Mucoadhesive drug delivery system interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of the absorption.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a part of controlled delivery system.
Since the early 1980,the concept of Mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology.
combine mucoadhesive with enzyme inhibitory & penetration enhancer properties & improve the patient complaince.
MDDS have been devloped for buccal ,nasal,rectal &vaginal routes for both systemic & local effects.
Hydrophilic high mol. wt. such as peptides that cannot be administered & poor absorption ,then MDDS is best choice.
Mucoadhesiveinner layers called mucosa inner epithelial cell lining is covered with viscoelasticfluid
Composed of water and mucin.
Thickness varies from 40 μm to 300 μm
General composition of mucus
Water…………………………………..95%
Glycoproteinsand lipids……………..0.5-5%
Mineral salts……………………………1%
Free proteins…………………………..0.5-1%
The mechanism responsible in the formation of mucoadhesive bond
Step 1 : Wetting and swelling of the polymer(contact stage)
Step 2 : Interpenetration between the polymer chains and the mucosal membrane
Step 3 : Formation of bonds between the entangled chains (both known as consolidation stage)
Electronic theory
Wetting theory
Adsorption theory
Diffusion theory
Fracture theory
Advantages over other controlled oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence of drug in GIT.
Targeting & localization of the dosage form at a specific site
-Painless administration.
-Low enzymatic activity & avoid of first pass metabolism
If MDDS are adhere too tightlgy because it is undesirable to exert too much force to remove the formulation after use,otherwise the mucosa could be injured.
-Some patient suffers unpleasent feeling.
-Unfortunately ,the lack of standardized techniques often leads to unclear results.
-costly drug delivery system
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system has gained interest among pharmaceutical scientists as a means of promoting dosage form residence time as well as improving intimacy of contact with various absorptive membranes of the bio- logical system
Application Of Polymer In Controlled Release FormulationAnindya Jana
Polymers are becoming increasingly important in the field of drug delivery. The pharmaceutical applications of polymers range from their use as binders in tablets to viscosity and flow controlling agents in liquids, suspensions and emulsions. Polymers can be used as film coatings to disguise the unpleasant taste of a drug, to enhance drug stability and to modify drug release characteristics.
As a consequence, increasing attention has been focused on methods of giving drugs continually for a prolonged time periods and in a controlled fashion.
This technology now spans many fields and includes pharmaceutical, food and agricultural applications, pesticides, cosmetics, and household products.
WHO guidelines for Technology Transfer(TT): Terminology, Technology transfer protocol, Quality risk management, Transfer from R & D to production (Process, packaging, and cleaning), Granularity of TT Process (API, excipients, finished products, packaging materials) Documentation, Premises and
equipments, qualification and validation, quality control, analytical method transfer,
Approved regulatory bodies and agencies, TT agencies in India - APCTD, NRDC, TIFAC, BCIL, TBSE /
SIDBI; TT-related documentation - confidentiality agreement, licensing, MoUs, legal issues
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of the absorption.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a part of controlled delivery system.
Since the early 1980,the concept of Mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology.
combine mucoadhesive with enzyme inhibitory & penetration enhancer properties & improve the patient complaince.
MDDS have been devloped for buccal ,nasal,rectal &vaginal routes for both systemic & local effects.
Hydrophilic high mol. wt. such as peptides that cannot be administered & poor absorption ,then MDDS is best choice.
Mucoadhesiveinner layers called mucosa inner epithelial cell lining is covered with viscoelasticfluid
Composed of water and mucin.
Thickness varies from 40 μm to 300 μm
General composition of mucus
Water…………………………………..95%
Glycoproteinsand lipids……………..0.5-5%
Mineral salts……………………………1%
Free proteins…………………………..0.5-1%
The mechanism responsible in the formation of mucoadhesive bond
Step 1 : Wetting and swelling of the polymer(contact stage)
Step 2 : Interpenetration between the polymer chains and the mucosal membrane
Step 3 : Formation of bonds between the entangled chains (both known as consolidation stage)
Electronic theory
Wetting theory
Adsorption theory
Diffusion theory
Fracture theory
Advantages over other controlled oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence of drug in GIT.
