The document is a seminar report submitted by Anop Mundel to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It examines alternative strategies for developing safe rechargeable batteries. The report includes sections on the history of batteries, both non-rechargeable and rechargeable, a review of popular rechargeable battery types, problems with lithium-ion batteries, and alternative strategies being researched for improved battery safety and performance.
This project report summarizes research on hydrogen fuel cell technology. It provides background on the history of fuel cells dating back to 1838. It then discusses the need for alternative, low-emission energy technologies due to issues of pollution and global warming from fossil fuel usage. The report outlines the basic working principles of hydrogen fuel cells, including hydrogen production, the electrochemical reactions, advantages like high efficiency and low emissions, and challenges like cost and infrastructure. It concludes that fuel cells could enable a hydrogen economy and be a key green energy solution.
This document is a technical report on hydrogen fuel cell vehicles submitted in partial fulfillment of a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. It discusses how hydrogen fuel cells work by electrochemically converting hydrogen and oxygen into electricity, water, and heat. The key components of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell are described. The environmental benefits of hydrogen fuel cells are highlighted, as they produce no emissions besides water vapor. Fuel cells are compared to internal combustion engines, noting fuel cells have higher efficiency and produce less noise and air pollution.
This document provides information about hydrogen fuel cells. It discusses the history of fuel cells from their conception in 1839 to current applications. It then describes how a hydrogen fuel cell works, including the anode reaction, transport of protons through the electrolyte, and cathode reaction. Applications mentioned include transportation, stationary power stations, telecommunications, micro-grid networks. Advantages include being renewable and producing only water emissions, while disadvantages include hydrogen being expensive to produce and store and fuel cells requiring expensive platinum catalysts. The document concludes by discussing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and trials of India's first prototype hydrogen fuel cell car.
Seminar on Hydrogen powered TechnologiesSahil Garg
The document discusses hydrogen powered vehicle technologies. It explains that hydrogen cars have fuel cells that convert hydrogen into electricity to power electric motors, emitting only water. The status of hydrogen technology development in India is outlined, including prototypes developed. Challenges for hydrogen storage on vehicles are described. Various hydrogen-powered vehicles under development or in use are presented, including the Toyota Mirai and a hydrogen bus in India. The document considers whether hydrogen fuel cell technology can be considered green.
Hydrogen has the potential to be a clean fuel for powering vehicles. It can be stored on vehicles as compressed gas or liquid. Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity through electrochemical reactions between hydrogen and oxygen to power electric motors, with water as the only emission. Challenges include lack of hydrogen refueling infrastructure and high costs, but governments are working to build hydrogen highways. Hydrogen may help reduce dependence on fossil fuels and curb emissions if these challenges can be addressed.
This document discusses hydrogen fuel cells for automobiles. It begins by introducing hydrogen fuel cells as a promising alternative energy source for vehicles. It then describes how hydrogen fuel cells work, including the electrochemical process that produces electricity from hydrogen and oxygen. Finally, it discusses some of the challenges around hydrogen storage and distribution that need to be addressed for widespread adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.
This project report summarizes research on hydrogen fuel cell technology. It provides background on the history of fuel cells dating back to 1838. It then discusses the need for alternative, low-emission energy technologies due to issues of pollution and global warming from fossil fuel usage. The report outlines the basic working principles of hydrogen fuel cells, including hydrogen production, the electrochemical reactions, advantages like high efficiency and low emissions, and challenges like cost and infrastructure. It concludes that fuel cells could enable a hydrogen economy and be a key green energy solution.
This document is a technical report on hydrogen fuel cell vehicles submitted in partial fulfillment of a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. It discusses how hydrogen fuel cells work by electrochemically converting hydrogen and oxygen into electricity, water, and heat. The key components of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell are described. The environmental benefits of hydrogen fuel cells are highlighted, as they produce no emissions besides water vapor. Fuel cells are compared to internal combustion engines, noting fuel cells have higher efficiency and produce less noise and air pollution.
This document provides information about hydrogen fuel cells. It discusses the history of fuel cells from their conception in 1839 to current applications. It then describes how a hydrogen fuel cell works, including the anode reaction, transport of protons through the electrolyte, and cathode reaction. Applications mentioned include transportation, stationary power stations, telecommunications, micro-grid networks. Advantages include being renewable and producing only water emissions, while disadvantages include hydrogen being expensive to produce and store and fuel cells requiring expensive platinum catalysts. The document concludes by discussing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and trials of India's first prototype hydrogen fuel cell car.
Seminar on Hydrogen powered TechnologiesSahil Garg
The document discusses hydrogen powered vehicle technologies. It explains that hydrogen cars have fuel cells that convert hydrogen into electricity to power electric motors, emitting only water. The status of hydrogen technology development in India is outlined, including prototypes developed. Challenges for hydrogen storage on vehicles are described. Various hydrogen-powered vehicles under development or in use are presented, including the Toyota Mirai and a hydrogen bus in India. The document considers whether hydrogen fuel cell technology can be considered green.
Hydrogen has the potential to be a clean fuel for powering vehicles. It can be stored on vehicles as compressed gas or liquid. Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity through electrochemical reactions between hydrogen and oxygen to power electric motors, with water as the only emission. Challenges include lack of hydrogen refueling infrastructure and high costs, but governments are working to build hydrogen highways. Hydrogen may help reduce dependence on fossil fuels and curb emissions if these challenges can be addressed.
This document discusses hydrogen fuel cells for automobiles. It begins by introducing hydrogen fuel cells as a promising alternative energy source for vehicles. It then describes how hydrogen fuel cells work, including the electrochemical process that produces electricity from hydrogen and oxygen. Finally, it discusses some of the challenges around hydrogen storage and distribution that need to be addressed for widespread adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.
A fuel cell converts chemical energy from hydrogen into electricity through an electrochemical reaction with oxygen. It requires a continuous fuel source unlike batteries. There are different types of fuel cells defined by their electrolyte. A fuel cell has an anode, cathode, electrolyte and catalyst. Protons pass through the electrolyte but not electrons, which provide the current. Fuel cells produce electricity and water as byproducts. Problems include hydrogen storage and distribution limitations which can be addressed using fuel reformers.
An Overview and Analysis of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technologyalecgugel1
A literature review covering the various types of hydrogen fuel cells, production methods, storage methods, and the advantages and drawbacks of each of these factors.
This document provides an overview of fuel cells, including their basic components and operation. It discusses how fuel cells work by separating hydrogen ions and electrons at the anode, with the electrons powering an external circuit before recombining with oxygen and ions at the cathode to form water. Two types of fuel cells are then described in more detail: phosphoric acid fuel cells, which were the first commercialized and use liquid phosphoric acid as the electrolyte, and alkaline fuel cells, which use an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution and react hydrogen and oxygen to produce water, heat and electricity.
SEMINAR TOPIC IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ON FUEL CELLS. SHORT AND BRIEF PRESENTATION ON FUEL CELLS. The presentation consists for preview till conclusion and is meant for minor projects submission by engineering students.
This document provides an overview of fuel cells, including their construction, working, types, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It describes how a fuel cell works by converting chemical energy from hydrogen into electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction with oxygen. The main types of fuel cells covered are alkaline fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells. The advantages include high efficiency, zero emissions, and quiet operation. Disadvantages include the high cost of the technology and fuel production. Applications mentioned include power generation, transportation, portable electronics, and backup power supplies.
With fossil fuel stores reducing, increasing fuel prices, and growing environmental concerns the demand for sustainable fuels and low carbon footprints has grown appreciably. This presentation talks about the hydrogen fuel cell concept and the technology behind the concept.
