This document provides information about blood stream infections (BSI) and discusses topics such as bacteremia, septicemia, types of bacteremia, epidemiology, microbiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It defines bacteremia and septicemia, classifies bacteremia by duration and place of acquisition. Common causative agents of bacteremia include bacteria such as staphylococci and streptococci, viruses such as HIV and hemorrhagic fever viruses, and fungi such as Candida species. Signs and symptoms of sepsis and septic shock are described. Laboratory diagnosis involves blood culture collection and identification of pathogens. Treatment involves administering
This document discusses sepsis, SIRS, and septic shock. It defines these conditions and outlines their signs, symptoms, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, biomarkers, identification, evaluation, management and treatment. Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Management involves identifying and treating the infection focus, administering IV fluids and antibiotics early, and providing vasopressors or other therapies if the patient fails initial treatment.
The document outlines guidelines for treating sepsis from the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. It defines sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. It recommends protocols for initial resuscitation within the first hour, including measuring lactate levels, administering antibiotics and fluids, and obtaining cultures. The guidelines provide recommendations on screening, diagnosis, source control, and antimicrobial therapy to treat infection and improve outcomes for patients with sepsis.
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by the body's response to infection. It has been defined in various ways over time, with the most recent Sepsis-3 definition describing it as a dysregulated immune response leading to organ dysfunction. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, signs of infection and organ dysfunction, along with diagnostic tests. Management involves rapid fluid resuscitation, antibiotics within 1 hour of recognition, vasopressors to maintain blood pressure and organ perfusion, and treatment of the underlying infection in an intensive care unit. Delays in recognition and treatment can increase mortality risk.
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises from the body's response to infection. It can cause tissue damage and organ failure. Signs of sepsis include fever, rapid breathing and heart rate, low blood pressure, and confusion. Sepsis is diagnosed based on signs of infection along with indicators of organ dysfunction. Common causes are bacterial and fungal infections. Treatment involves timely administration of antibiotics, IV fluids, and organ support such as ventilation or dialysis. Antibiotic therapy, source control, fluid therapy, and hemodynamic management are key to treatment. Early recognition and treatment improve outcomes for sepsis patients.
This document defines terms related to septicemia in children such as bacteremia, sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. It describes the risk factors, common pathogens, clinical manifestations, diagnostic workup, and management of sepsis in children. Sepsis is diagnosed clinically based on signs of infection meeting two or more SIRS criteria. The most common infections are pneumonia, bloodstream, skin, and urinary tract infections. Treatment involves ABCDE approach, managing shock, administering early antibiotics, and providing supportive care.
The document discusses sepsis and septic shock. It defines shock and classifies different types including cardiogenic, hypovolemic, anaphylactic, septic, and neurogenic shock. It describes the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria. Non-infective processes like trauma or surgery can also cause SIRS. Investigations for sepsis may include blood cultures, imaging, and biomarkers like procalcitonin. Positive findings include leukocytosis/leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, organ dysfunction, hyperglycemia, and hyperlactatemia. Early goal-directed resuscitation including antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, and inotropes can improve outcomes in septic shock.
1. Septic shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when sepsis leads to dangerously low blood pressure and organ dysfunction. It is caused by an uncontrolled immune response to infection that damages the cardiovascular system.
2. Early and aggressive treatment of septic shock is crucial and involves rapid administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, controlling the infection source, and fluid resuscitation along with vasopressors to maintain adequate blood pressure over the first six hours.
3. The goals of fluid resuscitation in septic shock are to restore adequate tissue perfusion as indicated by targets such as a mean arterial pressure over 65 mmHg, urine output over 0.5 ml/kg/hr, and normalization of lactate
This document provides information about blood stream infections (BSI) and discusses topics such as bacteremia, septicemia, types of bacteremia, epidemiology, microbiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It defines bacteremia and septicemia, classifies bacteremia by duration and place of acquisition. Common causative agents of bacteremia include bacteria such as staphylococci and streptococci, viruses such as HIV and hemorrhagic fever viruses, and fungi such as Candida species. Signs and symptoms of sepsis and septic shock are described. Laboratory diagnosis involves blood culture collection and identification of pathogens. Treatment involves administering
This document discusses sepsis, SIRS, and septic shock. It defines these conditions and outlines their signs, symptoms, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, biomarkers, identification, evaluation, management and treatment. Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Management involves identifying and treating the infection focus, administering IV fluids and antibiotics early, and providing vasopressors or other therapies if the patient fails initial treatment.
