A New Dual Band Printed Metamaterial Antenna for RFID Reader Applications IJECEIAES
In this paper, we present a new dual band metamaterial printed antenna for radio frequency identification applications. The proposed antenna consists of two L-shaped slot in the radiating element for dual band operation and a complementary split ring resonator etched from the ground plane for size miniaturization. This antenna is designed and optimized by CST microwave studio on FR-4 substrate with thickness of 1.6 mm, dielectric constant of 4.4 and tangent loss of 0.025. A microstrip line with characteristic impedance of 50 ohms is used to feed this antenna. A prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated to validate the simulation results. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement.
The document discusses several topics related to digital signal processing and telecommunications networks:
1) It explains why analog signals need to be converted to digital for processing by microprocessors, and describes the steps of analog to digital and digital to analog conversion.
2) It defines pulse code modulation (PCM) and its role in encoding analog signals like speech into digital signals for transmission.
3) It discusses the use of multiplexing to combine multiple signals into a single channel for transmission over networks in order to save costs.
4) It provides an overview of the OSI model and its layered approach to network communication.
Electronics lovers presents interview questions part 1Abid jamal
There are several categories of antennas that transmit radio signals in different ways, such as wire antennas that use dipole designs and microstrip antennas that use rectangular patch designs. Handover is the process of transferring a mobile call between different network cells without dropping the call. There are two types: hard handoff disconnects the old connection before making the new one, while soft handoff establishes the new connection first for a more efficient transfer. Ionospheric bending occurs when radio waves traveling through the ionosphere are refracted due to differences in density, causing the signals to bend away from their normal path.
The document discusses various topics related to telecommunications including:
- The differences between an ILEC central office switch and a CLEC regional switch site.
- The purpose of a DSX panel and why two ports are required for connections.
- Standard sizes for relay racks and what DACs are used for.
- Key terms related to outside plant design like CSA, feeder cables, and distribution cables.
- Components of the local telephone network like load coils and T-1 repeater housings.
- Equipment used to determine fiber network endpoints like OTDRs.
- Functions of PBX systems and differences from key systems.
- Networking protocols, standards, and technologies discussed
The document discusses key concepts in telecommunications. It defines frequency as it relates to human communication and the range humans can perceive. It explains how capacitance affects telephone circuits and solutions to address issues. The decibel is used to measure signal strength given the large range of sounds. It also describes how receivers convert electrical signals to sound waves and how switches handle incoming calls. Finally, it defines interoffice trunk connections and industry terms like LATA, IntraLATA, InterLATA, ILEC, and CLEC.
This document summarizes key information from chapters 8-10 of a homework assignment:
- It defines common digital signal rates like DS0, DS1, DS3, and OC-1 according to the North American digital hierarchy.
- It explains terms like DS0, DS1, and DS3 and what each is used for in digital signaling.
- It describes T-1 framing formats and where signaling information is carried.
- It explains the purpose of overhead bits in digital signals and how many DS0s are multiplexed into a T-1.
- It compares SONET bit rates like STS-1 to T-1 and T-3, explaining the difference between OC-
The document summarizes key concepts from chapters 13-17 of a homework assignment on telecommunications circuits. It includes definitions of terms like VSAT (very small aperture terminal), PON (passive optical network), and discusses topics like the differences between single mode and multimode fiber, components of the access network like POTS lines, and signal transmission parameters used in circuit design like bandwidth and loss.
- The document discusses using a vibration motor in mobile devices as a sound sensor by processing the back-EMF signal produced in response to ambient sounds.
- It demonstrates that speech can be reconstructed from the noisy, low-bandwidth back-EMF signal with over 80% accuracy for human listeners and 60% for speech recognition software.
- Various techniques are used to extract and reconstruct speech information from the signal, including spectral subtraction, energy localization, and formant extrapolation.
A New Dual Band Printed Metamaterial Antenna for RFID Reader Applications IJECEIAES
In this paper, we present a new dual band metamaterial printed antenna for radio frequency identification applications. The proposed antenna consists of two L-shaped slot in the radiating element for dual band operation and a complementary split ring resonator etched from the ground plane for size miniaturization. This antenna is designed and optimized by CST microwave studio on FR-4 substrate with thickness of 1.6 mm, dielectric constant of 4.4 and tangent loss of 0.025. A microstrip line with characteristic impedance of 50 ohms is used to feed this antenna. A prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated to validate the simulation results. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement.
The document discusses several topics related to digital signal processing and telecommunications networks:
1) It explains why analog signals need to be converted to digital for processing by microprocessors, and describes the steps of analog to digital and digital to analog conversion.