Fuel cells provide a clean source of power by converting chemical energy from fuels into electrical energy. They have two electrodes and an electrolyte in between that produces DC power. Fuel cells are classified based on their electrolyte type and operating temperature. Some key fuel cell types include proton exchange membrane fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells. Fuel cells have applications in transportation, portable power devices, and stationary power generation due to their high efficiency and low emissions. However, fuel cells still face challenges related to cost, infrastructure, and durability that must be addressed for widespread commercialization.
This document provides an overview of fuel cell technologies. It discusses the history of fuel cells from their invention in 1838 to their use in the Apollo mission. It then describes the basic components and working of a fuel cell. The document outlines various fuel cell types classified by electrolyte used, including polymer exchange membrane fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, solid acid fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells. It discusses their operating temperatures, efficiencies, applications and advantages/disadvantages. The document concludes with the future scope of developing micro fuel cells.
Direct Alcohol Alkaline Fuel Cell as Future ProspectusAEIJjournal2
Fuel cells are called the fourth electricity power generation after water, nuclear power generation devices. Fuel cells are widely recognized as very attractive devices to obtain directly electric energy from the electrochemical combustion of chemical products. When fuel cells are continuously supplied fuel and oxidant, electricity can be made constantly. According to the different electrolytes, fuel cells can be divided into different types among them, alkaline fuel cell is best as compared to others ones. Due to the activation overvoltage at the cathode is generally less than that with an acid electrolyte and there are very few standard chemicals that are cheaper than potassium hydroxide. These fuel cells have longer lifetimes, and do not require expensive noble metal catalysts to be used. Noble metal catalysts may be used, but less is needed to achieve a similar reaction rate. The main objective of the study is to use different kind of alcohols in alkaline fuel cell and determined the characteristics at different parameter.
rechargable batteries and lead acid batteryTANISHQBAFNA
Lead-acid batteries were the first rechargeable battery invented in 1859. They work through chemical reactions between lead and lead dioxide electrodes and sulfuric acid electrolyte. Overcharging can produce explosive gases. Lead-acid batteries are used in many applications due to their low cost. Nickel-cadmium batteries were introduced in the 1960s and have higher energy density than lead-acid. They use cadmium and nickel oxide electrodes with an alkaline electrolyte but cadmium is toxic. Nickel metal hydride batteries replaced cadmium with hydrogen-absorbing alloys and have higher energy density than NiCd with no toxicity. Lithium ion batteries have the highest energy density of any rechargeable battery due to lith
this is the representation of hydrogen fuel. In this presentation we showed how hydrogen is useful for future consumption of fuel. We know that in the future the non-renewable sources of energy will be extincted so we have to concentrate on conventional sources of energy like solar energy energy, nuclear energy, hydrogen fuel. Because hydrogen is highly combustible and produce large of energy so we consider to use hydrogen fuel in future aspect
A liquid-propellant rocket or a liquid rocket is a rocket engine that uses propellants in liquid form. Liquids are desirable because their reasonably high density ...
1. A fuel cell converts chemical energy directly into electricity through electrochemical reactions between hydrogen and oxygen without combustion.
2. There are several types of fuel cells that differ in their electrolyte material including polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells.
3. Each fuel cell type has advantages and disadvantages for different applications depending on factors like operating temperature, catalyst requirements, and fuel used.
1839 - Sir William Grove, first electrochemical H2/O2
reaction to generate energy
• 1950s - GE developed the solid-ion exchange H2 fuel cell
used by NASA
• 1960s- GE produced the fuel cell-based electrical power
system for NASA Gemini and Apollo space capsules
• 1960s other fuel cells discovered – phosphoric acid, SOFC,
molten carbonate
• 1970s – Vehicle manufacturers began to experiment FCEV.
• 1990 – The California Air Resource Board introduced the
Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate.
• 2000 – Fuel cell buses were deployed as part of the
HyFleet/CUTE project
• 2007 – fuel cell started to be sold commercially as APU
• 2008 – Honda begins leasing the FCX fuel cell electric
vehicle.
• 2009 – Large scale of residential CHP programme in Japan.
Technology is increasing our energy needs, but it is also show in new ways to
generate power more effetely with less impact on the environment. One of the most
promising options for supplementing future power supplies is the fuel cells.
A fuel cell is a device that electrochemically converts the chemical energy of a fuel
and an oxidant to electrical energy. The fuel and oxidant are typically stored outside
of the fuel cell and transferred into the fuel cell as the reactants are consumed. The
most common type of fuel cell uses the chemical energy of hydrogen to produce
electricity, with water and heat as by-products. Fuel cells are unique in terms of the
variety of their potential applications; they potentially can provide energy for systems
as large as a utility power station and as small as a laptop computer. Fuel cells have
several potential benefits over conventional combustion- based technologies currently
used in many power plants and passenger vehicles. They produce much smaller
quantities of greenhouse gases and none of the air pollutants that create smog and
cause health problems. If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, fuel cells emit only heat and
water as a byproduct.
This document discusses supercapacitors and their potential as an alternative to batteries. Supercapacitors store electrical charge electrostatically at the interface between an electrode and electrolyte, giving them a higher power density than batteries. They can charge and discharge much faster than batteries, within seconds, but have a lower energy density. The document outlines the basic structure and operation of supercapacitors, comparing their performance to lithium-ion batteries. It examines research areas aimed at optimizing supercapacitors and their applications in fields like electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. Supercapacitors show promise for applications requiring high power delivery over long lifecycles.
Catalysts are used with fuels such as hydrogen or methanol to produce hydrogen ions. Platinum, which is very expensive, is the catalyst typically used in this process. Companies are using nanoparticles of platinum to reduce the amount of platinum needed, or using nanoparticles of other materials to replace platinum entirely and thereby lower costs.
Supercapacitors or EDLCs (i.e. electric double-layer capacitors) or ultra-capacitors are becoming increasingly popular as alternatives for the conventional and traditional battery sources. This brief overview focuses on the different types of supercapacitors, the relevant quantitative modeling areas and the future of supercapacitor research and development. Supercapacitors may emerge as the solution for many application-specific power systems. Especially, there has been great interest in developing supercapacitors for electric vehicle hybrid power systems, pulse power applications, as well as back-up and emergency power supplies. Because of their flexibility, however, supercapacitors can be adapted to serve in roles for which electrochemical batteries are not as well suited. Also, supercapacitors have some intrinsic characteristics that make them ideally suited to specialized roles and applications that complement the strengths of batteries. In particular, supercapacitors have great potential for applications that require a combination of high power, short charging time, high cycling stability and long shelf life. So, let’s just begin the innovative journey of these near future of life-long batteries that can charge up almost anything and everything within a few seconds!
1. The document describes a chemistry project on constructing a dry cell battery. It provides details on the components, chemical reactions, and construction process.
2. The student, Ashwini Kumar Sah, constructed a dry cell under the guidance of his teacher. The constructed dry cell was tested and found to produce a voltage of 1.49V.
3. The document includes an introduction to dry cells and their components, the aim of the experiment, theory on primary and secondary cells, procedures, observations, and conclusion.
World Metrology Day May 20,2021 Hydroelectric Cell Basics- Green Energy Dev...DrRKKotnalaGreenElec
The Biggest Invention of the 21st Century in Green Energy - An Alternative to Solar Cell & Fuel Cell "Unique Revolution in Green Electricity" - Hydroelectric Cell !!!
At PreScouter, we help Fortune 500 clients quickly get up-to-speed on what they need to know to understand their options. PreScouter's Inquiry Service is a new, custom approach to ask science-based questions with a Ph.D. researcher through a brief video call. The results are debriefed in a meeting within two business days. This app provides clients with technically relevant, actionable information to further business objectives on a recurring basis.