The document outlines guidelines for treating sepsis from the Surviving Sepsis Campaign. It defines sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. It recommends protocols for initial resuscitation within the first hour, including measuring lactate levels, administering antibiotics and fluids, and obtaining cultures. The guidelines provide recommendations on screening, diagnosis, source control, and antimicrobial therapy to treat infection and improve outcomes for patients with sepsis.
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by the body's response to infection. It has been defined in various ways over time, with the most recent Sepsis-3 definition describing it as a dysregulated immune response leading to organ dysfunction. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, signs of infection and organ dysfunction, along with diagnostic tests. Management involves rapid fluid resuscitation, antibiotics within 1 hour of recognition, vasopressors to maintain blood pressure and organ perfusion, and treatment of the underlying infection in an intensive care unit. Delays in recognition and treatment can increase mortality risk.
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises from the body's response to infection. It can cause tissue damage and organ failure. Signs of sepsis include fever, rapid breathing and heart rate, low blood pressure, and confusion. Sepsis is diagnosed based on signs of infection along with indicators of organ dysfunction. Common causes are bacterial and fungal infections. Treatment involves timely administration of antibiotics, IV fluids, and organ support such as ventilation or dialysis. Antibiotic therapy, source control, fluid therapy, and hemodynamic management are key to treatment. Early recognition and treatment improve outcomes for sepsis patients.
This document defines terms related to septicemia in children such as bacteremia, sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. It describes the risk factors, common pathogens, clinical manifestations, diagnostic workup, and management of sepsis in children. Sepsis is diagnosed clinically based on signs of infection meeting two or more SIRS criteria. The most common infections are pneumonia, bloodstream, skin, and urinary tract infections. Treatment involves ABCDE approach, managing shock, administering early antibiotics, and providing supportive care.
The document discusses sepsis and septic shock. It defines shock and classifies different types including cardiogenic, hypovolemic, anaphylactic, septic, and neurogenic shock. It describes the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria. Non-infective processes like trauma or surgery can also cause SIRS. Investigations for sepsis may include blood cultures, imaging, and biomarkers like procalcitonin. Positive findings include leukocytosis/leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, organ dysfunction, hyperglycemia, and hyperlactatemia. Early goal-directed resuscitation including antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, and inotropes can improve outcomes in septic shock.
1. Septic shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when sepsis leads to dangerously low blood pressure and organ dysfunction. It is caused by an uncontrolled immune response to infection that damages the cardiovascular system.
2. Early and aggressive treatment of septic shock is crucial and involves rapid administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, controlling the infection source, and fluid resuscitation along with vasopressors to maintain adequate blood pressure over the first six hours.
3. The goals of fluid resuscitation in septic shock are to restore adequate tissue perfusion as indicated by targets such as a mean arterial pressure over 65 mmHg, urine output over 0.5 ml/kg/hr, and normalization of lactate
This document discusses SIRS, sepsis, septicemia, and septic shock. SIRS is defined as having two or more symptoms like fever, increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, and abnormal white blood cell count. Sepsis occurs when SIRS is caused by a confirmed infection. Septic shock is sepsis combined with low blood pressure despite fluid resuscitation. The document outlines signs of septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), common infectious etiologies, clinical features, investigations for diagnosis, and general treatment and prognosis.
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body's response to infection causes tissue damage, organ failure, and death. It begins when the immune system stops fighting pathogens and instead attacks the body's own tissues and organs. Symptoms include fever, altered mental status, low blood pressure, and fast breathing. Sepsis is diagnosed based on these signs along with confirmation of infection, often through blood and urine tests. Early treatment with antibiotics and intravenous fluids is key to recovery, as sepsis can progress to septic shock with a mortality rate near 50%.
This document discusses infective endocarditis (IE), a serious infection of the heart valves or inner lining of the heart. It provides details on the epidemiology, symptoms, physical exam findings, causative organisms, risk factors, diagnostic criteria (Modified Duke Criteria), investigations including echocardiography and blood cultures, and treatment approach for IE. Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause worldwide and viridans group streptococci are common causes after dental procedures. Diagnosis relies on modified Duke criteria incorporating positive blood cultures, echocardiogram findings, and clinical features.
