating Breeze’s Energy Needs
44. Life Stage Feeding
The practice of feeding
animals foods designed to
meet their optimal nutritional
needs at a specific age or
physiologic state
Feeding an animal above
or below their optimal
nutritional level can
negatively affect their health.
“Cowboy” 5 mos.
45. Different Life Stages =
Different Nutritional Requirements
• Growth, Reproduction & Lactation
Small & Medium Breeds vs. Large Breeds
• Adult
• Senior
46. Small Animal Clinical Nutrition
Nutrient Profiles Published For
Dogs and Cats
Recommended Nutrient Ranges
(OPTIMAL LEVELS)
All Life Stages
On reserve in Library
51. Life Stage: Adult - Feline
Recommended
4000
Kcal/kg
AAFCO Minimum
Calories/Energy Fat Calcium PhosphorusProtein
0.5%0.04%9%26%
0.5%-0.8%
0.04-0.1%
10-30%30-45%
4000 - 5000
Kcal/kg
Source: Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc.
52. Taurine
Essential Amino Acid;
Helps maintain normal
heart function, retinal
structure, and
reproduction and
development
Magnesium
Avoid excesses
Life Stage: Adult - Feline
53. How Much Food
Does Bevo Need?
“Bevo” 2yrs old;
•M(N) 40# BCS 3/5
•Average activity level
•Eats Purina ONE™
Beef & Rice Formula
441 kcals/cup
RER
RER = 30 x (BWkg) +70
DER
Factor
Pg. 15
DER
# cups
to be
fed/day
616 kcals
1.6
1.6 x 616 kcals =
986 kcals
986 kcals per day
441 kcals/cup = 2¼ cups
54. Choose a dog or cat that you
own or a friend owns
• Use the previous
slide to fill in the
information on the
pet and calculate the
amount of food the
pet should be eating.
• If you are having
trouble with these
calculations, please
email me for help.
62. What Purina Learned…
The Purina Life Span Study
14 year study (1987 – 2001)
Purpose: “Evaluate the effects of food intake on
body condition…and life span.”
www.purinavets.com
User name: purinavets
Password: nutrition
Search: Life Span Study
JAVMA, Vol. 220, No. 9, May 1, 2002
63. Life Span Study Parameters
• 48 Labrador Retrievers
• Paired by sex and weight and assigned at random
to control or limit-fed group
• Followed for 14 years
• Evaluated radiographs for osteoarthritis
Obesity & Skeletal Disease
65. Clinical Findings
Feeding dogs to a leaner body
condition increases their life span
and reduces incidences of
osteopathies
Excess Fat/
Energy Density
66. 11 Great Dane pups (5 - 10 weeks old)
Fed free choice for 1 hour twice daily
5 fed food with 1.1% Calcium
6 fed food with 3.3% Calcium
Beware Excessive Calcium in Large
Breed Dog Diets
JAAHA, 21:377 1985JAAHA, 21:377 1985
Excess Calcium
67. 1.18% Ca 3.3% Ca
Excessive Calcium
Hazewinkle, Thesis, Utrecht 1985
69. Life Stage: Canine
Reproduction/Lactation
Canine Gestation
First 42 days:
Feed as average adult
Last 21 days:
Feed 3 x RER
Canine Lactation
Varies with number of puppies
Range is from 3 x RER to
≥ 6 x RER
Feed ad libitum
Energy needs peak at 4th
71. Life Stage: Feline
Reproduction/Lactation
Feline Gestation
Consumption increases
linearly during gestation
Increase to 1.6 x RER at
breeding
Feline Lactation
Greatest nutritional
need peaks at 6th
week
2 to 6 x RER, ad libitum
72. FEEDING ANNIE
•“Annie” F(I); 4 yrs old
Dalmatian
•62# BCS 3/5
•Whelped 7 pups 2 wks ago
RER
RER = 30 x BWkg +70
DER
Factor
DER
# cups
to be
fed/day
910 kcals
5.5
5.5 x 910 kcals =
5005 kcals
5005 kcals per day
372 kcals/cup = 13½ c.
Which Type of Food
Will You Feed Annie
While She’s Pregnant
And Lactating?