2) It defines pulse code modulation (PCM) and its role in encoding analog signals like speech into digital signals for transmission.
3) It discusses the use of multiplexing to combine multiple signals into a single channel for transmission over networks in order to save costs.
4) It provides an overview of the OSI model and its layered approach to network communication.
Electronics lovers presents interview questions part 1Abid jamal
There are several categories of antennas that transmit radio signals in different ways, such as wire antennas that use dipole designs and microstrip antennas that use rectangular patch designs. Handover is the process of transferring a mobile call between different network cells without dropping the call. There are two types: hard handoff disconnects the old connection before making the new one, while soft handoff establishes the new connection first for a more efficient transfer. Ionospheric bending occurs when radio waves traveling through the ionosphere are refracted due to differences in density, causing the signals to bend away from their normal path.
The document discusses various topics related to telecommunications including:
- The differences between an ILEC central office switch and a CLEC regional switch site.
- The purpose of a DSX panel and why two ports are required for connections.
- Standard sizes for relay racks and what DACs are used for.
- Key terms related to outside plant design like CSA, feeder cables, and distribution cables.
- Components of the local telephone network like load coils and T-1 repeater housings.
- Equipment used to determine fiber network endpoints like OTDRs.
- Functions of PBX systems and differences from key systems.
- Networking protocols, standards, and technologies discussed
The document discusses key concepts in telecommunications. It defines frequency as it relates to human communication and the range humans can perceive. It explains how capacitance affects telephone circuits and solutions to address issues. The decibel is used to measure signal strength given the large range of sounds. It also describes how receivers convert electrical signals to sound waves and how switches handle incoming calls. Finally, it defines interoffice trunk connections and industry terms like LATA, IntraLATA, InterLATA, ILEC, and CLEC.
This document summarizes key information from chapters 8-10 of a homework assignment:
- It defines common digital signal rates like DS0, DS1, DS3, and OC-1 according to the North American digital hierarchy.
- It explains terms like DS0, DS1, and DS3 and what each is used for in digital signaling.
- It describes T-1 framing formats and where signaling information is carried.
- It explains the purpose of overhead bits in digital signals and how many DS0s are multiplexed into a T-1.
- It compares SONET bit rates like STS-1 to T-1 and T-3, explaining the difference between OC-
The document summarizes key concepts from chapters 13-17 of a homework assignment on telecommunications circuits. It includes definitions of terms like VSAT (very small aperture terminal), PON (passive optical network), and discusses topics like the differences between single mode and multimode fiber, components of the access network like POTS lines, and signal transmission parameters used in circuit design like bandwidth and loss.
- The document discusses using a vibration motor in mobile devices as a sound sensor by processing the back-EMF signal produced in response to ambient sounds.
- It demonstrates that speech can be reconstructed from the noisy, low-bandwidth back-EMF signal with over 80% accuracy for human listeners and 60% for speech recognition software.
- Various techniques are used to extract and reconstruct speech information from the signal, including spectral subtraction, energy localization, and formant extrapolation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses and compares different indoor positioning techniques, focusing on Wi-Fi positioning. It describes how Wi-Fi positioning works by measuring the received signal strength from multiple access points and triangulating the user's position. Specifically, it presents an algorithm that uses the distances calculated from the signal strengths received from three access points to determine the coordinates of the user's location. The document also mentions using Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest path routing of indoor navigation once a user's position is determined.
This project report describes the development of a cellphone RF signal detector and jammer. The system uses a microcontroller to control a jammer and detector circuit. The jammer blocks cellphone signals within a defined range when activated, and the detector can sense activated cellphones from 1.5 meters away. The report includes the block diagram of the system, descriptions of the components, literature on jamming techniques and design parameters, schematics of the jammer and detector circuits, software used in development, and applications of the technology.
This document describes an indoor positioning system that uses Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons to locate people inside buildings. It uses an Android app to collect signal strength data from nearby beacons, which is sent to a Flask server running on a Raspberry Pi. A trilateration algorithm on the server calculates the user's position based on distances estimated from the signal strengths. A Python curses GUI then displays the user's location in real-time. The system was found to provide efficient and accurate indoor positioning using BLE beacons and the described client-server architecture.
Visible light communication is a high-speed developing technique with LEDs for both lighting and data communication. In this paper, examined the visible light communication performance over Mach Zehnder Modulation via Optisystem simulation tool. Quality factor and BER values of different link distance are predicted by optisystem simulation tool. The planned system can support 5 Gbps data rate up to 50 meter of link distance with a Quality factor of 15.71 for without any external noise interruption. In the case of external noise influence, the planned VLC system performance is also investigated through simulation tool. Consider the external noise interruption, the designed system can support 2Gbps data rate up to 20-meter link distance of Quality factor of 11.935. Quality factor for the system without any external noise influence is better compared to the system with external noise influence.