Sepsis is the body's extreme response to infection which can lead to widespread inflammation and organ damage. It is a growing problem, with over 18 million cases worldwide each year resulting in 1.4 million deaths daily. Those at highest risk include the very young, very old, and those with compromised immune systems. Early recognition and treatment is key to survival, with screening tools looking for signs of infection combined with altered vital signs. The sepsis resuscitation bundle provides a standardized approach to initial treatment within the first 6 hours, including antibiotics, fluids, and vasopressors to stabilize the patient.
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated immune response to infection, which can rapidly lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death if not treated promptly. Common causes include bacterial infections like pneumonia and UTIs, and symptoms include fever, altered mental status, and low blood pressure. Diagnosis involves assessing for signs of infection and organ dysfunction using tools like SOFA and lactate levels, and treatment focuses on early antibiotic administration, fluid resuscitation, and vasopressor support if needed to stabilize the patient.
This document contains lecture notes on infectious diseases affecting the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. It discusses the anatomy of the heart and blood vessels, defenses against infection in these systems, common infections like malaria and HIV/AIDS, and their signs, symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention. The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems have multiple defenses against infection to protect the open circulation of blood throughout the body. Certain medical conditions are denoted by suffixes like -emia to indicate the presence of viruses, fungi or bacteria in the blood.
This document discusses cardiovascular system infections, including infective endocarditis. Some key points:
- Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves that can have mortality rates as high as 20-50% despite antibiotic treatment.
- Predisposing factors for infective endocarditis include congenital heart defects, rheumatic heart disease, intravenous drug use, and degenerative cardiac diseases.
- Subacute infective endocarditis typically has a chronic course and is caused by less virulent organisms like streptococci that infect damaged heart valves, forming large vegetations. It accounts for 70% of cases.
- Acute infective endocarditis has a rapidly progressive course
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It infects the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms include cough, fever, weight loss, and night sweats. It is diagnosed through skin tests, chest x-rays, and sputum analysis. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics over several months. With proper treatment, TB patients can fully recover but the disease remains a major global health problem.
This document discusses infective endocarditis, including trends, classifications, microbiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
- IE is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium that is usually caused by bacteria. Common predisposing factors include rheumatic heart disease and intravenous drug use.
- It is classified based on several factors such as the site of infection, causative organism, and underlying risk factors. Acute IE has a rapid course while subacute IE progresses more slowly.
- Common symptoms include heart murmurs, heart failure, embolic phenomena affecting organs like the brain, lungs and kidneys. Specific findings include petechiae, splinter
Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. It can progress to severe sepsis and septic shock with significantly increased risk of death. The key aspects of diagnosis involve identifying a potential infection source using clinical exams, labs, and cultures, then assessing for signs of organ dysfunction using tools like SOFA and qSOFA scores. Treatment focuses on early antibiotics, IV fluids, vasopressors if needed, and supporting failing organs. Outcomes depend on prompt recognition and management of sepsis.
Approach to Sepsis & Septic Shock in Emergency Medicine.AngelGovekar
Sepsis and septic shock result from a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis criteria include suspected or proven infection and an increase in the SOFA score of 2 or more, while septic shock requires sepsis with vasopressor need to maintain blood pressure and elevated lactate. Treatment involves early recognition, source control with antibiotics, initial fluid boluses of 1-2L for hypotension or elevated lactate, vasopressors if needed, and lactate clearance-guided resuscitation.
Dengue Chikukunya & Malaria in the viewpoint of Medicine Paediatric & ObstetricsMuhammad Helmi
Multidisciplinary Seminar on Vector Borne Diseases such as dengue, malaria and chikungunya was discussed. It was introduced that vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. There are two main types of vectors - biological and mechanical. Vector borne diseases account for over 17% of all infectious diseases and cause more than 1 billion cases and over 1 million deaths every year. Dengue, malaria and chikungunya were some of the key vector borne diseases highlighted. Their causative agents, transmission, clinical features and management were explored. Emphasis was placed on prevention and control of their vectors to curb the spread of these diseases.
This document discusses white blood cells (WBCs), also known as leukocytes, which defend the body against infection. It describes the five main types of WBCs - neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils - and their functions. It also explains hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell production in the bone marrow, and how clinical tests like complete blood counts and bone marrow biopsies are used to evaluate the hematologic system.