REGULAR PUPPY FOODSD Puppy Lamb Meal and Rice Formula
74. Life Stage: Senior Dogs & Cats
As Compared with Adult Life Stage
PROTEIN
PHOSPHORUS
SODIUM
FAT
CHO
75. Life Stage: Senior
“Minky” 15 years
Glucosamine & Chondroitin
• Helps maintain healthy joints
Controlled Sodium
• Helps protect heart health
Controlled Phosphorus
• Helps protect kidneys in old age
76. Life Style Feeding
Feeding animals foods
formulated to support
optimal health and meet
their nutritional needs
based on their life style
and activity level.
Life Style Terminology
Active
Obesity Prone
77. Life Style: Active Adult
High Energy
Density
What is the most importantWhat is the most important
nutritional factor for annutritional factor for an
active lifestyle?active lifestyle?
79. Life Style: Obesity & Obese Prone
“Light” or “Lite” or
“Low Calorie”
AAFCO Guidelines
Less than 3100 kcal/kg
dry dog food
Less than 3250 kcal/kg
dry cat food
80. Life Style: Obesity & Obese Prone
As Compared with Adult Life Stage
PROTEIN
PHOSPHORUS
CALCIUM
FAT
FIBER
Source: Funny-cats.com
84. Rocky
• What body condition score are you going to
use?
• What DER should you use?
• REMEMBER cats that stop eating can develop
Hepatic Lipidosis ( look it up for discussion)
• Be very cautious about changing Rocky’s food
to a diet food
89. Exercise is Important Too!
What Are Some Ways
To Get Your
Cat to Exercise?
FOOD
FEEDING METHOD
EXERCISE
OWNER
90. Rocky’s Energy Needs
“Rocky” 7yrs; M(N), DSH
20lbs, BCS 5/5
RULE FOR
OVERWEIGHT ANIMALS
Calculate RER based on
TARGET WEIGHT,
NOT Current Weight
WHERE WOULD YOU
FIND ROCKY’S
TARGET WEIGHT?
91. Rocky’s Energy Needs
RER
RER = 30 x BW(kg) +70
DER
Factor
DER
# cups
to be
fed/day
315 kcals
0.8
0.8 x 315 kcals =
252 kcals
252 kcals per day
283 kcals/cup = ~4
/5 cup
INTERIM
Target Weight: 18 lbs
Science Diet® Feline
Hairball Control Light
Adult – Dry
283 kcals/cup
“Rocky” 7yrs; M(N), DSH
20lbs, BCS 5/5
Editor's Notes
The energy requirements for carbohydrates increase in dogs during pregnancy. Because cats are strict carnivores, they don’t have a dietary requirement for carbohydrates and cannot metabolize large amounts of simple carbohydrates. It bulks up food – more bulk/fiber It reduces cost – in the manufacturing process, CHO less expensive than fat or protein.
Normalize bowel transit time is IMPORTANT because fiber pulls water into the bowel and softens it for passage. If an animal has diarrhea, the fiber absorbs the excess water. Probiotics help to establish the best balance of microorganisms in the GI tract. They live in the colon and break down long chain insoluble carbohydrates into healthy short-chain fatty acids. They nourish colonic cells.
Cats lose taurine in their feces due to normal GI bacterial action, and coupled with the fact that they can’t synthesize it, makes it an important essential amino acid. Tell story of litter of kittens and vegetarian owner at ASPCA. Importance of Taurine.
AAFCO doesn’t publish ranges in its profiles – only minimums of nutrients and in the case of certain minerals like calcium and phosphorus – maximums.
Alpha linolenic , Linoleic acid and Arachaonic acid are all ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS. DOGS: Linoleic is essential in the dog, and from that dogs can make alpha linolenic. Dogs can also synthesize arachidonic acid CATS: Arachidonic is essential in the cat only – they cannot synthesize it. Omega-6 fatty acids are required for growth and reproduction, and are precursors to certain hormones – like prostaglandin CELL MEMBRANE: remember from your anatomy class that the cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bi-layer
Ben was a patient at the Animal Referral Center in Ft. Pierce, Florida.
This is a radiograph taken of Ben’s pelvis prior to surgery. You can see cardinal signs of hip dysplasia here. The left femur head doesn’t fit into the acetabulum, and has worn away some.
This is a post-surgery radiograph – Ben had his left femur head removed – a femoral head ostectomy. The point of all this is to illustrate the connection between obesity and skeletal problems.
This research was done by Purina. The Purina Life Span Study www.Purinavets.com Password: nutrition