In this inquiry, a client needed to identify Pre-Series B (or research teams) in the battery space that has a proprietary technology. PreScouter found 13 different batteries. Very soon, we should see a massive change in the ability to safely store and release power. Batteries explored include, but are not limited to: solid-state lithium-ion batteries, magnesium batteries, graphene car batteries, laser-made micro-supercapacitors, Na Ion batteries, and one of the fastest battery packs, LumoPack. PreScouter concluded this R&D injury with suggested next steps.
A fuel cell converts chemical energy from hydrogen into electricity through an electrochemical reaction with oxygen. It requires a continuous fuel source unlike batteries. There are different types of fuel cells defined by their electrolyte. A fuel cell has an anode, cathode, electrolyte and catalyst. Protons pass through the electrolyte but not electrons, which provide the current. Fuel cells produce electricity and water as byproducts. Problems include hydrogen storage and distribution limitations which can be addressed using fuel reformers.
An Overview and Analysis of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technologyalecgugel1
A literature review covering the various types of hydrogen fuel cells, production methods, storage methods, and the advantages and drawbacks of each of these factors.
This document provides an overview of fuel cells, including their basic components and operation. It discusses how fuel cells work by separating hydrogen ions and electrons at the anode, with the electrons powering an external circuit before recombining with oxygen and ions at the cathode to form water. Two types of fuel cells are then described in more detail: phosphoric acid fuel cells, which were the first commercialized and use liquid phosphoric acid as the electrolyte, and alkaline fuel cells, which use an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution and react hydrogen and oxygen to produce water, heat and electricity.
SEMINAR TOPIC IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ON FUEL CELLS. SHORT AND BRIEF PRESENTATION ON FUEL CELLS. The presentation consists for preview till conclusion and is meant for minor projects submission by engineering students.
This document provides an overview of fuel cells, including their construction, working, types, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It describes how a fuel cell works by converting chemical energy from hydrogen into electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction with oxygen. The main types of fuel cells covered are alkaline fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells. The advantages include high efficiency, zero emissions, and quiet operation. Disadvantages include the high cost of the technology and fuel production. Applications mentioned include power generation, transportation, portable electronics, and backup power supplies.
With fossil fuel stores reducing, increasing fuel prices, and growing environmental concerns the demand for sustainable fuels and low carbon footprints has grown appreciably. This presentation talks about the hydrogen fuel cell concept and the technology behind the concept.
Fuel cells provide a clean source of power by converting chemical energy from fuels into electrical energy. They have two electrodes and an electrolyte in between that produces DC power. Fuel cells are classified based on their electrolyte type and operating temperature. Some key fuel cell types include proton exchange membrane fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells. Fuel cells have applications in transportation, portable power devices, and stationary power generation due to their high efficiency and low emissions. However, fuel cells still face challenges related to cost, infrastructure, and durability that must be addressed for widespread commercialization.
This document provides an overview of fuel cell technologies. It discusses the history of fuel cells from their invention in 1838 to their use in the Apollo mission. It then describes the basic components and working of a fuel cell. The document outlines various fuel cell types classified by electrolyte used, including polymer exchange membrane fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, solid acid fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells. It discusses their operating temperatures, efficiencies, applications and advantages/disadvantages. The document concludes with the future scope of developing micro fuel cells.
Direct Alcohol Alkaline Fuel Cell as Future ProspectusAEIJjournal2
Fuel cells are called the fourth electricity power generation after water, nuclear power generation devices. Fuel cells are widely recognized as very attractive devices to obtain directly electric energy from the electrochemical combustion of chemical products. When fuel cells are continuously supplied fuel and oxidant, electricity can be made constantly. According to the different electrolytes, fuel cells can be divided into different types among them, alkaline fuel cell is best as compared to others ones. Due to the activation overvoltage at the cathode is generally less than that with an acid electrolyte and there are very few standard chemicals that are cheaper than potassium hydroxide. These fuel cells have longer lifetimes, and do not require expensive noble metal catalysts to be used. Noble metal catalysts may be used, but less is needed to achieve a similar reaction rate. The main objective of the study is to use different kind of alcohols in alkaline fuel cell and determined the characteristics at different parameter.
rechargable batteries and lead acid batteryTANISHQBAFNA
Lead-acid batteries were the first rechargeable battery invented in 1859. They work through chemical reactions between lead and lead dioxide electrodes and sulfuric acid electrolyte. Overcharging can produce explosive gases. Lead-acid batteries are used in many applications due to their low cost. Nickel-cadmium batteries were introduced in the 1960s and have higher energy density than lead-acid. They use cadmium and nickel oxide electrodes with an alkaline electrolyte but cadmium is toxic. Nickel metal hydride batteries replaced cadmium with hydrogen-absorbing alloys and have higher energy density than NiCd with no toxicity. Lithium ion batteries have the highest energy density of any rechargeable battery due to lith
this is the representation of hydrogen fuel. In this presentation we showed how hydrogen is useful for future consumption of fuel. We know that in the future the non-renewable sources of energy will be extincted so we have to concentrate on conventional sources of energy like solar energy energy, nuclear energy, hydrogen fuel. Because hydrogen is highly combustible and produce large of energy so we consider to use hydrogen fuel in future aspect
A liquid-propellant rocket or a liquid rocket is a rocket engine that uses propellants in liquid form. Liquids are desirable because their reasonably high density ...
1. A fuel cell converts chemical energy directly into electricity through electrochemical reactions between hydrogen and oxygen without combustion.
2. There are several types of fuel cells that differ in their electrolyte material including polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells, and solid oxide fuel cells.
3. Each fuel cell type has advantages and disadvantages for different applications depending on factors like operating temperature, catalyst requirements, and fuel used.
1839 - Sir William Grove, first electrochemical H2/O2
reaction to generate energy
• 1950s - GE developed the solid-ion exchange H2 fuel cell
used by NASA
• 1960s- GE produced the fuel cell-based electrical power
system for NASA Gemini and Apollo space capsules
• 1960s other fuel cells discovered – phosphoric acid, SOFC,
molten carbonate
• 1970s – Vehicle manufacturers began to experiment FCEV.
• 1990 – The California Air Resource Board introduced the
Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate.
• 2000 – Fuel cell buses were deployed as part of the
HyFleet/CUTE project
• 2007 – fuel cell started to be sold commercially as APU
• 2008 – Honda begins leasing the FCX fuel cell electric
vehicle.
• 2009 – Large scale of residential CHP programme in Japan.
Technology is increasing our energy needs, but it is also show in new ways to
generate power more effetely with less impact on the environment. One of the most
promising options for supplementing future power supplies is the fuel cells.
A fuel cell is a device that electrochemically converts the chemical energy of a fuel
and an oxidant to electrical energy. The fuel and oxidant are typically stored outside
of the fuel cell and transferred into the fuel cell as the reactants are consumed. The
most common type of fuel cell uses the chemical energy of hydrogen to produce
electricity, with water and heat as by-products. Fuel cells are unique in terms of the
variety of their potential applications; they potentially can provide energy for systems
as large as a utility power station and as small as a laptop computer. Fuel cells have
several potential benefits over conventional combustion- based technologies currently
used in many power plants and passenger vehicles. They produce much smaller
quantities of greenhouse gases and none of the air pollutants that create smog and
cause health problems. If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, fuel cells emit only heat and
water as a byproduct.
This document discusses supercapacitors and their potential as an alternative to batteries. Supercapacitors store electrical charge electrostatically at the interface between an electrode and electrolyte, giving them a higher power density than batteries. They can charge and discharge much faster than batteries, within seconds, but have a lower energy density. The document outlines the basic structure and operation of supercapacitors, comparing their performance to lithium-ion batteries. It examines research areas aimed at optimizing supercapacitors and their applications in fields like electric vehicles and renewable energy storage. Supercapacitors show promise for applications requiring high power delivery over long lifecycles.