This document discusses various types of bacterial and viral infections. It defines key terms like infection, bacteraemia, toxemia, septicaemia, pyaemia, and chronic bacterial infections. It also summarizes the pathogenesis, effects, and clinical manifestations of these conditions. Tuberculosis and syphilis are discussed in further detail regarding their causative organisms, modes of transmission, tissue reactions, and complications. Viral infections are also briefly introduced.
The document discusses various skin and soft tissue infections including furuncles, carbuncles, cellulitis, and erysipelas. It provides details on symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for each condition. People who are obese, immunosuppressed, or have defective white blood cells are most at risk. Bacteria enter through breaks in the skin and symptoms include pain, swelling and redness. Infections are typically treated with warm compresses, antibiotics and good hygiene practices. The document also covers sepsis, a serious condition caused by the body's response to infections. Sepsis symptoms may include organ dysfunction and low blood pressure. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, source control and organ support.
The document discusses bloodstream infections, including the etiological agents, types, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and fever of unknown origin. It defines various types of bloodstream infections such as bacteremia, septicemia, and fungemia. The document also outlines the diagnostic process for bloodstream infections including specimen collection, culture methods, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
Necrotizing Fasciitis : “Life After Flesh-Eating Bacteria” by Antra Sood,Arna...Arnav Sood
The document summarizes information about necrotizing fasciitis (NF), a rare bacterial infection that spreads quickly in the body and can cause death. It discusses the typical causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of NF. The most common cause is Group A Streptococcus bacteria. Symptoms include sudden onset of pain, swelling and redness at the site of a wound. Prevention includes taking care of wounds and seeking medical help if experiencing severe pain. Treatment involves antibiotics and surgery to remove dead tissue. A case study examines 48 NF patients, finding the highest risk groups to be males aged 40-60 with preexisting conditions like diabetes or poor hygiene.
Steven Johnson Syndrome (SJS), Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN), Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS), and Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) are severe cutaneous reactions characterized by skin detachment and multi-organ involvement. SJS/TEN are differentiated based on skin detachment percentage, with SJS involving <10%, TEN >30%, and overlap between 10-30%. Drugs are a common cause. TSS is caused by bacterial toxins leading to shock. SSSS results from Staphylococcal toxins causing blistering resembling burns. Treatment involves stopping the offending agent, supportive care, and antibiotics targeting the underlying infection.
This document discusses various surgical diagnostic techniques and processes. It describes techniques like fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), biopsy, imaging investigations like ultrasound, X-ray, CT scan, MRI, and their purposes, advantages, disadvantages and applications. Frozen section technique, tissue and molecular diagnosis are also explained. The key diagnostic investigations, their strengths and limitations are summarized for accurate surgical diagnosis and management.
More Related Content
Similar to 3rd year lecture sepsis and septicemia.pptx
This document discusses SIRS, sepsis, septicemia, and septic shock. SIRS is defined as having two or more symptoms like fever, increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, and abnormal white blood cell count. Sepsis occurs when SIRS is caused by a confirmed infection. Septic shock is sepsis combined with low blood pressure despite fluid resuscitation. The document outlines signs of septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), common infectious etiologies, clinical features, investigations for diagnosis, and general treatment and prognosis.
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body's response to infection causes tissue damage, organ failure, and death. It begins when the immune system stops fighting pathogens and instead attacks the body's own tissues and organs. Symptoms include fever, altered mental status, low blood pressure, and fast breathing. Sepsis is diagnosed based on these signs along with confirmation of infection, often through blood and urine tests. Early treatment with antibiotics and intravenous fluids is key to recovery, as sepsis can progress to septic shock with a mortality rate near 50%.
This document discusses infective endocarditis (IE), a serious infection of the heart valves or inner lining of the heart. It provides details on the epidemiology, symptoms, physical exam findings, causative organisms, risk factors, diagnostic criteria (Modified Duke Criteria), investigations including echocardiography and blood cultures, and treatment approach for IE. Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause worldwide and viridans group streptococci are common causes after dental procedures. Diagnosis relies on modified Duke criteria incorporating positive blood cultures, echocardiogram findings, and clinical features.
Sepsis is the body's extreme response to infection which can lead to widespread inflammation and organ damage. It is a growing problem, with over 18 million cases worldwide each year resulting in 1.4 million deaths daily. Those at highest risk include the very young, very old, and those with compromised immune systems. Early recognition and treatment is key to survival, with screening tools looking for signs of infection combined with altered vital signs. The sepsis resuscitation bundle provides a standardized approach to initial treatment within the first 6 hours, including antibiotics, fluids, and vasopressors to stabilize the patient.
