This document provides information about various networking hardware components used in computer networks. It discusses network interface cards, hubs, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, modems, and fiber optic cabling infrastructure. Network interface cards connect devices to the network. Hubs and switches connect multiple devices but switches are more intelligent and efficient. Bridges and routers connect different network segments. Gateways connect different network types. Modems convert digital to analog signals for telephone line transmission. Fiber optic infrastructure provides high bandwidth communication over long distances.

1. SRM UNIVERSITY
RAMAPURAM CAMPUS
NETWORKING AND HARDWARES
Student Names : Kandula Venkata Sai Harsha
Reg Numbers : RA1511003020007
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SRM UNIVERSITY RAMAPURAM CAMPUS
FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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3. INTRODUCTION
 When we refer to network hardware we are talking
about a range of electronic devices that can be
interconnected in such a way as to allow the
transmission of communication signals between a
number of workstations.
 These devices range from simple generic hubs to
sophisticated proprietary hardware such as routers and
gateways.
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4.  To help you gain a better understanding of how these
devices interact with each other you need knowledge
of what devices are available and how they work.
 The following represents some of the more
commonly used network hardware components.
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5. NETWORK INTERFACE CARDS
 Network Interface Cards (NICs) are the most
common type of network hardware on a network.
 Every workstation and server will contain at least
one NIC.
 NICs contain the electronic components that
establish and control network communications.
 The NIC is the principal hardware device that
differentiates between a networked computer and a
stand-alone computer.
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6. HUBS
 Hubs are one of the most basic pieces of
networking equipment available.
 Physically a hub is a box with a number of RJ45 ports
(typically between 4 and 32) that allows you to connect
several networking devices together using twisted pair
(CAT 5) network cables.
 Hubs have no intelligence, meaning they cannot be
programmed or have a memory of devices that are
plugged into its ports.
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7. HUBS
 They are quite suitable for small networks but tend
to perform poorly on large networks.
 Hubs typically come in both standard (10 Mbps)
and Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) versions.
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8. SWITCHES
 Switches look nearly identical to hubs, but a switch
generally contains more ‘intelligence’ than a hub.
 Unlike hubs, network switches are capable of
inspecting the data packets as they are received,
determining the source and destination device of that
packet, and forwarding that packet appropriately.
 By delivering messages only to the connected device
that it was intended for, network switches conserve
network bandwidth and offer generally better
performance than hubs.
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9. BRIDGES
 Bridges are devices that allow you to segment a large
network into two small, more efficient networks.
 If you are adding an older wiring scheme and want the
new network to be up-to-date, a bridge can connect the
two.
 A bridge monitors the information traffic on both sides
of the network so that it can pass packets of information
to the correct location
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10.  Most bridges can ‘listen’ to the network and
automatically figure out the address of each
computer on both sides of the bridge.
 The bridge can inspect each message and, if
necessary, broadcast it on the other side of the
network.
 Bridges manage the traffic to maintain optimum
performance on both sides of the network.
 Bridges can be used to connect different types of
cabling as long as both networks are using the same
protocol.
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11. ROUTERS
 Routers translate information from one network to
another; it is similar to a bridge with extra
intelligence.
 Routers select the best path to route a message, based
on the destination address and origin.
 The router can direct traffic to prevent head-on
collisions, and is smart enough to know when to
direct traffic along back roads and shortcuts.
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12.  While bridges know the addresses of all computers on
each side of the network, routers know the addresses of
computers, bridges, and other routers on the network.
 Routers can even ‘listen’ to the entire network to
determine which sections are busiest - they can then
redirect data around those sections until they clear up.
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13. GATEWAYS
 Gateways are able to connect networks that use
completely different protocols or data formats, such as a
LAN to a mainframe.
 Generally a gateway is a combination of hardware and
software with the built-in processing power necessary
to perform protocol conversions.
 A gateway is slower than a bridge or router.
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14. MODEMS
 Modems (MODulator DEModulator) convert data between the
analogue form used on telephone lines and the digital form used
on computers.
 ADSL modems (also called ADSL routers) are used on many
networks to provide the required connectivity to the Internet.
 These modems typically have a reasonable level of intelligence
and are capable of performing a number of advanced networking
features including DHCP and Firewall services.
 ADSL modems are a popular choice for connecting small- to
medium-size organisational networks to the Internet using an
established ISP.
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16. Optical Fiber
What is Optical Fiber?
o An Optical fiber is a flexible,
transparent fiber made of high
quality glass(silica) or plastic,
slightly thicker than a human
hair.
o It either functions as a
waveguide or light pipe that
transmits light between two
ends of the fiber or fiber
cable.
o Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communications,
which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher
bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of communication 16

17. o Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals
travel along them with less loss and are also safe to
electromagnetic interference. The field of applied science
and engineering concerned with the design and
application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics.
History of Fiber Optics
o Fiber optics is not really a new
technology, its fairly old.
o Guiding of light by refraction, the
principle that makes fiber optics
possible, was first demonstrated by
Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet
in Paris in the early 1840s.
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18. Uses of Optical Fiber
o Fiber optic can accommodate variety of needs.
o It can be used in Communication, fiber optic sensors,
illumination, medical.
o And also in other places where bright light needs to be shone
on a target without a clear line-of-sight path.
o Used in building to route sunlight from the roof to other parts
of the building.
o And many more usages but we will only discuss use of
optical fiber in communication here.
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19. Benefits of Optical Fiber
o For short distance application, such as a network in an
office building, fiber- optic cabling can save space in
cable ducts. This is because a single fiber can carry much
more data than electrical cables such as standard category
5 Ethernet cabling, which typically runs at 100 Mbit/s or
1 Gbit/s speeds.
o Fiber is also immune to electrical interference; there is no
cross-talk between signals in different cables, and no
pickup of environmental noise.
o Non-armored fiber cables do not conduct electricity,
which makes fiber a good solution for protecting
communications equipment in high voltage
environments, such as power generation facilities, or
metal communication structures prone to lightning
strikes.
o They can also be used in environments where explosive
fumes are present, without danger of ignition. 19