Geolocation systems allow objects and people to be located on a map using their geographical coordinates. The document discusses several types of geolocation systems including IP geolocation, GSM geolocation, WiFi geolocation, RFID geolocation, and satellite geolocation. It also discusses how geographic information systems (GIS) combine geographic data and other information to generate visual maps and reports.
This document summarizes a project that aims to enable communication between deaf or mute individuals and those without disabilities. The system uses flex sensors and an IMU placed in a glove to recognize sign language gestures. The gestures are converted to text and speech by a microcontroller interfaced with a speech synthesis chip. Voice inputs are converted to corresponding sign symbols using a speech recognition module. The flex sensors measure finger bending to determine gestures while the IMU provides data on hand position and movement. Programming is done using MPLAB and a C compiler to control the hardware and enable two-way translation between sign language and speech.
This document describes a sign language translation system using a sensor glove. The glove is fitted with flex sensors that detect finger bending. The sensor outputs are processed by an ARM7 microcontroller and converted to speech using a speaker. When signs are performed, the flex sensor data is compared to a database of signs to determine the word. The recognized word is then displayed on an LCD and voiced using the speaker, allowing deaf people to communicate through sign language translation. The system provides a low-cost way for speech-impaired individuals to communicate using a wearable sensor glove and microcontroller-based translation of signs to voice.
Geolocation is the identification of the real-world geographic location of an object or device. It provides location awareness, location tracking, geofencing, and activity recognition. There are several systems that can be used to determine a device's location including GPS, cell tower triangulation, and Wi-Fi positioning. Geolocation has many useful applications in areas like banking, advertising, and criminal investigations. The document outlines how geolocation works on Android devices and the permissions and tools needed to access location data on Android.
IRJET- A Novel Technique for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio NetworksIRJET Journal
This document discusses a novel technique called double square energy detection (DSED) for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. Spectrum sensing is used to detect unused spectrum bands that secondary users can opportunistically access without interfering with primary users. Energy detection is commonly used due to its simplicity but is impacted by noise and fading effects. The proposed DSED technique applies a double square operation to the detected signal before measuring its energy over a time interval and comparing to a threshold. Simulation results show DSED has a very high probability of detection and low complexity, outperforming conventional energy detection.
This document summarizes a review of sensor nodes in basic wireless sensor networks, with an emphasis on selecting an appropriate processor. It discusses key factors in sensor network design like fault tolerance, scalability, and power consumption. Sensor nodes typically consist of sensing, processing, transceiver, and power units. Processors must have low power usage, fast wake-up times, clock scaling abilities, and memory architectures suited for interrupts. Common microcontrollers and microprocessors are evaluated based on these criteria to determine the best fit for sensor network applications.
Toward forward link interference cancellationShu Wang
A Presentation for CDG Technology Forum on Improving 3G Network Capacity, Coverage and Quality, April 20, 2006
Hyatt Regency San Francisco Airport, Burlingame, CA.
http://www.cdg.org/news/events/cdmaseminar/060420_NetworkCap/index.asp
The document describes a proposed device called a "sniffer" that can detect and track lost mobile phones. The sniffer would function as a small base station using a different frequency than nearby cell towers. It includes a transceiver, unidirectional antenna, and software to store and search for the IMEI of lost phones. When in range of a lost phone, the sniffer would mimic a base station and authenticate with the phone, allowing it to track the phone's location to recover it. The sniffer aims to provide a cost-effective solution to the growing problem of lost and stolen mobile phones.
This document describes a proposed sniffer device to detect lost mobile phones. Each mobile has a unique IMEI number transmitted when turned on, which the sniffer would detect using a small base station and directional antenna. The sniffer would operate at a different frequency than local cell towers to avoid interference. Software would track the IMEI number of lost phones and the design aims to be low-cost, low-power, and mobile to help recover lost phones.
This document discusses the use of a sniffer device to detect lost mobile phones. It begins with an introduction to cellular systems including mobile stations, base transceiver stations, base station controllers, and mobile switching centers. It then explains that a sniffer is a mobile base station with a directional antenna and tracking software that can detect lost phones by their IMEI number. The sniffer works by intercepting signals from lost phones and locating them through GPS. While useful for finding lost phones cost effectively, sniffers have privacy and security disadvantages.