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated immune response to infection, which can rapidly lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death if not treated promptly. Common causes include bacterial infections like pneumonia and UTIs, and symptoms include fever, altered mental status, and low blood pressure. Diagnosis involves assessing for signs of infection and organ dysfunction using tools like SOFA and lactate levels, and treatment focuses on early antibiotic administration, fluid resuscitation, and vasopressor support if needed to stabilize the patient.
This document contains lecture notes on infectious diseases affecting the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. It discusses the anatomy of the heart and blood vessels, defenses against infection in these systems, common infections like malaria and HIV/AIDS, and their signs, symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention. The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems have multiple defenses against infection to protect the open circulation of blood throughout the body. Certain medical conditions are denoted by suffixes like -emia to indicate the presence of viruses, fungi or bacteria in the blood.
This document discusses cardiovascular system infections, including infective endocarditis. Some key points:
- Infective endocarditis is an infection of the heart valves that can have mortality rates as high as 20-50% despite antibiotic treatment.
- Predisposing factors for infective endocarditis include congenital heart defects, rheumatic heart disease, intravenous drug use, and degenerative cardiac diseases.
- Subacute infective endocarditis typically has a chronic course and is caused by less virulent organisms like streptococci that infect damaged heart valves, forming large vegetations. It accounts for 70% of cases.
- Acute infective endocarditis has a rapidly progressive course
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It infects the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms include cough, fever, weight loss, and night sweats. It is diagnosed through skin tests, chest x-rays, and sputum analysis. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics over several months. With proper treatment, TB patients can fully recover but the disease remains a major global health problem.
This document discusses infective endocarditis, including trends, classifications, microbiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Some key points:
- IE is an infection of the heart valves or endocardium that is usually caused by bacteria. Common predisposing factors include rheumatic heart disease and intravenous drug use.
- It is classified based on several factors such as the site of infection, causative organism, and underlying risk factors. Acute IE has a rapid course while subacute IE progresses more slowly.
- Common symptoms include heart murmurs, heart failure, embolic phenomena affecting organs like the brain, lungs and kidneys. Specific findings include petechiae, splinter
Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. It can progress to severe sepsis and septic shock with significantly increased risk of death. The key aspects of diagnosis involve identifying a potential infection source using clinical exams, labs, and cultures, then assessing for signs of organ dysfunction using tools like SOFA and qSOFA scores. Treatment focuses on early antibiotics, IV fluids, vasopressors if needed, and supporting failing organs. Outcomes depend on prompt recognition and management of sepsis.
Approach to Sepsis & Septic Shock in Emergency Medicine.AngelGovekar
Sepsis and septic shock result from a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis criteria include suspected or proven infection and an increase in the SOFA score of 2 or more, while septic shock requires sepsis with vasopressor need to maintain blood pressure and elevated lactate. Treatment involves early recognition, source control with antibiotics, initial fluid boluses of 1-2L for hypotension or elevated lactate, vasopressors if needed, and lactate clearance-guided resuscitation.
Dengue Chikukunya & Malaria in the viewpoint of Medicine Paediatric & ObstetricsMuhammad Helmi
Multidisciplinary Seminar on Vector Borne Diseases such as dengue, malaria and chikungunya was discussed. It was introduced that vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. There are two main types of vectors - biological and mechanical. Vector borne diseases account for over 17% of all infectious diseases and cause more than 1 billion cases and over 1 million deaths every year. Dengue, malaria and chikungunya were some of the key vector borne diseases highlighted. Their causative agents, transmission, clinical features and management were explored. Emphasis was placed on prevention and control of their vectors to curb the spread of these diseases.
This document discusses white blood cells (WBCs), also known as leukocytes, which defend the body against infection. It describes the five main types of WBCs - neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils - and their functions. It also explains hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell production in the bone marrow, and how clinical tests like complete blood counts and bone marrow biopsies are used to evaluate the hematologic system.
This document discusses various types of bacterial and viral infections. It defines key terms like infection, bacteraemia, toxemia, septicaemia, pyaemia, and chronic bacterial infections. It also summarizes the pathogenesis, effects, and clinical manifestations of these conditions. Tuberculosis and syphilis are discussed in further detail regarding their causative organisms, modes of transmission, tissue reactions, and complications. Viral infections are also briefly introduced.