Catalysts are used with fuels such as hydrogen or methanol to produce hydrogen ions. Platinum, which is very expensive, is the catalyst typically used in this process. Companies are using nanoparticles of platinum to reduce the amount of platinum needed, or using nanoparticles of other materials to replace platinum entirely and thereby lower costs.
Supercapacitors or EDLCs (i.e. electric double-layer capacitors) or ultra-capacitors are becoming increasingly popular as alternatives for the conventional and traditional battery sources. This brief overview focuses on the different types of supercapacitors, the relevant quantitative modeling areas and the future of supercapacitor research and development. Supercapacitors may emerge as the solution for many application-specific power systems. Especially, there has been great interest in developing supercapacitors for electric vehicle hybrid power systems, pulse power applications, as well as back-up and emergency power supplies. Because of their flexibility, however, supercapacitors can be adapted to serve in roles for which electrochemical batteries are not as well suited. Also, supercapacitors have some intrinsic characteristics that make them ideally suited to specialized roles and applications that complement the strengths of batteries. In particular, supercapacitors have great potential for applications that require a combination of high power, short charging time, high cycling stability and long shelf life. So, let’s just begin the innovative journey of these near future of life-long batteries that can charge up almost anything and everything within a few seconds!
1. The document describes a chemistry project on constructing a dry cell battery. It provides details on the components, chemical reactions, and construction process.
2. The student, Ashwini Kumar Sah, constructed a dry cell under the guidance of his teacher. The constructed dry cell was tested and found to produce a voltage of 1.49V.
3. The document includes an introduction to dry cells and their components, the aim of the experiment, theory on primary and secondary cells, procedures, observations, and conclusion.
World Metrology Day May 20,2021 Hydroelectric Cell Basics- Green Energy Dev...DrRKKotnalaGreenElec
The Biggest Invention of the 21st Century in Green Energy - An Alternative to Solar Cell & Fuel Cell "Unique Revolution in Green Electricity" - Hydroelectric Cell !!!
At PreScouter, we help Fortune 500 clients quickly get up-to-speed on what they need to know to understand their options. PreScouter's Inquiry Service is a new, custom approach to ask science-based questions with a Ph.D. researcher through a brief video call. The results are debriefed in a meeting within two business days. This app provides clients with technically relevant, actionable information to further business objectives on a recurring basis.
In this inquiry, a client needed to identify Pre-Series B (or research teams) in the battery space that has a proprietary technology. PreScouter found 13 different batteries. Very soon, we should see a massive change in the ability to safely store and release power. Batteries explored include, but are not limited to: solid-state lithium-ion batteries, magnesium batteries, graphene car batteries, laser-made micro-supercapacitors, Na Ion batteries, and one of the fastest battery packs, LumoPack. PreScouter concluded this R&D injury with suggested next steps.
Subjective and Comparatively Studied of Batteries on Different Parameters Eff...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that conducted a subjective and comparative study of various automobile batteries. The paper analyzed 20 relevant research articles on batteries based on parameters like power output, charging time, cost, and limitations. It ranked the batteries based on these parameters and mapped the highest performing batteries for power output and charging time. The mapping showed that the sodium nickel chloride battery had the highest power output while the aluminum-ion battery had the shortest charging time. A combined experimental study of these two batteries was recommended to achieve high performance and optimize batteries for electric vehicles.
This dissertation studies ion insertion and transport in energy storage materials using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It examines lithium ion transport in TiO2-B anode material and charge carrier formation/migration in lithium halides. It also analyzes aluminum chloride intercalation into graphite for aluminum ion batteries and the effect of zirconium doping on lithium nickel oxide cathode properties. The studies find that kinetic or thermodynamic factors determine capacity/conductivity depending on the material. Diffusion barriers control size effects on TiO2-B capacity, while defect concentrations determine halide ionic conductivity.
Batteries play an essential role on most of the electrical equipment and electrical engineering tools. However, one of the drawbacks of lead acid batteries is PbSO4 accumulates on the battery plates, which significantly cause deterioration. Therefore, this study discusses the discharge capacity performance evaluation of the industrial lead acid battery. The selective method to improve the discharge capacity is using high current pulses method. This method is performed to restore the capacity of lead acid batteries that use a maximum direct current (DC) of up to 500 A produces instantaneous heat from 27°C to 48°C to dissolve the PbSO4 on the plates. This study uses an 840 Ah, 36 V flooded lead acid batteries for a forklift for the evaluation test. Besides, this paper explores the behavior of critical formation parameters, such as the discharge capacity of the cells. From the experimental results, it can be concluded that the discharge capacity of the flooded lead acid battery can be increase by using high current pulses method. The comparative findings for the overall percentage of discharge capacity of the batteries improved from 68% to 99% after the restoration capacity.
Mysteri repeated the electroplating activity by interchanging the electrodes. When the electrodes are switched, copper will now dissolve from the copper plate connected to the negative terminal and deposit onto the object connected to the positive terminal. This allows copper to be transferred from one electrode to the other through the solution, maintaining the copper concentration in solution.
Direct Alcohol Alkaline Fuel Cell as Future ProspectusAEIJjournal2
Fuel cells are called the fourth electricity power generation after water, nuclear power generation devices.
Fuel cells are widely recognized as very attractive devices to obtain directly electric energy from the
electrochemical combustion of chemical products. When fuel cells are continuously supplied fuel and
oxidant, electricity can be made constantly. According to the different electrolytes, fuel cells can be divided
into different types among them, alkaline fuel cell is best as compared to others ones. Due to the activation
overvoltage at the cathode is generally less than that with an acid electrolyte and there are very few
standard chemicals that are cheaper than potassium hydroxide. These fuel cells have longer lifetimes, and
do not require expensive noble metal catalysts to be used. Noble metal catalysts may be used, but less is
needed to achieve a similar reaction rate. The main objective of the study is to use different kind of
alcohols in alkaline fuel cell and determined the characteristics at different parameter.
This document provides an overview of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. It begins with an introduction and then covers the history of fuel cells dating back to 1839. It also discusses hydrogen as a fuel, explaining that hydrogen can be extracted from various sources and used as a clean fuel. The document outlines various hydrogen storage technologies as well as the principles and types of fuel cells, including proton exchange membrane, phosphoric acid, solid oxide, and alkaline fuel cells. It addresses hydrogen production methods and concludes by discussing the advantages of fuel cells in reducing emissions.
This document discusses different types of batteries including primary batteries, secondary batteries, and fuel cells. It provides definitions and examples of each type. Primary batteries include lithium cells and Leclanche cells which produce electricity through a non-reversible chemical reaction and cannot be recharged. Secondary batteries like lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries allow for recharging through a reversible reaction. Fuel cells like hydrogen-oxygen continuously produce electricity through redox reactions as long as fuel and oxidant are supplied.
Nuclear Power Plant | Mechanical Engineering | Power Plant EngineeringYash Sawant
This document is a microproject report submitted by two students, Sawant Yash Sanjay and Garad AkshayBalij, on a model of a nuclear power plant under the guidance of their professor. The report contains 14 chapters that discuss the history of nuclear power in India, components and types of nuclear reactors, pressurized water reactors, nuclear fission, advantages and disadvantages of pressurized water reactors, nuclear waste disposal, and advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power plants. Diagrams of a typical nuclear power plant layout and pressurized water reactor are also included.
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology in fuel cells. It provides a brief history of fuel cells and describes their basic components and mechanisms. It notes that nanotechnology can help address issues like using expensive catalyst materials and fuel storage. Specifically, carbon nanotubes can be used to store hydrogen fuel more easily and improve catalyst performance. Recent research is exploring catalysts that reduce or eliminate platinum usage. Fuel cells have applications in transportation, portable devices, and stationary power generation.