Targeting & localization of the dosage form at a specific site
-Painless administration.
-Low enzymatic activity & avoid of first pass metabolism
If MDDS are adhere too tightlgy because it is undesirable to exert too much force to remove the formulation after use,otherwise the mucosa could be injured.
-Some patient suffers unpleasent feeling.
-Unfortunately ,the lack of standardized techniques often leads to unclear results.
-costly drug delivery system
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system has gained interest among pharmaceutical scientists as a means of promoting dosage form residence time as well as improving intimacy of contact with various absorptive membranes of the bio- logical system
Application Of Polymer In Controlled Release FormulationAnindya Jana
Polymers are becoming increasingly important in the field of drug delivery. The pharmaceutical applications of polymers range from their use as binders in tablets to viscosity and flow controlling agents in liquids, suspensions and emulsions. Polymers can be used as film coatings to disguise the unpleasant taste of a drug, to enhance drug stability and to modify drug release characteristics.
As a consequence, increasing attention has been focused on methods of giving drugs continually for a prolonged time periods and in a controlled fashion.
This technology now spans many fields and includes pharmaceutical, food and agricultural applications, pesticides, cosmetics, and household products.
WHO guidelines for Technology Transfer(TT): Terminology, Technology transfer protocol, Quality risk management, Transfer from R & D to production (Process, packaging, and cleaning), Granularity of TT Process (API, excipients, finished products, packaging materials) Documentation, Premises and
equipments, qualification and validation, quality control, analytical method transfer,
Approved regulatory bodies and agencies, TT agencies in India - APCTD, NRDC, TIFAC, BCIL, TBSE /
SIDBI; TT-related documentation - confidentiality agreement, licensing, MoUs, legal issues
Implantable drug delivery systems are designed to be placed under the skin and
release drugs into the blood circulation without repetitive insertion of needles.
Therefore, IDDS is defined as “a sterile drug delivery device for subcutaneous
implantation having the ability to deliver drugs at a controlled rate over a
prolonged time period, comprising a rod -shaped polymeric inner matrix
with an elongated body and two ends”.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System [TDDS]Sagar Savale
Management of illness through medication has entered an era of rapid growth. A variety of means by which drugs are delivered to the human body for the therapy such as tablets, capsules, injections, aerosols, creams, ointments, suppositories, liquids etc. are referred as a conventional drug formulations. Among many pharmaceutical dosage forms, continuous intravenous infusion at preprogrammed rate has been recognized as a superior mode of drug delivery. At present, the most common form of delivery of drugs is the oral route. It has the notable advantage of easy administration.
Liposomes, Structure of liposome, phospholipids, classification of liposomes, method of preparation of liposomes, mechanism of liposome formation, application of liposomes.
Approaches Of Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System or GRDDSAkshayPatane
Approaches Of Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System
Includes:
Floating and Non-Floating drug delivery system with their subtypes
Like Non-effervescent system, Effervescent system, Raft forming system,
High Density system, Expandable system, Muco-adhesive system,
Super porous hydrogel system and Magnetic Systems, etc.
Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS)Shweta Nehate
Oral route is the most acceptable route for drug administration. Apart from conventional dosage forms several other forms were developed in order to enhance the drug delivery for prolonged time period and for delivering drug to a particular target site. Gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) has gainned immense popularity in the field of oral drug delivery recently. it is a widely employed approach to retain the dosage form in the stomach for an extended period of time and release the drug slowly that can address many challenges associated with conventional oral delivery, including poor bioavailability. different innovative approaches are being applied to fabricate GRDDS. Gastroretentive drug delivery is an approach to prolong gastric residence time, there by targeting site-specific drugs release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for local or systemic effects. It is obtained by retaining dosage form into stomach and by releasing the in controlled manner.
This presentation includes introduction, physiology of GIT, factors affecting GRDDS, Advantages and disadvantages, approaches to GRDDS and their mechanism, some of the marketed products using GRDDS mechanism.
Implantable drug delivery systems are designed to be placed under the skin and
release drugs into the blood circulation without repetitive insertion of needles.