This document discusses the design of a sniffer device to detect lost mobile phones. It begins with an introduction describing how thousands of mobile phones are lost daily and the need for a device to locate them. It then provides details on IMEI numbers, which uniquely identify each phone. The document defines a sniffer as a transceiver that can detect phones by operating at a different frequency than the mobile network. It describes the key components of the sniffer as a small base station, directional antenna, and tracking software. Advantages are listed as low cost, power efficiency and mobility. Disadvantages include the complexity of design and need for the mobile phone to have sufficient power and not be in a shadow region.
The document describes a sniffer device that can detect and locate lost mobile phones. The sniffer acts as a small base station that operates at a different frequency than mobile networks. It includes a unidirectional antenna and tracking software. The sniffer detects lost phones by their unique IMEI number stored in a database. When in range, it can communicate with lost phones and track their location to help recover them. The design aims to provide an inexpensive solution for locating lost phones, though it has limitations if phones have low battery or are in shadow areas with weak signals.
The document discusses key concepts in mobile technologies including cells, frequency reuse, and cell clustering. It defines a cell as the geographic area covered by a base station tower. Cells are arranged in clusters and use frequency reuse to allow the same radio frequencies to be used in different cells without interference. The system works by handing off calls between cells as users move between coverage areas, with the process taking only a second to complete seamlessly.
The document describes a sniffer device that can detect and locate lost mobile phones. The sniffer works as a small base station that operates at a different frequency than mobile networks. It uses the phone's unique IMEI number to identify lost phones within range. The sniffer is designed with a small transceiver, directional antenna, and software to store IMEI numbers and track locations. When activated, it scans for lost phones by number and uses GPS to pinpoint their location for recovery. While not perfect, the sniffer provides an effective and low-cost solution for finding lost mobiles at a large scale.
The document describes a sniffer device that can detect and locate lost mobile phones. The sniffer works by creating a small base station that operates at a different frequency than mobile networks. It includes a transceiver, directional antenna, and software to store and check IMEI numbers of lost phones against those in its database. When a lost phone is powered on near the sniffer, it can detect the phone's IMEI number and track its location using GPS. While complex, the sniffer provides an effective and low-cost solution for large-scale detection of lost mobile phones.
Iaetsd advanced mobile signal jammer for gsm, cdma and 3 gIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes the design and implementation of a mobile signal jammer that can block GSM, CDMA, and 3G networks for a prescheduled time duration using an ARM7 microcontroller. The jammer works by transmitting radio signals on the same frequencies used by mobile networks, interfering with communication between phones and towers. An RTC chip is used to program activation and deactivation times. When activated, phones will show "no network available". The jammer is controlled by an ARM7 microcontroller connected to an RTC, GSM modem, and jamming circuitry. The GSM modem notifies users before jamming begins. Mobile jammers are illegal in most countries due to security and privacy concerns.
The sniffer is basically a transceiver that works in the frequency which is in the special unused range that is operated by the service provider or at a frequency that is much different than the one that is being used.
For the detection of lost mobile SNIFFER plays a vital role .
The sniffer device has to be designed precisely and size should be reduced for easy mobility for the purpose of detection .
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses and compares different indoor positioning techniques, focusing on Wi-Fi positioning. It describes how Wi-Fi positioning works by measuring the received signal strength from multiple access points and triangulating the user's position. Specifically, it presents an algorithm that uses the distances calculated from the signal strengths received from three access points to determine the coordinates of the user's location. The document also mentions using Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest path routing of indoor navigation once a user's position is determined.
This project report describes the development of a cellphone RF signal detector and jammer. The system uses a microcontroller to control a jammer and detector circuit. The jammer blocks cellphone signals within a defined range when activated, and the detector can sense activated cellphones from 1.5 meters away. The report includes the block diagram of the system, descriptions of the components, literature on jamming techniques and design parameters, schematics of the jammer and detector circuits, software used in development, and applications of the technology.
This document describes an indoor positioning system that uses Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons to locate people inside buildings. It uses an Android app to collect signal strength data from nearby beacons, which is sent to a Flask server running on a Raspberry Pi. A trilateration algorithm on the server calculates the user's position based on distances estimated from the signal strengths. A Python curses GUI then displays the user's location in real-time. The system was found to provide efficient and accurate indoor positioning using BLE beacons and the described client-server architecture.
Visible light communication is a high-speed developing technique with LEDs for both lighting and data communication. In this paper, examined the visible light communication performance over Mach Zehnder Modulation via Optisystem simulation tool. Quality factor and BER values of different link distance are predicted by optisystem simulation tool. The planned system can support 5 Gbps data rate up to 50 meter of link distance with a Quality factor of 15.71 for without any external noise interruption. In the case of external noise influence, the planned VLC system performance is also investigated through simulation tool. Consider the external noise interruption, the designed system can support 2Gbps data rate up to 20-meter link distance of Quality factor of 11.935. Quality factor for the system without any external noise influence is better compared to the system with external noise influence.