The document discusses various skin and soft tissue infections including furuncles, carbuncles, cellulitis, and erysipelas. It provides details on symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment for each condition. People who are obese, immunosuppressed, or have defective white blood cells are most at risk. Bacteria enter through breaks in the skin and symptoms include pain, swelling and redness. Infections are typically treated with warm compresses, antibiotics and good hygiene practices. The document also covers sepsis, a serious condition caused by the body's response to infections. Sepsis symptoms may include organ dysfunction and low blood pressure. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, source control and organ support.
The document discusses bloodstream infections, including the etiological agents, types, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and fever of unknown origin. It defines various types of bloodstream infections such as bacteremia, septicemia, and fungemia. The document also outlines the diagnostic process for bloodstream infections including specimen collection, culture methods, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
Necrotizing Fasciitis : “Life After Flesh-Eating Bacteria” by Antra Sood,Arna...Arnav Sood
The document summarizes information about necrotizing fasciitis (NF), a rare bacterial infection that spreads quickly in the body and can cause death. It discusses the typical causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of NF. The most common cause is Group A Streptococcus bacteria. Symptoms include sudden onset of pain, swelling and redness at the site of a wound. Prevention includes taking care of wounds and seeking medical help if experiencing severe pain. Treatment involves antibiotics and surgery to remove dead tissue. A case study examines 48 NF patients, finding the highest risk groups to be males aged 40-60 with preexisting conditions like diabetes or poor hygiene.
Steven Johnson Syndrome (SJS), Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN), Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS), and Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) are severe cutaneous reactions characterized by skin detachment and multi-organ involvement. SJS/TEN are differentiated based on skin detachment percentage, with SJS involving <10%, TEN >30%, and overlap between 10-30%. Drugs are a common cause. TSS is caused by bacterial toxins leading to shock. SSSS results from Staphylococcal toxins causing blistering resembling burns. Treatment involves stopping the offending agent, supportive care, and antibiotics targeting the underlying infection.
Similar to 3rd year lecture sepsis and septicemia.pptx (20)
This document discusses various surgical diagnostic techniques and processes. It describes techniques like fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), biopsy, imaging investigations like ultrasound, X-ray, CT scan, MRI, and their purposes, advantages, disadvantages and applications. Frozen section technique, tissue and molecular diagnosis are also explained. The key diagnostic investigations, their strengths and limitations are summarized for accurate surgical diagnosis and management.
This document provides information on different types of wounds and their management. It discusses chronic wounds, bite wounds, animal bite wounds, necrotizing soft tissue infections including gas gangrene and their signs, symptoms and treatment. It also covers tetanus, necrotizing fascitis and different types of abnormal scars including hypertrophic, keloid and their treatment options.
This document discusses sinus and fistula. It defines a sinus as a blind tract lined by granulation tissue connecting a cavity to an epithelial surface. It can be congenital or acquired. A fistula is an abnormal communication between two epithelial surfaces lined by granulation tissue. Fistulas can be classified as congenital, traumatic, inflammatory, or iatrogenic. Both sinus and fistula may cause persistent discharge, pain, or induration. Investigations include imaging like contrast x-ray/CT and MRI. Treatment involves complete excision, adequate drainage, antibiotics, and rest. Causes of persistence include foreign bodies, necrotic tissue, insufficient drainage, distal obstruction, persistent drainage, lack of rest, or malignancy
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. Acute pancreatitis can be mild or severe, with severe cases having pancreatic necrosis, organ failure, and higher mortality. Chronic pancreatitis causes irreversible damage and loss of exocrine and endocrine function over time. Gallstones and alcohol are leading causes. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Diagnosis involves blood tests of pancreatic enzymes and CT scan. Management focuses on supportive care, treating underlying causes, and addressing complications like organ failure.
lec 3 rd year fluid and electrolyte.pptxNAZMUS SAKIB
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance. It begins by outlining the distribution of total body water and average daily water intake and output in adults. It then provides guidelines for calculating daily fluid requirements in children and adults. Various isotonic intravenous fluids are listed that can be used for fluid replacement based on electrolyte needs. Normal ranges and causes of electrolyte imbalances such as hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and hyperkalemia are described. Treatment approaches for correcting electrolyte abnormalities are also outlined.