Therefore, IDDS is defined as “a sterile drug delivery device for subcutaneous
implantation having the ability to deliver drugs at a controlled rate over a
prolonged time period, comprising a rod -shaped polymeric inner matrix
with an elongated body and two ends”.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System [TDDS]Sagar Savale
Management of illness through medication has entered an era of rapid growth. A variety of means by which drugs are delivered to the human body for the therapy such as tablets, capsules, injections, aerosols, creams, ointments, suppositories, liquids etc. are referred as a conventional drug formulations. Among many pharmaceutical dosage forms, continuous intravenous infusion at preprogrammed rate has been recognized as a superior mode of drug delivery. At present, the most common form of delivery of drugs is the oral route. It has the notable advantage of easy administration.
Liposomes, Structure of liposome, phospholipids, classification of liposomes, method of preparation of liposomes, mechanism of liposome formation, application of liposomes.
Approaches Of Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System or GRDDSAkshayPatane
Approaches Of Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery System
Includes:
Floating and Non-Floating drug delivery system with their subtypes
Like Non-effervescent system, Effervescent system, Raft forming system,
High Density system, Expandable system, Muco-adhesive system,
Super porous hydrogel system and Magnetic Systems, etc.
Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS)Shweta Nehate
Oral route is the most acceptable route for drug administration. Apart from conventional dosage forms several other forms were developed in order to enhance the drug delivery for prolonged time period and for delivering drug to a particular target site. Gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) has gainned immense popularity in the field of oral drug delivery recently. it is a widely employed approach to retain the dosage form in the stomach for an extended period of time and release the drug slowly that can address many challenges associated with conventional oral delivery, including poor bioavailability. different innovative approaches are being applied to fabricate GRDDS. Gastroretentive drug delivery is an approach to prolong gastric residence time, there by targeting site-specific drugs release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for local or systemic effects. It is obtained by retaining dosage form into stomach and by releasing the in controlled manner.
This presentation includes introduction, physiology of GIT, factors affecting GRDDS, Advantages and disadvantages, approaches to GRDDS and their mechanism, some of the marketed products using GRDDS mechanism.
UNIT V
Mucoadhesive Delivery Systems:
Mechanism of bioadhesion, mucoadhesive materials, formulation and evaluation of Buccal and Nasal drug delivery systems.
Transdermal drug delivery are defined as a self contained discrete dosage form which, when applied to the intact skin, will deliver the drug at a controlled rate to the systemic circulation.
its also known popularly as “patches”
MICROSPONGE: A NOVEL APPROACH IN GASTRO-RETENTION DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (GRDDS)Snehal Patel
Oral controlled release dosage forms face several physiological restriction like inability to retain and position the controlled drug delivery system within the targeted region of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) due to fluctuation in gastric emptying. This results in non‑uniform absorption pattern, inadequate medication release and shorter residence time of the dosage form in the stomach. As the fallout of this episode there is inadequate absorption of the drug having absorption window predominantly, in the upper area of GIT. These contemplations have provoked to the development of oral controlled release dosage forms with gastroretentive properties. Microsponge hold certification as one of the potential approaches for gastric retention. Microsponge are porous spherical empty particles without core and can remain in the gastric region for delayed periods. They significantly increase the gastric residence time of medication, thereby enhance bioavailability, improves patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency, lessen the medication waste, enhance retention of medication which solubilize only in stomach, enhance solubility for medications that are less soluble at a higher pH environment. In the present review method of preparation, characterization, advantages, disadvantages and applications of floating microsponge are discussed. Please cite
Buccal drug delivery system is part of mucoadhesive drug delivery system and their principal and formulation ,mechanisam of adhesion to mucosa ,use of polymers in BDDS and permiability enhancers and evaluation parameters of buccal tablets and patchs
Avoid first pass effect,
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
3. Since the early 1980, the concept of mucoadhesion has gained interest
in pharmaceutical technology.
MDDS have been developed for buccal, nasal, rectal, & vaginal routes
for systemic & local effect.
Definition- MDDS interact with mucus layer covering the mucosal
epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increases the residence
time of the dosage form at the site of absorption.
• It is a part of controlled delivery system.
• Mucoadhesion is used when the bond is formed with a mucosal
surface.