Geolocation systems allow objects and people to be located on a map using their geographical coordinates. The document discusses several types of geolocation systems including IP geolocation, GSM geolocation, WiFi geolocation, RFID geolocation, and satellite geolocation. It also discusses how geographic information systems (GIS) combine geographic data and other information to generate visual maps and reports.
This document summarizes a project that aims to enable communication between deaf or mute individuals and those without disabilities. The system uses flex sensors and an IMU placed in a glove to recognize sign language gestures. The gestures are converted to text and speech by a microcontroller interfaced with a speech synthesis chip. Voice inputs are converted to corresponding sign symbols using a speech recognition module. The flex sensors measure finger bending to determine gestures while the IMU provides data on hand position and movement. Programming is done using MPLAB and a C compiler to control the hardware and enable two-way translation between sign language and speech.
This document describes a sign language translation system using a sensor glove. The glove is fitted with flex sensors that detect finger bending. The sensor outputs are processed by an ARM7 microcontroller and converted to speech using a speaker. When signs are performed, the flex sensor data is compared to a database of signs to determine the word. The recognized word is then displayed on an LCD and voiced using the speaker, allowing deaf people to communicate through sign language translation. The system provides a low-cost way for speech-impaired individuals to communicate using a wearable sensor glove and microcontroller-based translation of signs to voice.
Geolocation is the identification of the real-world geographic location of an object or device. It provides location awareness, location tracking, geofencing, and activity recognition. There are several systems that can be used to determine a device's location including GPS, cell tower triangulation, and Wi-Fi positioning. Geolocation has many useful applications in areas like banking, advertising, and criminal investigations. The document outlines how geolocation works on Android devices and the permissions and tools needed to access location data on Android.
IRJET- A Novel Technique for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio NetworksIRJET Journal
This document discusses a novel technique called double square energy detection (DSED) for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. Spectrum sensing is used to detect unused spectrum bands that secondary users can opportunistically access without interfering with primary users. Energy detection is commonly used due to its simplicity but is impacted by noise and fading effects. The proposed DSED technique applies a double square operation to the detected signal before measuring its energy over a time interval and comparing to a threshold. Simulation results show DSED has a very high probability of detection and low complexity, outperforming conventional energy detection.
This document summarizes a review of sensor nodes in basic wireless sensor networks, with an emphasis on selecting an appropriate processor. It discusses key factors in sensor network design like fault tolerance, scalability, and power consumption. Sensor nodes typically consist of sensing, processing, transceiver, and power units. Processors must have low power usage, fast wake-up times, clock scaling abilities, and memory architectures suited for interrupts. Common microcontrollers and microprocessors are evaluated based on these criteria to determine the best fit for sensor network applications.
Toward forward link interference cancellationShu Wang
A Presentation for CDG Technology Forum on Improving 3G Network Capacity, Coverage and Quality, April 20, 2006
Hyatt Regency San Francisco Airport, Burlingame, CA.
http://www.cdg.org/news/events/cdmaseminar/060420_NetworkCap/index.asp
The document describes a proposed device called a "sniffer" that can detect and track lost mobile phones. The sniffer would function as a small base station using a different frequency than nearby cell towers. It includes a transceiver, unidirectional antenna, and software to store and search for the IMEI of lost phones. When in range of a lost phone, the sniffer would mimic a base station and authenticate with the phone, allowing it to track the phone's location to recover it. The sniffer aims to provide a cost-effective solution to the growing problem of lost and stolen mobile phones.
This document describes a proposed sniffer device to detect lost mobile phones. Each mobile has a unique IMEI number transmitted when turned on, which the sniffer would detect using a small base station and directional antenna. The sniffer would operate at a different frequency than local cell towers to avoid interference. Software would track the IMEI number of lost phones and the design aims to be low-cost, low-power, and mobile to help recover lost phones.
This document discusses the use of a sniffer device to detect lost mobile phones. It begins with an introduction to cellular systems including mobile stations, base transceiver stations, base station controllers, and mobile switching centers. It then explains that a sniffer is a mobile base station with a directional antenna and tracking software that can detect lost phones by their IMEI number. The sniffer works by intercepting signals from lost phones and locating them through GPS. While useful for finding lost phones cost effectively, sniffers have privacy and security disadvantages.