Dr. Md. Nazmus Sakib discusses the history and management of septicemia. Key points include that Ignaz Semmelweiss first introduced hand washing to reduce childbirth mortality, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928, and the Sepsis Six bundle recommends giving IV fluids, antibiotics, and oxygen and monitoring output while taking blood cultures, full blood counts, and lactate levels to reduce sepsis mortality. Septicemia occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream from an infection and cause systemic symptoms, and if not promptly treated can lead to septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
This document discusses pain management. It defines pain and describes the biopsychosocial model of pain. It then covers the physiology of pain, categories of pain by type, pain assessment tools like the 0-10 pain scale, and consequences of untreated pain. The goals of pain management are to relieve suffering and improve quality of life. General principles discussed include using the least invasive treatment first and reassessing frequently. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions are described, including the WHO analgesic ladder as a framework for treating acute to chronic pain. The concept of multimodal analgesia to provide effective pain relief with reduced side effects is also introduced.
This document discusses nutritional support for surgical patients. It begins by noting that malnutrition is common in 30% of surgical patients with GIT diseases and 60% of long-term hospital patients. Nutritional support aims to identify at-risk patients and ensure proper support. Assessment tools like MUST are described to screen patients. Enteral nutrition is preferred over parenteral when possible due to physiological advantages. Complications of both enteral and parenteral nutrition are outlined. The document emphasizes using enteral nutrition whenever the gut is available and reserving parenteral nutrition for clear contraindications to enteral feeding. A multidisciplinary team is ideal for optimizing nutritional care.
History, Evolution & Scope of surgery.pptxNAZMUS SAKIB
Surgery has evolved significantly from ancient times to modern practice. Originally performed by barbers with basic tools, surgery is now a precise medical specialty. Key developments include improved anatomical knowledge, safe anesthesia in the 19th century, aseptic techniques, and specialty areas. The 20th century saw advances like organ transplantation, minimally invasive techniques using laparoscopy, robotics, and fiber optics. Once risky, many surgeries are now low-risk due to these technological and medical advances. The future will likely see more minimally invasive options and subspecialization within the field of surgery.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
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Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
Receptor Discordance in Breast Carcinoma During the Course of Life
Definition:
Receptor discordance refers to changes in the status of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor ERα, progesterone receptor PgR, and HER2) in breast cancer tumors over time or between primary and metastatic sites.
Causes:
Tumor Evolution:
Genetic and epigenetic changes during tumor progression can lead to alterations in receptor status.
Treatment Effects:
Therapies, especially endocrine and targeted therapies, can selectively pressure tumor cells, causing shifts in receptor expression.
Heterogeneity:
Inherent heterogeneity within the tumor can result in subpopulations of cells with different receptor statuses.
Impact on Treatment:
Therapeutic Resistance:
Loss of ERα or PgR can lead to resistance to endocrine therapies.
HER2 discordance affects the efficacy of HER2-targeted treatments.
Treatment Adjustment:
Regular reassessment of receptor status may be necessary to adjust treatment strategies appropriately.
Clinical Implications:
Prognosis:
Receptor discordance is often associated with a poorer prognosis.
Biopsies:
Obtaining biopsies from metastatic sites is crucial for accurate receptor status assessment and effective treatment planning.
Monitoring:
Continuous monitoring of receptor status throughout the disease course can guide personalized therapy adjustments.
Understanding and managing receptor discordance is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving the prognosis for breast cancer patients.
Applications of NMR in Protein Structure Prediction.pptxAnagha R Anil
This presentation explores the pivotal role of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in predicting protein structures. It delves into the methodologies, advancements, and applications of NMR in determining the three-dimensional configurations of proteins, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions.
Fexofenadine is sold under the brand name Allegra.
It is a selective peripheral H1 blocker. It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and causes lesser sedation, as compared to first-generation antihistamines.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Fexofenadine has been manufactured in generic form since 2011.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
Can Traditional Chinese Medicine Treat Blocked Fallopian Tubes.pptxFFragrant
There are many traditional Chinese medicine therapies to treat blocked fallopian tubes. And herbal medicine Fuyan Pill is one of the more effective choices.
Milan J. Anadkat, MD, and Dale V. Reisner discuss generalized pustular psoriasis in this CME activity titled "Supporting Patient-Centered Care in Generalized Pustular Psoriasis: Communications Strategies to Improve Shared Decision-Making." For the full presentation, please visit us at www.peervoice.com/HUM870.