• While the term cytoadhesion means adhesion with the cells.
• Hydrophilic high mol.wt subs. Such as peptides that cannot be
administrated & poor absorption then MDDS is best choice.
4. 1. Prolong the residence time of the dosage
form.
2. Improve the therapeutic performance of
drug.
3. Does not cause irritation.
4. High drug loading capacity.
5. Controlled drug release.
6. Decreases side effect.
5. 1. The rapid adherence to mucosal layer without
any change in physical property of delivery
matrix.
2. Minimum interference to the release of active
agent.
3. Biodegradable without producing any toxic by-
products.
4. Enhance the penetration of the active agent.
6. It is complex process involving –
Step 1- Wetting & swelling of polymer (contact stage).
Occurs when polymer spreads over biological surface.
This can be readily achieved for placing a formulation i.e., tablet, paste within the oral cavity.
Swelling of polymers occurs because the compound within the polymer have affinity towards
water.
Step 2 – Interpenetration between the polymer chain & the mucosal membrane.
Surface of mucosal membrane is composed of high mole. Weight polymer know as
glycoprotein.
The polymer chain & the mucosal polymer chain interact & entangle to form semi permeable
adhesive bonds.
In order to from strong adhesive bond.
7. Step 3- Formation of chemical bonds between the entangled chain (consolidation
stage).
Involves formation of weak chemical bonds between the entangle polymer chain.
This chemical bonds involves primary force i.e. covalent bond & weaker secondary bond
i.e. van der waal interaction & hydrogen bond.
Both bond are exploited in the manuf. of mucoadhesive formulation.
Strong adhesions between polymers are formed.
8. Route of administration MDDS formulation
Oral cavity (buccal &
sublingual)
Tablet, patch, gel, ointment, chewing gums.
Nasal Gel.
ocular Insert, gel.
GI Gel, tablet, microspheres, capsules.
vaginal Gel, tablet, microspheres, capsules.
There are various formulation they are as follows-
rectal Gel.
9. 1. Tablet-
Small, flat, oval, formulation.
They soften, adhere to the mucosa & retain in position
& dissolution/release is complete.
Drug is practically coated with polymer.
E.g.- cellulose ether
Acrylic polymer
Sodium alginate
Adv –offer efficient absorption & enhance bioavailability
due to higher contact time.
10.
11. 2. Patches-
Several different patches system are designed to deliver drug has been developed
They are patches with a dissolvable matrix for drug delivery to oral cavity.
Adv- longer acting than solid formulation(tablet).
Uses- it is used in treatment of candidiasis.
12. 3. Chewing gums- bases consist of elastomers, resins, fats antioxidant.
E.g.-Nicorette gum.
4. Gels & ointments
They are semisolid dosage forms.
Adv- easy dispersion throughout oral mucosa.
Disadv-may not be accurate than that of tablets.
Poor retention of gel at site of application.
But this has been overcome by using mucoadhesive formulation (polymer).
E.g.-sodium carboxymethylcellulose
Hyaluronic acid
Xanthan gum
They undergo phase change from liquid semisolid.
13. Drug and powder are in form of fine powder dissolved in an aq. & non- aq. Bases. Applied
using finger.
E.g.- mouth ulcer gels.
5. Sprays-
Capable of delivering large molecules.
E.g.- insulin across oral mucosa
Glyceryl trinitrates(small molecule) across sublingual oral mucosa.
6. Paste-
Used in delivery of antimicrobial agents
Also used in local delivery & retention of slow release minocycline.
14. Prolongs the residence time of the dosage form
Excellent accessibility, rapid onset of action possible.
Rapid absorption because of good perfusion rate.
Better patient compliance, ease of drug administration.
Rapid cellular recovery and healing of local site.
Reduced dosing frequency.
Shorter treatment period.
Faster onset of action is achieved due to mucosal surface.
Increased safety margin.
15. Drugs which irritate the oral mucosa, have a bitter or unpleasant taste,
odour, cannot be administrated by this route.
Only drug with small dose can be adm.
Eat and drinking may be restricted.
It may get dislodged.
Drugs, which are unstable at buccal ph, cannot be adm. By this route.