This document discusses the design of a sniffer device to detect lost mobile phones. It begins with an introduction describing how thousands of mobile phones are lost daily and the need for a device to locate them. It then provides details on IMEI numbers, which uniquely identify each phone. The document defines a sniffer as a transceiver that can detect phones by operating at a different frequency than the mobile network. It describes the key components of the sniffer as a small base station, directional antenna, and tracking software. Advantages are listed as low cost, power efficiency and mobility. Disadvantages include the complexity of design and need for the mobile phone to have sufficient power and not be in a shadow region.
The document describes a sniffer device that can detect and locate lost mobile phones. The sniffer acts as a small base station that operates at a different frequency than mobile networks. It includes a unidirectional antenna and tracking software. The sniffer detects lost phones by their unique IMEI number stored in a database. When in range, it can communicate with lost phones and track their location to help recover them. The design aims to provide an inexpensive solution for locating lost phones, though it has limitations if phones have low battery or are in shadow areas with weak signals.
The document discusses key concepts in mobile technologies including cells, frequency reuse, and cell clustering. It defines a cell as the geographic area covered by a base station tower. Cells are arranged in clusters and use frequency reuse to allow the same radio frequencies to be used in different cells without interference. The system works by handing off calls between cells as users move between coverage areas, with the process taking only a second to complete seamlessly.
The document describes a sniffer device that can detect and locate lost mobile phones. The sniffer works as a small base station that operates at a different frequency than mobile networks. It uses the phone's unique IMEI number to identify lost phones within range. The sniffer is designed with a small transceiver, directional antenna, and software to store IMEI numbers and track locations. When activated, it scans for lost phones by number and uses GPS to pinpoint their location for recovery. While not perfect, the sniffer provides an effective and low-cost solution for finding lost mobiles at a large scale.
The document describes a sniffer device that can detect and locate lost mobile phones. The sniffer works by creating a small base station that operates at a different frequency than mobile networks. It includes a transceiver, directional antenna, and software to store and check IMEI numbers of lost phones against those in its database. When a lost phone is powered on near the sniffer, it can detect the phone's IMEI number and track its location using GPS. While complex, the sniffer provides an effective and low-cost solution for large-scale detection of lost mobile phones.
Iaetsd advanced mobile signal jammer for gsm, cdma and 3 gIaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes the design and implementation of a mobile signal jammer that can block GSM, CDMA, and 3G networks for a prescheduled time duration using an ARM7 microcontroller. The jammer works by transmitting radio signals on the same frequencies used by mobile networks, interfering with communication between phones and towers. An RTC chip is used to program activation and deactivation times. When activated, phones will show "no network available". The jammer is controlled by an ARM7 microcontroller connected to an RTC, GSM modem, and jamming circuitry. The GSM modem notifies users before jamming begins. Mobile jammers are illegal in most countries due to security and privacy concerns.
The sniffer is basically a transceiver that works in the frequency which is in the special unused range that is operated by the service provider or at a frequency that is much different than the one that is being used.
For the detection of lost mobile SNIFFER plays a vital role .
The sniffer device has to be designed precisely and size should be reduced for easy mobility for the purpose of detection .
The document discusses various topics related to mobile communication systems:
1. Different categories of antennas and examples of each including wire antennas, microstrip antennas, reflector antennas, travelling wave antennas, and aperture antennas.
2. Types of handover in mobile networks - hard handoff and soft handoff.
3. Ionospheric bending which is the phenomenon of radio wave refraction in the ionospheric layer causing the waves to bend.
The document describes the design and development of a mobile phone detector circuit. It begins with background information on the need for detecting mobile phones in restricted areas. It then discusses the history of mobile phone detection and technologies like GSM, 3G and 4G. The document provides an overview of the mobile phone detector project and explains the motivation was to prevent phone use in exams and confidential areas. It describes different detector designs and the basic components and workings of a detector circuit to identify activated phones from 1.5 meters away based on radio frequency signals.
This document describes a cell phone jammer device that can be programmed with scheduled time durations for activation and deactivation. It discusses the basic technology behind how cell phone jammers work by transmitting radio signals that interfere with communication between cell phones and towers. The proposed system aims to design a jammer that can be controlled through a microcontroller programmed with activation and deactivation time schedules using a real-time clock. A block diagram is presented showing the overall design and working principle.
The document discusses smart antennas in 3G networks. It provides an introduction to smart antennas, how they form adaptive beams to improve communication links. Smart antennas can increase network capacity and coverage by directing beams toward desired users and nulling interference. This is done through algorithms that calculate antenna weights to maximize signal strength and minimize interference using techniques like beamforming and null steering. Smart antennas allow strategies like interference reduction, rejection, and spatial division multiple access to improve system performance. When applied in 3G base stations, smart antennas can form multiple beams to cover cells, track users to adaptively change beam patterns, and null interference to further increase capacity and coverage for mobile users.