This document contains questions and answers related to automobile engineering. It discusses various topics in battery and ignition systems:
1. It lists the types of batteries as lead acid, alkaline and zinc air batteries and discusses their components like plates, electrolyte and container. It also describes the chemicals used and different charging methods.
2. Questions cover topics like distinguishing positive and negative battery plates, battery testing methods, battery ratings, starter motor drives like Bendix and overrunning clutches.
3. Ignition system types like battery coil, magneto coil and electronic coil systems are covered. Conventional, rotary distributor, spark plug and electronic ignition workings are explained.
4. Generator and charging system components
The document summarizes the main types of nuclear reactors, including:
1) Gas cooled, graphite moderated reactors like Magnox and AGR reactors which use carbon dioxide gas and graphite.
2) Heavy water cooled and moderated CANDU reactors which use heavy water as both coolant and moderator.
3) Water cooled and moderated reactors like Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) and Boiling Water Reactors (BWR) which use ordinary water as both coolant and moderator.
4) Water cooled, graphite moderated RBMK reactors which use graphite as a moderator and water as a coolant, allowing it to boil directly.
Iaetsd sustainability through cryogenic water fuelIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes using cryogenics to convert hydrogen gas produced through electrolysis of water into liquid hydrogen to be used as a fuel. It involves using electrolysis to separate hydrogen from water, compressing the hydrogen gas, storing it in a high-pressure tank, liquefying it using cryogenic processes like the Linde or Claude processes, and then storing the liquid hydrogen in a cryogenically-insulated fuel tank to power vehicle engines. The combustion of liquid hydrogen only produces water vapor as an exhaust, providing a zero-emissions fuel source. However, liquefying and storing cryogenic hydrogen requires specialized equipment and handling.
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Seminar report Of Alternative Strategy for a Safe Rechargeable Battery
1. A
Seminar Report
On
Alternative Strategy for a Safe Rechargeable Battery
submitted
in partial fulfilment
for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in Department of Mechanical Engineering
Supervisor: Submitted By:
Dr Manu Augustine Anop Mundel
Professor 15ESKME022
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan, Jaipur
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
2018-19
2. i
Candidate’s Declaration
I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the Seminar, titled
“Alternative Strategy for a Safe Rechargeable Battery” in partial fulfilment for the award
of Degree of “Bachelor of Technology” in Department of Mechanical Engineering, and
submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Swami Keshvanand Institute of
Technology, Management & Gramothan, Jaipur is a record of my own investigations carried
under the Guidance of Dr Manu Augustine, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan, Jaipur .
I have not submitted the matter presented in this report anywhere for the award of any other
Degree.
(Name and Signature of Candidate)
Anop Mundel
15ESKME022
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology,
Management & Gramothan, Jaipur (Raj.)
Counter Signed by
Dr Manu Augustine
Professor
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology,
Management & Gramothan, Jaipur (Raj.)
3. ii
Swami Keshvanand Institute
of Technology, Management & Gramothan, Jaipur
Department of Mechanical Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Anop Mundel, student of B.Tech VIII Semester (Mechanical
Engineering), has submitted the seminar report titled “Alternative Strategy for a Safe
Rechargeable Battery”, carried under my guidance.
It is submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology
(Mechanical Engineering) of Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.
Date:
Seminar Faculty Supervisor
Mr. Dinesh Kumar Sharma Dr Manu Augustine
(Assistant Professor) Professor
Mr. Ankit Agarwal
(Associate Professor)
4. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This seminar Report titled
“Alternative Strategy for a Safe Rechargeable Battery”
has been prepared under the guidance of Dr Manu Augustine, Professor, Department of
Mechanical Engineering. I express my gratitude to him for his critical and valuable
comments, constant inspiration and for taking the personal interest in my seminar.
I have taken efforts in this seminar. However, it would not have been possible without the
kind support and help of many individuals and the Department of Mechanical Engineering. I
would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
I extend my sincere thanks towards Prof. N. C. Bhandari (Head, Mechanical Engineering
Department) for his kind support throughout my span of degree. I would like to express my
gratitude to all members of the Department of Mechanical Engineering for their kind co-
operation and encouragement which helped me in the completion of this seminar report.
My thanks and appreciation also goes to my colleagues who helped me in all possible ways.
Date:
Anop Mundel
15ESKME022
B.Tech IV Year
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology,
Management & Gramothan, Jaipur (Raj.)
5. iv
Table of Contents
Candidate’s Declaration i
Certificate ii
Acknowledgements iii
List of Figure v
Abstract 1
Chapter 1: Introduction 2
1.1 History of batteries (non-rechargeable) 2
1.2 History of Rechargeable Batteries 4
Chapter 2: General review of popular rechargeable batteries 9
2.1 Lead-acid battery 9
2.2 Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery 9
2.3 Sodium-sulphur (Na-S) Battery 10
2.4 Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) Battery 10
2.5 Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery 11
Chapter 3: Problems with Li-ion Battery 12
3.1 Types of dendrites formation 12
3.2 Dendrites formation steps in Li-ion battery 13
Chapter 4: Alternative strategy for a safe rechargeable battery 15
4.1 Graphene Battery 15
4.2 Sodium-ion Battery 15
4.3 Lithium sulphur Battery 16
4.4 solid-state battery 16
4.5 Gold Nanowire Battery 17
Conclusion 18
Reference 19
6. v
List of Figure
Figure 1 Daniell cell 2
Figure 2 Porous pot cell 3
Figure 3 Gravity cell 3
Figure 4 Poggendorff cell 4
Figure 5 Lead-acid cell 4
Figure 6 leclanché cell 5
Figure 7 Zinc-carbon cell 5
Figure 8 Ni-Cd cell 6
Figure 9 NiMH Battery 7
Figure 10 Lithium-ion Battery 8
Figure 11 Lithium-polymer Battery 8
Figure 12 Na-S Battery 10
Figure 13 The result of an Avestor battery fire in an AT&T system 12
Figure 14 Lithium dendrites being formed on the electrodeposition of lithium 12
Figure 15 Dendrites in Li-ion battery 13
Figure 16 Dendrites formation process 13
Figure 17 Solid State Battery 16
Figure 18 Gold Nanowire with gel electrolyte 17
7. 1
ABSTRACT
The global energy paradigm is rapidly transforming from fossil fuels to sustainable energy
resources, including solar, wind, and geothermal energies. However, power production from
these energy resources is not always coincident with energy demand. Therefore, the
development of large-scale energy storage systems that resolve this discrepancy is vitally
important. So, technology shift towards storage batteries is imminent.
In this seminar report, various types of batteries available in the market and the recent
developments in the battery technology from the perspective of safety, high capacity, more
cycle life, high power density and non-toxicity have been taken up for discussion.
8. 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
The word “battery” comes from the Old French word baterie, it's meaning “action of
beating,” relating to a group of cannons in battle. In the endeavour to find an energy storage
device, scientists in the 1700s adopted the term “battery” to represent multiple
electrochemical cells connected together[1].
A battery consists of a number of electrochemical cells connected in series or parallel, which
produce electricity with a desired voltage from an electrochemical reaction. Each cell
contains two electrodes (one anode and one cathode) with an electrolyte which can be at
solid, liquid or ropy/viscous states[2]. The battery is a feeble vessel that is slow to fill, holds
limited energy, runs for a time like a wind-up toy, fades and eventually becomes a nuisance.
Batteries can be widely used in different applications, such as power quality, energy
management, ride-through power and transportation systems.
1.1 History of batteries (non-rechargeable) [3]
1) Daniell cell
In 1836 a British chemist John Frederic Daniell invented Daniell cell, which consisted
of a copper pot filled with a copper sulphate solution, in which was immersed an
unglazed earthenware container filled with sulphuric acid and a zinc electrode. The
earthenware barrier was porous, which allowed ions to pass through but kept the
solutions from mixing. It had an operating voltage of roughly 1.1 volts. Figure 1
shows a systematic diagram of a Daniell cell.
