Radio wave
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Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation that transmit signals via carrier waves picked up by receivers. Mobile phones operate using radio waves transmitted at around 10.8 GHz from a small transmitter in the phone to nearby towers. X-rays are also electromagnetic radiation but with much shorter wavelengths between 10-0.1 nanometers, generated via electrons colliding with an anode in a vacuum tube. Infrared radiation has wavelengths between microwaves and visible light and is associated with heat detection through devices like night vision goggles.
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Radio waves are electromagnetic waves that can travel through vacuum or other mediums. They have frequencies between 30 kHz to 300 GHz and wavelengths from 1-1000 meters. Radio waves are used for radio, television, phones and other communication technologies because they can travel long distances by reflecting off the ionosphere. They are generated by electric charges accelerated through conductor wires using an oscillator circuit. Common types are AM, FM, and newer digital radio technologies. Radio waves are essential for wireless information transmission.
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Radio waves are electromagnetic waves that propagate through free space. They have a wavelength between 1mm and 30km and a frequency between 10KHz and 300GHz. Information such as sound and images can be transmitted using radio waves by modifying properties of the wave like its amplitude or frequency. Radio waves can propagate through different modes including ground waves, sky waves, and line-of-sight. Various factors can impair radio wave transmission over long distances including attenuation, noise, multipath propagation, and refraction in the atmosphere. Radio waves are generated by oscillating electric and magnetic fields produced by accelerating charges and can encode both analog and digital information.
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A ‘Broadband’ network on the other hand can carry multiple signals simultaneously, (using a discrete part of the cables bandwidth for each signal.)
As an example of broadband network, consider the cable television service that you probably have in your home. Although only one cable runs at your TV, it supplies you with dozens of channels of programming at the same time.
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Radio waves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum and have the lowest frequency and longest wavelengths. They are used for Wi-Fi, TV, radio, and other wireless technologies. Ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio waves can penetrate buildings better than lower frequencies but have a shorter range; they allow for more channels by using a wider frequency band. Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing splits signals to reduce interference. Super-high frequencies are used for mobile phones and satellites due to their small wavelengths enabling compact antennas and worldwide bandwidth. Radio waves continue to take on new uses and research may lead to improved wireless technologies.
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Overview of VoIP (Voice over IP) and FoIP (Fax over IP) technologies like Session Initiation Protocol and H.323.
Even though voice over IP (VoIP) was hailed as a technological innovation, the idea to transport real-time traffic over TCP/IP networks was not new back in the 1990s when VoIP started being deployed in networks. Chapter 2.5 of the venerable RFC793 (TCP) shows both data oriented application traffic as well as voice being transported over IP based networks.
Nevertheless, VoIP puts high demands on signal and protocol processing capabilities so it became possible at reasonable costs only in the 1990s.
VoIP can be roughly split into two main functions. Signaling protocols like SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), H.323 and MGCP/H.248 are used to establish a conference session and the data path for transporting real-time voice data packets. SIP has largely supplanted H.323 in recent years to its simpler structure and packet sequences. MGCP and H.248 are mostly used in carrier backbone networks.
Protocols like RTP (Real Time Protocol) transport voice packets and provide the necessary information for receivers to equalize packet flow variations to provide a smooth playback of the original voice signal.
Voice codecs are one of the core functions of the data path. Voice compression reduces the bandwidth required to transport voice over an IP based network. Compression may be less of a concern in local area networks with gigabit speeds, on slower links like 3G (UMTS, LTE) it still makes a lot of sense.
The algorithms used in different codecs make use of various characteristics of the characteristics of human speech recognition. Redundant information is removed from the signals thus slightly reducing the quality, but greatly reducing the required bandwidth.
In VoIP networks, the echo problem is typically compounded by the increased delay incurred by packetization of voice signals. To counteract the echo problem, VoIP gear (hard phones, soft phones, gateways) include echo cancelers to remove echo signals from the transmit signal.
To transport facsimile over an IP based network, even more technology is needed. Facsimile protocols are very susceptible to delay and delay variation and thus need more compensation algorithms. Protocols like T.38 terminate facsimile protocols like T.30 (analog facsimile) and transport the fax images as digitized pictures over IP based networks.
Voice Over IP (VoIP)
VoIP allows users to make phone calls using an Internet connection instead of a traditional phone line. It works by converting voice signals to digital data that is transmitted in packets over the Internet. A VoIP network uses protocols like SIP and RTP to setup calls and transmit voice data. Components include VoIP protocols, gateways to interface with the PSTN, and codecs to compress voice signals. Businesses are attracted to VoIP as it can help reduce costs while improving utilization of bandwidth and network management. However, security risks like hacking and eavesdropping exist since VoIP uses the public Internet.
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Electromagnetic waves are formed by vibrating electric charges and can transfer energy through space by vibrating electric and magnetic fields. They include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. All objects emit EM waves depending on their temperature, with shorter wavelengths emitted at higher temperatures. EM waves can behave as both particles and waves, transferring energy and momentum. Various technologies like radio, cell phones, WiFi, and GPS use different parts of the EM spectrum to transmit information wirelessly.