The last few years have witnessed a dramatic boom in the wireless communications industry, hence, increasing the number of users of mobile communication devices. This magnified the need for a more efficient and reliable signal scrambler. This paper discusses the design, implementation, of a double band GSM mobile phone jammer. This jammer works at GSM 900 and GSM 1800 simultaneously and thus jams well-known carriers.
This document discusses the use of smart antennas in 4G mobile communications. It begins by defining smart antennas as antenna arrays connected to a digital signal processor that can enhance wireless links through diversity gain, array gain, and interference suppression. This allows for higher data rates or more simultaneous users. The document then discusses key principles such as using antenna arrays to distinguish propagation paths and encode independent data streams. It also covers applications like space division multiple access and beamforming basics. Specific benefits of smart antennas for mobile communications discussed include increased antenna gain, decreased inter-symbol interference, and spatial filtering/nulling of interference.
11.smart antennas in 0004www.iiste.org call for paper_gAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a paper on smart antennas in 4G systems. It discusses how smart antennas work using an array of antenna elements and a digital signal processor to form beams. This allows for diversity gain, array gain, and interference suppression, improving capacity. Smart antennas can distinguish between propagation paths to transmit independent data streams or redundantly encode data. They can also suppress interference for conventional transmitters. Applications discussed include space division multiple access, beamforming basics, switched beam antennas, and use in mobile communications for increased gain and reduced interference.
Project report of Cell phone detector circuitMoin Aman
This project report describes a cell phone detector circuit that can sense the presence of an activated mobile phone from 1.5 meters away. The circuit detects incoming/outgoing calls, SMS, and video transmission even if the phone is on silent. When it detects a signal, the circuit sounds an alarm and an LED blinks until the signal stops. The report provides the circuit diagram, component list, descriptions of key components like the CA3130 operational amplifier and NE555 timer, and discusses the basic concept and working of the detector by explaining how mobile phone signals are transmitted and can be picked up.
1) GSM is a cellular network standard developed in 1991 that is widely used in Europe and Asia. It uses FDMA to separate frequencies and TDMA to divide each frequency into time slots to allow multiple calls over the same frequency.
2) The GSM architecture consists of mobile stations, a base station subsystem to connect to mobile devices, and a network subsystem to switch calls. Each component has several elements like the BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, and VLR.
3) Frequency reuse allows a limited number of frequencies to service many users by dividing a region into cells and assigning each a unique set of frequencies to avoid interference between cells.
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Sniffer for detecting lost mobiles - Technical Seminar
1. 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
One of the most interesting things about a cell phone is that it is really a radio an
extremely sophisticated radio, which uses some band of frequency that has the basic working
similar to the ordinary cordless phone. The mobile cellular communication has been
appreciated since its birth in the early ’70s and the advancement in the field of VLSI has helped
in designing less power, smaller size but efficient transceiver for the purpose of
communication. But however, the technology has not yet answered the loss or misplacement
of the lost mobile phone which is significantly increasing. In this we discuss the problem and
the probable solution that could be done. The IMEI number is a unique number that is
embedded in the mobile phone the main purpose of which is the blocking of calls that is made
by unauthorized person once the mobile is reported as stolen but here we use it effectively for
the purpose of detection.
2. 2
CHAPTER 2
IMEI - International Mobile Equipment Identity
The GSM MoU’s IMEI(International Mobile Equipment Identity) numbering system is
a 15 digit unique code that is used to identify the GSM/DCS/PCS phone. When a phone is
switched on, this unique IMEI number is transmitted and checked against a database of
blacklisted or greylisted phones in the network’s EIR (Equipment ID Register). This EIR
determines whether the phone can log on tithe network to make and receive calls.
To know the IMEI number the *#06# has to be pressed, the number will be displayed
on the LCD screen; it is unique to a mobile phone. If the EIR and IMEI number match, the
networks can do a number of things. For exexample grey list or blacklist a phone:
1. Greylisting will allow the phone to be used, but it can be tracked to see who has it (via the
SIM information).