Figure 1 Daniell cell
2) Bird’s cell
A version of the Daniell cell was invented in 1837 by the Guy's hospital physician
Golding Bird who used plaster of Paris barrier to keep the solutions separate.
3) Porous pot cell
The porous pot version of the Daniell cell was invented by John Dancer in 1838. It
consists of a central zinc anode dipped into a porous earthenware pot containing a
9. 3
zinc sulphate solution as shown in figure 2. The porous pot is immersed in a solution
of copper sulphate contained in a copper can, which acts as the cell's cathode.
Figure 2 Porous pot cell
4) Gravity cell
In the 1860s, a Frenchman Callaud invented a variant of the Daniell cell called the
gravity cell. This simpler version dispensed with the porous barrier. This reduced the
internal resistance of the system and, thus, the battery yielded a stronger current.
The gravity cell consisted of a glass jar, in which a copper cathode sat on the bottom
and a zinc anode was suspended beneath the rim. Copper sulphate crystals would be
scattered around the cathode and then the jar would be filled with distilled water. As
the current was drawn, a layer of zinc sulphate solution would form at the top around
the anode. This top layer was kept separate from the bottom copper sulphate layer by
its lower density and by the polarity of the cell. Figure 3 shows a systematic diagram
of a typical gravity cell.
The zinc sulphate layer was clear in contrast to the deep blue copper sulphate layer,
which allowed a technician to measure the battery life with a glance. On the other
hand, this setup meant the battery could be used only in a stationary appliance, else
the solutions would mix or spill. Another disadvantage was that a current had to be
continually drawn to keep the two solutions from mixing by diffusion, so it was
unsuitable for intermittent use.
Figure 3 Gravity cell
10. 4
5) Poggendorff cell
The German scientist Johann Christian Poggendorff overcame the problems with
separating the electrolyte and the depolariser using a porous earthenware pot in 1842.
In the Poggendorff cell, also called Grenet Cell due to the works of Eugene Grenet
around 1859, the electrolyte was dilute sulphuric acid and the depolariser was
chromic acid. The two acids were physically mixed together eliminating the porous
pot. The positive electrode (cathode) was two carbon plates, with a zinc plate
(negative or anode) positioned between them as shown in figure 4. Because of the
tendency of the acid mixture to react with the zinc, a mechanism was provided to raise
the zinc electrode clear of the acids.
Figure 4 Poggendorff cell
1.2 History of Rechargeable Batteries [3]
1) Lead-acid Battery:-
In 1859, Gaston Planté invented the lead-acid battery, the first rechargeable battery
that could be recharged by passing a reverse current through it. Figure 5 shows the
first Lead-acid cell invented by Gaston Planté. A lead-acid cell consists of a lead
anode and a lead dioxide cathode immersed in sulphuric acid. Both electrodes react
with the acid to produce lead sulphate, but the reaction at the lead anode releases
electrons whilst the reaction at the lead dioxide consumes them, thus producing a
current. These chemical reactions can be reversed by passing a reverse current
through the battery, thereby recharging it. The lead-acid cell was the first "secondary"
cell.
Figure 5 Lead-acid cell
2) Leclanché cell:-
In 1866, Georges Leclanché invented a battery that consisted of a zinc anode and a
manganese dioxide cathode wrapped in a porous material, dipped in a jar of
11. 5
ammonium chloride solution. The manganese dioxide cathode had a little carbon
mixed into it, which improved conductivity and absorption. Figure 6 shows a
systematic diagram of a typical Leclanché cell. It provided a voltage of 1.4 volts.
Figure 6 leclanché cell
3) Zinc-carbon cell:-
This was the dry cell. In 1886, Carl Gassner invented a variant of the Leclanché cell,
which came to be known as the dry cell because it did not have a free liquid
electrolyte. Instead, the ammonium chloride was mixed with plaster of Paris to create
a paste, with a small amount of zinc chloride added in to extend the shelf life. The
manganese dioxide cathode was dipped in this paste, and both were sealed in a zinc
shell, which also acted as the anode. Figure 7 shows a systematic diagram of a typical
Zinc-carbon cell.
Figure 7 Zinc-carbon cell
12. 6
4) Ni-Cd Battery:-
In 1899, a Swedish scientist Waldemar Jungner invented the nickel-cadmium battery,
a rechargeable battery that had nickel and cadmium electrodes in a potassium
hydroxide solution; the first battery to use an alkaline electrolyte. The first models
were robust and had significantly better energy density than lead-acid batteries, but
were much more expensive. Figure 8 shows a systematic diagram of a typical Ni-Cd
cell.
Figure 8 Ni-Cd cell
5) Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery:-
Research on nickel-metal-hydride started in 1967, but the first consumer-grade
nickel–metal hydride battery (NiMH) for smaller applications appeared on the market
in 1989. The NiMH technology was the battery used in the first generation of hybrid
electric cars, such as the Toyota Prius. It is highly reliable, cycling several thousand
times.[4] The NiMH battery is more environmental friendly than Ni-Cd battery
because cadmium is toxic in nature[5]. Figure 9 shows a systematic diagram of a
typical NiMH cell.
13. 7
Figure 9 NiMH Battery
6) Lithium battery:-
Lithium is the metal with the lowest density and with the greatest electrochemical
potential and energy-to-weight ratio. The low atomic weight and small size of its ions
also speed its diffusion, suggesting that it would make an ideal material for batteries.
Experimentation with lithium batteries began in 1912 under G.N. Lewis. Three volt
lithium primary cells such as the CR123A type and three volt button cells are widely
used, especially in cameras and very small devices.
7) Lithium-ion battery:-
In 1980 an American chemist, John B. Goodenough, discovered the LiCoO2 cathode
(positive lead) and a Moroccan research scientist, Rachid Yazami, discovered the
graphite anode (negative lead) with the solid electrolyte. In 1981, Japanese chemists
Tokio Yamabe and Shizukuni Yata discovered a novel nano-carbonaceous-PAS
(polyacene) and found that it was very effective for the anode in the conventional
liquid electrolyte. This led a research team managed by Akira Yoshino of Asahi
Chemical, Japan, to build the first lithium-ion battery prototype in 1985, a
rechargeable and more stable version of the lithium battery; Sony commercialized the
lithium-ion battery in 1991. Figure 10 shows a systematic diagram of Li-ion cell and
flow of ions during charging and discharging process.
14. 8
Figure 10 Lithium-ion Battery
8) Lithium-Polymer battery:-
In 1997, the lithium-polymer battery was released by Sony and Asahi Kasei. Figure
11 shows a schematic diagram of a typical Lithium-Polymer battery. These batteries
hold their electrolyte in a solid polymer composite instead of in a liquid solvent, and
the electrodes and separators are laminated to each other. The latter difference allows
the battery to be wrapped in a flexible wrapping instead of in a rigid metal casing,
which means such batteries can be specifically shaped to fit a particular device. This
advantage has favoured lithium polymer batteries in the design of portable electronic
devices such as mobile phones and personal digital assistants, and of radio-controlled
aircraft, as such batteries allow for more flexible and compact design. They generally
have a lower energy density than normal lithium-ion batteries.
Figure 11 Lithium-polymer Battery
15. 9
Chapter 2: General review of popular rechargeable batteries
A battery can convert energy bi-directionally between electrical and chemical energy, is
called a rechargeable battery. During discharging, the electrochemical reactions occur at
anodes and cathodes simultaneously. To the external circuit, the electrons are provided from
the anodes and collected at the cathodes. During charging, the reverse process takes place and
the battery is recharged by applying an external voltage to the two electrodes[2].