20. Structure of Optical Fiber
o Optical fiber is comprised of a light carrying core surrounded
by a cladding which traps the light in the core by the principle
of total internal reflection.
o Most optical fibers are made of glass, although some are
made of plastic.
o The core and cladding are usually fused silica glass which is
covered by a plastic coating called the buffer or primary
buffer coating which protects the glass fiber from physical
damage and moisture.
o There are some all plastic fibers used for specific
applications.
o Glass optical fibers are the most common type used in
communication applications.
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21. Modes of Propagation
Single mode – there is only one path for light to take
down the cable
Cladding
Multimode – if there is more than one path
Cladding
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22. Structure of single-mode fiber
1. Core: 8 µm diameter
2. Cladding: 125 µm dia.
3. Buffer: 250 µm dia.
4. Jacket: 400 µm dia.
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23. Loss in Optical Fiber
Losses vary greatly depending upon the type
of fiber
• Plastic fiber may have losses of
several hundred dB per
kilometer
• Graded-index multimode glass fiber
has a loss of about 2–4 dB
per kilometer
• Single-mode fiber has a loss of 0.4
dB/km or less
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24. Types of Optical fiber cable
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27. Fiber Connectors
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28. System
Electrical
Connector Electrical
Connector
Transceiver TransceiverFiber Optic Cable
Optical
Connector Optical
Connector
Optical
Port
Optical
Port
A failure anywhere along this link will cause the entire link to fail
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30. Advantages of Optical Fiber over
Conventional Copper System
o Broad Bandwidth
o Broadband communication is very much possible over fiber
optics which means that audio signal, video signal, microwave
signal, text and data from computers It is possible to transmit
around 3,000,000 full-duplex voice or 90,000 TV channels
over one optical fiber.
o Electrical Insulator
o Optical fibers are made and drawn from silica glass which is
nonconductor of electricity and so there are no ground loops and
leakage of any type of current. Optical fibers are thus laid down
along with high voltage cables on the electricity poles due to its
electrical insulator behavior. 30

31. o Low attenuation loss over long distances
o There are various optical windows in the optical fiber cable at
which the attenuation loss is found to be comparatively low and
so transmitter and receiver devices are developed and used in
these low attenuation region. Due to low attenuation of
0.2dB/km in optical fiber cables, it is possible to achieve long
distance communication efficiently over information capacity
rate of 1 Tbit/s.
o Lack of costly metal conductor
o The use of optical fibers do not require the huge amounts of
copper conductor used in conventional cable systems. In
recent times, this copper has become a target for widespread
metal theft due its value on the scrap market.
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33. Structured Cabling Infrastructure
o Mounted and permanent
o Allows patching
o Comfort that infrastructure is
OK
o Components:
o Information Outlet with
Face Plate
o Patch Panel
o UTP Cable
o Patch Cord
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34. I/O & Faceplates
o Faceplate mounts on or in
wall or in raceway
o Single or Dual Information
Outlet (I/O)
o Provide network connectivity
to the Hosts through a Patch
Cord
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35. o Termination punch down in
back
o Patch cord plugin in front
Patch Panel
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36. Patch Cord & UTP Connectors
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37. o Data Tx: 1 & 2
o Data Rx: 3 & 6
o Crossover
o 1  3
o 2  6
o PoE +VDC: 4 & 5
o PoE -VDC: 7 & 8
Color Codes
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38. o Make your own patch cords
o Cuts and strips pairs
o RJ45 end crimped onto ends
of wire
Cutting, Striping & Crimping Tools
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39. o Try to avoid running cables parallel to power cables.
o Do not bend cables to less than four times the diameter of the
cable.
o If you bundle a group of cables together with cable ties (zip
ties), do not over-cinch them. You should be able to turn the tie
with fingers.
o Keep cables away from devices which can introduce noise into
them. Here's a short list: copy machines, electric heaters,
speakers, printers, TV sets, fluorescent lights, copiers, welding
machines, microwave ovens, telephones, fans, elevators,
motors, electric ovens, dryers, washing machines, and shop
equipment.
o Avoid stretching UTP cables (tension when pulling cables
should not exceed 25 LBS).
o Do not run UTP cable outside of a building. It presents a very
dangerous lightning hazard!
o Do not use a stapler to secure UTP cables. Use telephone
wire/RJ6 coaxial wire hangers which are available at most
hardware stores.
Cabling Rules
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40. Fiber Optic Cabling Infrastructure
o Components:
o Fiber Cable
o Fiber Pigtail
o Fiber Connectors
o LIU
o Coupler
o Fiber Patch Cord
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41. Fiber Patch Cords & Pigtails
o Ends are typically either SC or
ST
o Pigtails have connectors on
only one side and Patch Cords
have it on both sides.
o Pigtails are spliced to the fiber
to terminate the fiber
o Patch Cord connects switches to
the Fiber cable
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42. Fiber Optic Installation –
Outside Plant
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43. o Fiber is blown in HDPE Pipes,
1 m deep.
o The HDPE pipes is covered
with sand and brick lining
o Fiber Roles are typically 2 Km.
Fiber cables are spliced using
Jointers
o Faults like fiber cut are located
using OTDR (Optical Time
Domain Reflectometer)
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44. THANK YOU
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