Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body's response to infection causes tissue damage, organ failure, and death. It begins when the immune system stops fighting pathogens and instead attacks the body's own tissues and organs. Symptoms include fever, altered mental status, low blood pressure, and fast breathing. Sepsis is diagnosed based on these signs along with confirmation of infection, often through blood and urine tests. Early treatment with antibiotics and intravenous fluids is key to recovery, as sepsis can progress to septic shock with a mortality rate near 50%.
About AIDS
epidemiology , Etiology , HIV life cycle , mechanism , transmission , wrong facts , stage of HIV infections , sign and symptoms , Diagnosis , Treatment , Prevention etc etc ....
This describes leptospirosis pathology, diagnosis, complications and management . This is base on evidence of sri lankan guidelines and research articles
About AIDS
epidemiology , Etiology , HIV life cycle , mechanism , transmission , wrong facts , stage of HIV infections , sign and symptoms , Diagnosis , Treatment , Prevention etc etc ....
This describes leptospirosis pathology, diagnosis, complications and management . This is base on evidence of sri lankan guidelines and research articles
This presentation discusses about the etiology, clinical features, complications and management of Septic Shock.
The information compiled in this presentation (from medical textbooks and internet sources) does not belong to me, but has been done so for educational purposes
pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.
This presentation discusses about the etiology, clinical features, complications and management of Septic Shock.
The information compiled in this presentation (from medical textbooks and internet sources) does not belong to me, but has been done so for educational purposes
pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. A variety of organisms, including bacteria, viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia.
presentation on SIRS septic shock and multiorgan failure,and their corelation together in increasing morbidity and mortalitiy in shocked patient explaning pathophysiology clinical picture and how to manage
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
3. Sepsis:
Overview:
Sepsis is the body’s overwhelming and life-threatening response to infection that
can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death. In other words, it’s your
bodies over active and toxic response to an infection.
When Sepsis starts
Your immune system usually works to fight any germs (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or
parasites) to prevent infection. If an infection does occur, your immune system will
try to fight it, although you may need help with medication such as antibiotics,
antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics. However, for reasons researchers don’t
understand, sometimes the immune system stops fighting the “invaders,” and
begins to turn on itself. This is the start of sepsis!
4. Note:
Anyone can develop sepsis, but it's most common and most dangerous in older
adults or those with weakened immune systems. Early treatment of sepsis, usually
with antibiotics and large amounts of intravenous fluids, improves chances for
survival.
Symptoms:
Patients are diagnosed with sepsis when they develop a set of signs and
symptoms related to sepsis. Sepsis is not diagnosed based on an infection itself.
5. “Many doctors view sepsis as a three-stage syndrome”
If you have more than one of the symptoms of sepsis, especially if there are signs
of an infection or you fall into one of the higher risk groups
It’s important to look for the warning signs of sepsis. Spotting these symptoms
early could prevent the body from entering septic shock, and could save a life.
6. General Symptoms:
Fever
Hypothermia (lower than normal body temperature)
Heart rate >90 beats per minute (bpm)
Fast respiratory rate
Altered mental status (confusion/coma)
Edema (swelling)
High blood glucose without diabetes
7. Inflammatory:
High white blood cell count
Immature white blood cells
In the circulation.
Elevated plasma C-reactive protein
Hemodynamic:
Low blood pressure
High cardiac index
8. Organ Dysfunction:
Low oxygen level
Low urine output
High creatinine in the blood
Coagulation (clotting) abnormalities
Low platelets in the blood
High bilirubin levels
9. Tissue Perfusion:
High lactate in the blood
Decreased capillary filling or mottling
Causes:
While any type of infection — bacterial, viral or fungal — can lead to sepsis, the
most likely varieties include:
•Pneumonia
•Abdominal infection
•Kidney infection
•Bloodstream infection (bacteremia)
10. The incidence of sepsis appears to be increasing in the United States. The causes
of this increase may include:
•Aging population. Americans are living longer, which is swelling the ranks of the
highest risk age group — people older than 65.
•Drug-resistant bacteria. Many types of bacteria can resist the effects of
antibiotics that once killed them. These antibiotic-resistant bacteria are often the
root cause of the infections that trigger sepsis.
•Weakened immune systems. More Americans are living with weakened immune
systems, caused by HIV, cancer treatments or transplant drugs.
11. Risk factors:
Sepsis is more common and more dangerous if you:
•Are very young or very old
•Have a compromised immune system
•Are already very sick, often in a hospital's intensive care unit
•Have wounds or injuries, such as burns
•Have invasive devices, such as intravenous catheters or breathing tubes
12. Complications:
Sepsis ranges from less to more severe. As sepsis worsens, blood flow to vital
organs, such as your brain, heart and kidneys, becomes impaired. Sepsis can also
cause blood clots to form in your organs and in your arms, legs, fingers and toes
— leading to varying degrees of organ failure and tissue death (gangrene).
Most people recover from mild sepsis, but the mortality rate for septic shock is
nearly 50 percent. Also, an episode of severe sepsis may place you at higher risk
of future infections.
13. Diagnosis:
Diagnosing sepsis can be difficult because its signs and symptoms can be caused
by other disorders. Doctors often order a battery of tests to try to pinpoint the
underlying infection.
Blood tests:
A sample of your blood should be drawn from two distinct sites and tested
for:
•Evidence of infection
•Clotting problems
•Abnormal liver or kidney function
•Impaired oxygen availability
•Electrolyte imbalances
14. Other laboratory tests:
Depending on your symptoms, your doctor may also want to run tests on
one or more of the following bodily fluids:
•Urine. If your doctor suspects that you have a urinary tract infection, he or she
may want your urine checked for signs of bacteria.
•Wound secretions. If you have a wound that appears infected, testing a sample
of the wound's secretions can help show what type of antibiotic might work best.
•Respiratory secretions. If you are coughing up mucus (sputum), it may be
tested to determine what type of germ is causing the infection
15. Imaging scans:
If the site of infection is not obvious, your doctor may order one or
more of the following imaging tests:
•X-ray
•Computerized tomography (CT).
•Ultrasound.
•Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
16. Treatment:
Early, aggressive treatment boosts your chances of surviving
sepsis. People with severe sepsis require close monitoring
and treatment in a hospital intensive care unit. If you have
severe sepsis or septic shock, lifesaving measures may be
needed to stabilize breathing and heart function.
17. Medications
A number of medications are used in treating sepsis. They include:
•Antibiotics. Treatment with antibiotics should begin immediately, within the first
six hours or earlier. The antibiotics are administered intravenously (IV).
After learning the results of blood tests, your doctor may switch to a different
antibiotic that's more appropriate against the particular bacteria causing the
infection.
•Vasopressors. If your blood pressure remains too low even after receiving
intravenous fluids, you may be given a vasopressor medication, which constricts
blood vessels and helps to increase blood pressure.
Other medications you may receive include low doses of corticosteroids, insulin to
help maintain stable blood sugar levels, drugs that modify the immune system
responses, and painkillers or sedatives.