List of popular rechargeable batteries:-
1. Lead-acid battery
2. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery
3. Sodium–sulphur (Na-S) battery
4. Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery
5. Nickel–Metal Hydride (NiMH) battery
2.1 Lead-acid battery:-
The most widely used rechargeable battery is the lead-acid battery. The cathode is made
of PbO2, the anode is made of Pb, and the electrolyte is sulphuric acid. Lead–acid
batteries have fast response times, small daily self-discharge rates (<0.3%), relatively
high cycle efficiencies (63-90%) and low capital costs (50–600 $/kW h). Lead–acid
batteries can be used in stationary devices as back-up power supplies for data and
telecommunication systems, and energy management applications. However, there are
still limited installations around the world, mainly due to their relatively low cycling
times (up to 2000), energy density (50–90W h/L) and specific energy (25–50 W h/kg).In
addition, they may perform poorly at low temperatures so a thermal management system
is normally required, which increases the cost[2].
2.2 Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery:-
In a Li-ion battery, the cathode is made of a lithium metal oxide, such as LiCoO2 and
LiMO2, and the anode is made of graphitic carbon. The electrolyte is normally a non-
aqueous organic liquid containing dissolved lithium salts, such as LiClO4. The Li-ion
battery is considered as a good candidate for applications where the response time, small
dimension and/or weight of equipment are important (milliseconds response time, 1500–
10,000 W/L, 75–200W h/kg, 150–2000 W/kg). Li-ion batteries also have high cycle
efficiencies, up to 97%. The main drawbacks are that the cycle Depth of Discharge (DoD)
can affect the Li-ion battery’s lifetime and the battery pack usually requires an onboard
computer to manage its operation, which increases its overall cost. Li-ion batteries are
now applied in Hybrid and full Electric Vehicles (HEVs and EVs), which use large-
format cells and packs with capacities of 15–20 kW h for HEVs and up to 50 kW h for
EVs[2].
16. 10
2.3 Sodium-sulphur (Na-S) Battery:-
The commercialization of the sodium–sulphur battery took around 40 years, after
extensive research efforts mainly in Europe, with NGK of Japan taking the battery to
market. This battery operates at over 300O
C, with the sodium and sulphur reactants being
in the molten state; they are separated by the beta alumina ceramic in the form of tubes or
plates. Such batteries are typically being used for stationary load levelling applications,
and are up to 200 MW in power. Figure 13 shows a systematic diagram of a typical Na-S
cell and battery packing of the Na-S battery.
Figure 12 Na-S Battery
A variant of the Na-S battery is the Zebra cell, developed in South Africa. In this cell, the
cathode comprises, for example, a mixture of sodium chloride and nickel, which on
charging deposits sodium at the anode and nickel chloride at the cathode. This cell has the
advantage of not handling sodium metal during the manufacturing process. It is presently
being actively commercialized by General Electric (GE) in Schnectady, New York, for
stationary applications[4].
2.4 Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) Battery:-
A Ni-Cd battery is made up of a positive with nickel oxyhydroxide as the active material
and a negative electrode composed of metallic cadmium. These are separated by a nylon
divider. The electrolyte is aqueous potassium hydroxide. During the discharging process,
nickel oxyhydroxide combines with water and produces nickel hydroxide and a hydroxide
ion. Cadmium hydroxide is produced at the negative electrode. To charge the battery the
process can be reversed.
However, during charging, oxygen can be produced at the positive electrode and
hydrogen can be produced at the negative electrode. As a result, some venting and water
addition is required, but much less than required for a Lead Acid battery. There are two
Ni-Cd battery designs: vented and sealed. Sealed Ni-Cd batteries are the common,
everyday rechargeable batteries used in a remote control, lamp etc. No gases are released
from these batteries unless a fault occurs. Vented Ni-Cd batteries have the same operating
17. 11
principles as sealed ones, but gas is released if overcharging or rapid discharging occurs.
The oxygen and hydrogen are released through a low-pressure release valve making the
battery safer, lighter, more economical, and more robust than sealed Ni-Cd batteries.
Disadvantages:-
Like lead-acid batteries, the life of Ni-Cd batteries can be greatly reduced due to DoD and
rapid charge/discharge cycles. However, Ni-Cd batteries suffer from memory effects and
also lose more energy during due to self-discharge standby than lead-acid batteries, with
an estimated 2% to 5% of their charge lost per month at room temperature in comparison
to 1% per month for lead-acid batteries. Also, the environmental effects of Ni-Cd
batteries have become a widespread concern in recent years as cadmium is a toxic
material. This creates a number of problems for disposing of the batteries[6].
2.5 Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Battery:-
In NiMH battery, the negative electrode is hydrogen, but the hydrogen is absorbed into a
metal alloy [7]. NiMH batteries provide incremental improvements in capacity over the
NiCad at the expense of reduced cycle life and lower load current.
The advantage of NiMH batteries over Ni-Cd batteries:-
NiMH battery has 30% more capacity than a standard Ni-Cd, less prone to memory than
the Ni-Cd, periodic exercise cycles need to be done less often, fewer toxic metals. The
NiMH is currently labelled "environmentally friendly."
Disadvantages of NiMH batteries:-
1. Number of cycles: The NiMH is rated for only 500 charge/discharge cycles. The
battery's longevity is directly related to the depth of discharge.
2. Fast charge: The NiMH generates considerably more heat during charge and
requires a more complex algorithm for full-charge detection than the Ni-Cd if
temperature sensing is not available. The NiMH also cannot accept as fast a
charge as the Ni-Cd; its charge time is typically double that of the Ni-Cd.
3. Discharge current: The recommended discharge current of the NiMH is
considerably less than that of the Ni-Cd. For applications requiring high power or
a pulsed load, such as on GSM digital cellular phones, portable transceivers and
power tools, the more rugged Ni-Cd is the recommended choice.
4. Self-discharge: Both NiMH and Ni-Cd are affected by reasonably high self-
discharge. The Ni-Cd loses about 10% of its capacity in the first 24 hours, after
which the self-discharge settles to about 10% per month. The self-discharge of the
NiMH is one-and-a-half to two times higher than that of the Ni-Cd.
5. Capacity: The NiMH delivers about 30% more capacity than a Ni-Cd of the same
size. The comparison is made with the standard, rather than new ultra-
high capacity Ni-Cd.
18. 12
Chapter 3: Problems with Li-ion Battery
In the recent market, the most popular battery is Li-ion Battery. But it has many problems
like overheating, short lifetime, flammability, toxicity, low performance at high temperature,
low power density[8] and expensive casing.
The below shown figure 14 shows the Avestor’s batteries that used a lithium anode, a
vanadium oxide cathode, and a polymeric membrane; the result of such a fire.
Figure 13: The result of an Avestor battery fire in an AT&T system.[4]
But the dendrites are the major problem with Li-ion batteries. They are enemy of Li-ion
batteries. Dendrites are thin, finger-like projections of the metal (as shown in figure 15) that
starts to build from one electrode and have the potential to extend all the way across the
electrolyte material and reach the other electrode. If these dendrites reach the other electrode
over time, it could short-circuit the battery and cause permanent damage to the battery and
the device equipping it [9].
Figure 14 Lithium dendrites being formed on the electrodeposition of lithium[4]
3.1 Types of dendrites formation:-
Generally, Dendrites are three types:-
1. True Dendrites
2. Whisker growth
3. Surface growth
19. 13
Bai’s team has identified three distinct types of dendrites, or growth modes, in lithium metal
anodes, depending upon the level of current used for charging. “If you use very high current,
it builds at the tip to produce a treelike structure,” Bai said. These are the classical dendrites
with the spiky appearance that are best known. In this case, the whiskers grow from the
trunks of tree-like structures (giving dendrites their name).