C12-Electromagnetic_Waves.ppt
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that are produced by oscillating electric and magnetic fields. They can propagate through empty space and do not require a medium. As the electric field oscillates, it generates a changing magnetic field, and vice versa, with the fields perpendicular to each other and the direction of travel. All objects emit electromagnetic waves as a function of their temperature. The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses waves with different wavelengths and frequencies, from radio waves to gamma rays. Devices like radios, microwaves, MRI machines, and telescopes detect different parts of the spectrum.
C12-Electromagnetic_Waves.ppt
Electromagnetic waves are formed by vibrating electric charges and can transfer energy through space by vibrating electric and magnetic fields. They include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. The electromagnetic spectrum orders these waves by increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength. Different parts of the spectrum interact with matter in different ways and have various applications including communication technologies like radio, television, cell phones and GPS.
C12-Electromagnetic_Waves.ppt
Electromagnetic waves are formed by vibrating electric charges and can transfer energy through space by vibrating electric and magnetic fields. They include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. All objects emit EM waves depending on their temperature, and the waves have different properties depending on their frequency and wavelength. Radio communication systems like radio, television, cell phones and satellites transmit information by modulating EM carrier waves.
C12-Electromagnetic_Waves.pptfsfsefefsfsef
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that are produced by oscillating electric and magnetic fields. They can propagate through empty space and do not require a medium. As the frequency increases, the wavelength decreases. The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all possible frequencies of electromagnetic waves, from radio waves to gamma rays. Different devices are used to detect various types of electromagnetic waves, like antennas for radio waves and infrared detectors for infrared waves.
Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves are formed by vibrating electric charges and can transfer energy through space. They include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays and gamma rays. The electromagnetic spectrum orders these waves by increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength. Radio waves are used for communication technologies like radio, television, cell phones and WiFi through modulation of carrier waves.
Electromagnetic Waves_Electromagnetic Waves_EM Waves
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that are produced by oscillating electric and magnetic fields. They can propagate through empty space and do not require a medium. As the frequency increases, the wavelength decreases. The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all possible frequencies of electromagnetic waves, from radio waves to gamma rays. Different devices are used to detect various types of electromagnetic waves, like antennas for radio waves and infrared detectors for infrared waves.
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This document discusses electromagnetic fields and waves. It begins by defining electromagnetics and some key concepts like electrostatics, magnetostatics, and electromagnetic waves. It then explains how changing electric and magnetic fields produce each other through Faraday's law and discusses transformers as an example. The document also discusses electromagnetic waves, how they are produced by vibrating charges, and their ability to transfer energy through electric and magnetic fields. It provides examples of different electromagnetic frequencies and their applications like radio, TV, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. In closing, it lists some objectives and outcomes of studying electromagnetics.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES.pptx
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that are created by oscillating electric and magnetic fields. They exhibit properties of reflection, refraction, and energy transfer. Electromagnetic waves vary in wavelength from long radio waves to very short gamma rays, with shorter wavelengths corresponding to higher energy. The electromagnetic spectrum maps all electromagnetic waves according to their frequency and wavelength, ranging from radio to gamma rays. Examples of uses of different electromagnetic waves include communication with radio waves, cooking with microwaves, infrared for TV remotes, visible light, ultraviolet from the sun, x-rays for medical imaging, and gamma rays for cancer treatment.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum, which consists of all types of electromagnetic waves including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays. It explains that electromagnetic waves have properties of speed, frequency, and wavelength, and that frequency and wavelength have an inverse relationship, with higher frequencies corresponding to shorter wavelengths and more energy. It provides information about the characteristics and uses of different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Wireless communication transfers information between devices without a physical connection using electromagnetic waves across the electromagnetic spectrum. Wireless signals are transmitted using antennas and received by antennas connected to other devices. The electromagnetic spectrum ranges from long radio waves to short gamma rays, with different frequencies and wavelengths used for different wireless technologies. Common uses of the electromagnetic spectrum include radio, GPS, WiFi, radiation therapy, and X-rays.
3.3 Electromagnetic Spectrum.pptx
The document describes the electromagnetic spectrum and different types of electromagnetic waves. It states that all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light and discusses the key properties and uses of radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. The document also notes that electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths carry more energy and can be ionizing, while longer wavelength waves are generally non-ionizing but can still cause heating effects in tissues.
Light
Light can be described as both a wave and a particle. As a wave, it travels at 300 million meters per second and is characterized by its wavelength and frequency. The different wavelengths of light make up the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to gamma rays. As the frequency increases, so does the energy of the electromagnetic waves. Light also behaves as particles called photons, which are emitted or absorbed in specific wavelengths by electrons in atoms. This allows spectroscopy to be used to determine the composition of different objects by their emission or absorption spectra.
A Level Physics - Telecommunications
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1. Electromagnetic waves have different wavelengths and frequencies, with longer wavelengths corresponding to lower frequencies and vice versa.
2. They all travel at the same speed of 300,000,000 meters/second in a vacuum.
3. Electromagnetic waves include radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays, ordered from longest to shortest wavelength.
Di luzio sara_clil
The document summarizes the electromagnetic spectrum, which consists of different types of electromagnetic radiation organized by wavelength. It describes radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. For each type of radiation, it provides details on wavelength range and common uses. It also discusses how the Fermi Space Telescope is being used to study astrophysical phenomena through gamma-ray astronomy observations.
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