2. History
• Infection has always been a major complication related to
surgery.
• Both Egyptians and Greeks independently described
about the knowledge of infection.
• The Hippocratic teachings described the use of wine and
vinegar to irrigate open or infected wound.
• A belief common to all civilizations was that whenever
pus is localized it needs to be drained.
3. • Hungarian obstetrician Ignaz Semmelweiss
was the first to introduce the importance of
antisepsis in Vienna in early 1850.
• He drastically reduced the mortality rate by
introducing hand sanitization during child
birth process.
• But medical community rejected his claims
and accused him for high mortality rate.
• He was admitted to an insane asylum at 47
years age and he died two weeks later.
4. Koch’s postulate
• A specific organism can always be
found in association with a given
disease.
• The organism can be isolated and
grown in pure culture in the laboratory.
• Pure culture will produce the disease
when inoculated in susceptible animal.
• It is possible to recover the organism in
pure culture in experimental animal.
CONT…
5. Professor Sir Alexander Fleming
a Scottish-born microbiologist
discovered first antibiotic
Penicillin in 1928
Penicillium notatum, the
source of penicillin, the
first antibiotic
CONT…
6. • Bacteramia: Presence of bacteria in blood which is
evident by positive blood culture.
• Septicaemia: Bacteramia with presence of sign &
symptom (of bacterial proliferation & toxin) is called
septicaemia.
• Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a
systemic manifestation sepsis which may also be
caused by trauma, burn or pancreatitis.
7. • Sepsis: SIRS with documented infection is called
sepsis.
• Severe sepsis or sepsis syndrome is sepsis with
evidence of failure of one or more organs: respiratory
(acute respiratory distress syndrome), cardiovascular
(septic shock follows compromise of cardiac function
and fall in peripheral vascular resistance), renal
(usually acute tubular necrosis), hepatic, blood
coagulation systems or central nervous system
8. • Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS): when
sepsis causes two or more organ dysfunction it is
called MODS.
• Multiple system organ failure (MSOF): it is the end
stage of uncontrolled MODS.
9. Systemic inflammatory response
syndrome (SIRS)
Presence of two out of three of the following:
• Hyperthermia (>38°C) or hypothermia (<36°C)
• Tachycardia (>90/min, no β-blockers) or tachypnoea
(>20/min)
• White cell count >12 × 109/LITRE or <4 × 109/litre
10. • The Sepsis Six is the name given to a bundle
of medical therapies designed to reduce
mortality in patients with sepsis. Drawn from
international guidelines that emerged from the
Surviving Sepsis Campaign, the Sepsis Six
was developed by the UK’s Sepsis Trust. The
components of the
11. Sepsis Six are:
Give three to patients:
(1)Intravenous fluid
challenge,
(2)Intravenous antibiotics,
(3)Oxygen and monitor
urine output
Take three from patients:
(4) blood cultures,
(5) full blood count,
(6) lactate.
12. Cause
From any sorts of septic foci when microorganism
enters into blood stream and causes systemic
manifestation.
Microorganism- almost any germ can cause septicaemia
but most commonly
Staphyllococcus aureus
Strepcoccus neumoniae
E coli
13. Sepsis if not treated promptly may cause
septic shock and MODS
15. Diagnosis
• Blood culture (confirmatory)
Others
• Complete blood count
• C reactive protein
• Specific organ function test for detection of MODS (s
creatinine, FDP, D dimer, CXR etc)
16. Management
• According to European Society of Intensive Care
Medicine (ESICM) and Society of Critical Care
Medicine (SCCM) start sepsis bundle (sepsis six)
within 6 hours for patient presenting with
• Severe sepsis
• Septic shock
• S lactate > 4mmol/L
17. Last but not the least
• Removal of source of infection either by drainage or
by debridement is the main concern
• Prevention of infection by prophylactic use of
antibiotics
• If organ failure develops treat accordingly.
18. Antibiotic prophylaxis
• Not required in clean surgery unless a prosthesis is implanted
• Use antibiotics that are effective against expected pathogens
• Plan for single-shot intravenous administration at induction of
anaesthesia
• Repeat only during long operations or if there is excessive
blood loss
• Patients with heart valve disease or a prosthesis should be
protected from bacteraemia