Below a certain threshold level of current, however, the dendrite whiskers grow directly on
the metal surface and the “tree trunks” are no longer present. Within those two limits, there
exists the dynamic transition from whiskers to dendrites, which Bai calls “surface
growth.” Here, the lithium plates into a variety of shapes on the lithium metal surface. The
growths were found to be related to the competing reactions in the region between the liquid
electrolyte and the metal deposits [10]. Figure 16 shows how the dendrites grow from Li
anode and make a short circuit path with cathode through crossing separator.
Figure 15 Dendrites in Li-ion battery
3.2 Dendrites formation steps in Li-ion battery:-
Dendrites formation occur during the charging process of Li-ion battery. It involves several
steps like:-
i. Li deposition
ii. Li-dendrite formation
iii. Li-dendrite growth with the cycling of charging
iv. Li dendrites penetrate through a separator
v. Li-dendrite micro-shorting and more dead lithium formation
Figure 16 Dendrites formation process
The dendrites formation process is a slow process occurring during the charging process as
shown in figure 17. In this, Li is starting deposit on the anode of the battery. After some cycle
20. 14
of charging, the dendrites are start form. Then, after the number of cycle, the dendrites are
started growing and it penetrates the separator. After many cycles, it creates micro-shorting
between anode and cathode of the battery and it exploded.
21. 15
Chapter 4: Alternative strategy for a safe rechargeable battery
For the safe rechargeable battery, the dendrites problem must be solved. In this vector,
researchers try to solve the dendrites problem, improve battery life and fast charging of the
battery. Some alternative strategy for a safe rechargeable battery are:-
i. Graphene Battery
ii. Sodium-ion Battery
iii. Lithium sulphur Battery
iv. Solid state Battery
v. Gold nanowire Battery
4.1 Graphene Battery:-
Discovered at the University of Manchester in 2004, graphene - which consists of thin
flakes of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal structure - was quickly hailed as a wonder
material. It is strong and light, with a high surface area, and it’s an excellent conductor of
both heat and electricity. But, the promised graphene revolution is yet to materialise.
Graphene, a sheet of carbon atoms bound together in a honeycomb lattice pattern, is
hugely recognized as a “wonder material” due to the myriad of astonishing attributes it
holds. It is a potent conductor of electrical and thermal energy, extremely lightweight
chemically inert, and flexible with a large surface area. It is also considered eco-friendly
and sustainable, with unlimited possibilities for numerous applications. It could create
smartphones that charge in seconds, and cars that can refuel while they’re stopped at a set
of traffic lights.
The market for graphene batteries is predicted to reach $115 million by 2022, but it has
huge potential beyond that as the technology improves, and a number of companies have
attracted significant interest in their work.
These include Chinese company “Dongxu Optoelectronics”, which announced a graphene
super-capacitor with the capacity of a typical laptop battery that could charge up in 15
minutes, instead of a few hours. Barcelona-based startup Earthdas has used graphene to
create super-capacitors for electric bicycles and motorcycles, which can be charged 12
times faster than lithium-ion batteries.
4.2 Sodium-ion Battery:-
Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are rechargeable and are widely used in laptops, mobile
phones and in hybrid and fully electric vehicles. The electric vehicle is a crucial
technology for fighting pollution in cities and realising an era of clean sustainable
transport. However, lithium is expensive and resources are unevenly distributed across
the planet. Large amounts of drinking water are used in lithium extraction and extraction
techniques are becoming more energy intensive as lithium demand rises -- an 'own goal'
in terms of sustainability.
22. 16
With the ever-increasing demand for electric cars, the need for reliable rechargeable
batteries is rising dramatically, so there is keen interest in finding a charge carrier other
than lithium that is cheap and easily accessible.
Sodium is inexpensive and can be found in seawater so is virtually limitless. However,
sodium is a larger ion than lithium, so it is not possible to simply "swap" it for lithium in
current technologies. For example, unlike lithium, sodium will not fit between the carbon
layers of the ubiquitous LIB anode, graphite [11].
High energy density sodium ion batteries using Cobalt oxide plating are providing better
performance than lithium-ion batteries.
Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as the most direct route to developing more
cost-effective and more sustainably produced metal-ion batteries due to their similarity in
chemistry to Lithium-ion batteries LIBs and the 1000× greater natural abundance of
sodium in comparison to lithium.
4.3 Lithium sulphur Battery:-
The lithium–sulphur battery (Li–S battery) is a type of rechargeable battery, notable for
its high specific energy. The low atomic weight of lithium and moderate weight of
sulphur means that Li–S batteries are relatively light (about the density of water).
The life of lithium-sulphur batteries can be extended from ~100 to >200 charging cycles,
according to researchers from Purdue University. This compares with ~600 cycles for
common laptop Li-ion cells and far more from specialist types.
When the charge is applied to Li-S cells, lithium ions migrate to the sulphur and lithium
sulphide is produced.
A by-product of this reaction, ‘polysulphide’, tend to cross back over to the lithium side
and prevent the migration of lithium ions to sulphur, according to Purdue – decreasing
charge capacity and lifespan.
4.4 solid-state battery:-
In a solid-state battery, both the positive and negative electrodes and the electrolyte
between them are solid pieces of metal, alloy, or some other synthetic material as shown
in figure 17.
Figure 17 Solid State Battery
Solid-state batteries promise a few distinct advantages over their liquid-filled cousins:
better battery life, faster charging times, and safer experience, no dendrites formation.
Solid-state batteries compress the anode, cathode, and electrolyte into three flat layers
23. 17
instead of suspending the electrodes in a liquid electrolyte. That means you can make
them smaller—or at least, flatter—while holding as much energy as a larger liquid-based
battery. So, if you replaced the lithium-ion or lithium-polymer battery in your phone or
laptop with a solid-state battery the same size, it would get a much longer charge.
Alternatively, you can make a device that holds the same charge much smaller or thinner.
Solid-state batteries are also safer, since there’s no toxic, flammable liquid to spill, and
they don’t output as much heat as conventional rechargeable batteries. When applied to
batteries that power current electronics or even electric cars, they might recharge much
faster, too ions could move much more quickly from the cathode to the anode.
According to the latest research, a solid-state battery could outperform conventional
rechargeable batteries by 500% or more in terms of capacity, and charge up in a tenth of
the time.
4.5 Gold Nanowire Battery:-
In 2016 researchers at the University of California Irvine have cracked nanowire batteries
that can withstand plenty of recharging. The result could be future batteries that don't die.
Nanowires, a thousand times thinner than a human hair, pose a great possibility for future
batteries. But they've always broken down when recharging.
The gold nanowires are strengthened by a manganese dioxide shell encased in a
Plexiglas-like gel electrolyte. The combination is reliable and resistant to failure. In fact,
these batteries were tested recharging over 200,000 times in three months and showed no
degradation at all. Figure 18 shows a microscopic view of a gold nanowire with gel
electrolyte.
Figure 18 Gold Nanowire with gel electrolyte
24. 18
Conclusion
In this seminar report, the development process of non-rechargeable batteries and
rechargeable batteries was discussed. Then, some popular rechargeable batteries like lead-
acid battery, Li-ion battery, Sodium-sulphur battery, Lithium sulphur battery, Nickel-
cadmium battery, Nickel-metal Hydride battery were taken up for discussion. In the
discussions, the main focus was on the relative advantages, drawbacks and applications of
these batteries.
Further, the major drawbacks of the market’s most popular battery viz. Li-ion battery was
discussed. The problem of dendrite formation in such batteries was brought into attention.
Finally, some recent developments in battery technology from the perspective of safety, high
capacity, increased cycle life, high power density and non-toxicity were elaborated.
25. 19
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