This document discusses tracking bees using an isolation radar technique. It describes how isolation radar uses a pseudorandom code to improve accuracy and sensitivity over harmonic radar techniques for tracking bees. The isolation radar fits a transponder on bees and uses high transmitter-receiver power and a pseudorandom code to estimate time delays and calculate distances between the transceiver and target. This technique allows researchers to track bee movement and behavior to better understand pollination.

1. Moradabad institute of technology
Prachi Rai
Seminar Topic - Tracking Bees with High Tx-Rx
Isolation Radar
Seminar Guide-Ms. Ritika Tandon
1

2. Table of Content
 Introduction
 Radar
 Harmonic Radar Technique
 Isolation Radar Technique
 Transponder
 Pseudorandom code
2

3. Why Tracking bees ?
 Bees are the only insect in the world that make food
that people can eat.
 Bees gives honey and honey contain all of the
substances including enzymes , minerals and vitamin.
3

4. Radar & its component
 Radar is an electromagnetic system for the
detection and location of objects.
 Radar is used to extend the capability of one’s
senses for observing the environment.
4

5. Components of Radar
 Transmitter
 Transceiver
 Antenna
 Receiver
5

6. Limitation of Radar Technique
 It allows direct observation of insects at range of up to
2 km.
 Its utility for observing low flying insects was limited.
6

7. Harmonic Radar Technique
 In this technique we fit a transponder on the insects or
bees.
7

8. Advantage of harmonic concept
 The power to operate the device comes from the radar
transmission .
 The transponder thus avoids the usual limiting of an
on board battery so it becomes feasible.
8

9. Disadvantage
 Low accuracy
 Low sensitivity
9

10. Isolation Radar Technique
 It is similar to harmonic radar.
 For high accuracy and high sensitivity an isolation
radar technique is used.
 In this technique a pseudorandom technique (PRN) is
used to improve the accuracy and sensitivity.
10

11. Isolation Radar
 Isolation between transmitter and receiver are the
isolation required depends on transmitter power,
transmitter noise and sensitivity of the receiver.
 If the lack of isolation is there between transmitter
and receiver , receiver burn out and masking of
wanted signals by transmitter noise .
11

12. 12
 Fig. Isolation Radar

13. Why High Tx-Rx power?
 High tx – rx power is used for microwave signals .
 Microwave frequencies are high.
 It is used radio frequency signal
13

14. 14
Frequency range of R.F.signal
Band Frequency range Wavelength
Extremely low
frequency
< 3 KHz >100 Km
Very low frequency 3 – 30 Hz 10 – 100 Km
Low frequency 30 – 300 KHz 1 – 10 Km
Medium frequency 300 KHz – 3 MHz 100 m – 1 km
High frequency 3 – 30 MHz 10 - 100 m
Very high frequency 30 – 300 MHz 1 – 10 m
Ultra high frequency 300 MHz – 3 GHz 10 cm – 1 m
Super high frequency 3 – 30 GHz 1 – 10 cm
Extremely high
frequency
30 – 300 GHz 1 mm -1 cm

15. PRN code
 PRN code is a mathematical technique.
 PRN code is a radar technique to estimate the time
delays between the transmit and receive signal.the
distance between the target and transceiver can be
calculated as
 L=c*t/2
15

16. Sensitivity
 Sensitivity in a receiver is normally defined as the
minimum input signal required to produce a specified
signal-to-noise S/N ratio at the output port of the
receiver and is defined as the mean noise power at the
input port of the receiver times the minimum required
signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the receiver
16

17. Application
 Tracking movement of individual anoplophora
glabripennis .
 A 3d small object environment.
 Shape and behavior tracking of bee dance.
17

18. Conclusion
 How bumblebees quickly find the shortest route to
feed from numerous flowers.
 How it could help farmers identify the best ways to
grow crops to ensure faster pollination.
18

19. References
 J. L. Osbome et al.” A landscape-scale study of humble
bee foraging range and constancy using harmonic
radar ” J. Appl. Ecol. Vol. 36 no.4 pp. 519-533 1999 .
 Z.-M. Tsai et al. “ A high range resolution 9.4/18.8 GHz
harmonic radar for bees searching “ in IEEE MTT-S int
. Microw . Symp. Dig. Montreal QC Canada jun. 2012
pp. 1-3 .
19

20. References
 Z. M. Tsai et al.” A high-range-accuracy and high-
senstivity harmonic radar using pulse pseudorandom
code for bee searching “ IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory
Techn. Vol. 61 no. 1 pp. 666 – 675 Jan. 2013.
 M.-L. Hsu et al. “ Portable 9.4/18.8 GHz harmonic
radar system using pulse pseudorandom code
principle “ in Proc. Eur. Microw. Conf. Paris France
Sep. 2015 pp.885 -888
20