2. Blacklisting the phone from being used on any network where there is an EIR match.
3. 3
CHAPTER 3
DESIGNING FOR THE SNIFFER
As stated this proposal is about the detection of lost mobile phones and for this purpose
we are designing a new device called the Sniffer. The sniffer device has to be designed
precisely and size should be reduced for easy mobility for the purpose of detection. The device
can be called a mobile base station that includes the following important components:
1. Sniffer base station
2. Unidirectional antenna
3. Tracking software
3.1 Sniffer Base Station:
The sniffer is a small base station, it inincludes transceiver section. It should operate at a
frequency that is much different from the frequency of the current cell in which the operation
of detection is being carried out. Some of the main important things are the frequency that has
to be generated by the transceiver section is around 900MHz range which is a VHF range and
it is necessary to design the oscillator circuit for that frequency range.
Another important is the cooling that has to be provided to the circuit while designing the
circuit that is to be operated at 900MHz range of frequency. Hence proper design of base station
is an important thing in the design of the sniffer. Mobile phones, as well as the base station,
have low power transmitter is also transmitting at low power. The transmitter of the sniffer has
to be a low power transmitter. This helps in the process of reducing the interference of the
device with the devices that are in the other cells.
4. 4
3.2 Design of Unidirectional Antenna:
Though the transceiver in a sniffer plays an important role in the detection of the mobile
phone however it is the directional antenna that has a major role in the design of the transmitter.
The directional antenna acts as the eyes for the sniffer for the purpose of detecting the lost
mobile phones. Hence the proper design of the directional antenna is required. An antenna is a
device that works at specified frequencies range for transmitting or receiving the data signal.
In general, antennas transmit power depending on lobe pattern which varies from one antenna
to the other. The lobe pattern is two-dimensional diagrams that are used to show radiation
patterns. The radiation pattern of directional antenna is shown in below figure.
Fig 3.1 Radiation Pattern of Unidirectional Antenna
In addition to this, it is necessary that the transmitter should be a low power transmitter.
The Gain and directivity are intimately related in antennas. The directivity of an antenna is a
statement of how the RF energy is focused in one or two directions. Because the amount of RF
energy remains the same but is distributed over less area, the apparent signal strength is higher.
5. 5
This apparent increase in signal strength is the antenna gain. The gain is measured in
decibels over either a dipole (dBd) or a theoretical construct called an Isotropic radiator (dBi).
The isotropic radiator is a spherical signal source that radiates equally well in all directions.
One way to view the omnidirectional pattern is that it is a slice taken horizontally through the
three-dimensional sphere. The graphical representation of the Radiation pattern of the
unidirectional antenna is shown in figure.
The spherical co-ordination system has three main components for the pattern
representation and they are (R, _, _). The shape of the radiation system is independent of R, as
long R is chosen to be sufficiently large and much greater than the wavelength as the largest
dimension of the antenna. The magnitude of the field strength in any direction varies inversely
with R. A complete radiation pattern requires the three-dimensional representation. The other
factors that are to be taken into account during the development of the antenna for the sniffer
should be the gain and the directivity.
As these features have a greater effect while designing the antenna. The gain of the
antenna is defined as the ability of the antenna to radiate the power in a particular direction.
The power radiated per unit area in any direction is given by the pointing vector and is
equivalent to E2/_2 W/m2
Total of the power that is being radiated by the antenna is given as W=__d_
The average power that gets radiated is given as _(avg)=W/4_ (watts per steradian)
The Directivity of the antenna is the direction in which there is a maximum gain for
the radiation that is being radiated, the gain of the antenna is given as a function of the angles.
The directivity value is constant for a particular direction. In addition to the directivity and the
gain of the antenna the other important thing that has to be taken into account is the power that
is being radiated by the antenna.
The total power is given as W and is the summation of the radiated power and the ohmic
loss of the antenna. Here the Wl represents the ohmic losses of the antenna. Wt=Wr+Wl The
6. 6
power gain of the antenna is given as gp=4__/wt The ratio of power to the directivity is referred
as a measure of efficiency of the antenna gp/gd=Wr/(Wr+Wl) The power radiated by the
antenna should be properly designed as this causes more penetration of the electromagnetic
radiation and thus it might have some effect in the nearby cells. The effective area of the
antenna is another important factor that is mainly required in the receiving antenna and it may
be referred as the effective aperture or capture area and is related to the directive gain of the
antenna through the relation A=gd_2/4
Since the sniffer device that is constructed is a device that has both the transmitting and
the receiving antenna. Effective gain has to be taken into account and this shows the ability of
the antenna to capture the signal that the lost mobile is transmitting.
3.3 Software for the Tracking:
The software part plays a major role in the tracking of the lost mobile phone It is the
base for the antenna to track the lost mobile the main feature of this software is that it helps in
the process of creation of the database and this is mainly done using a Random Access Memory.
The mobile phone that is lost has a certain IMEI number that is embedded in the chip. This
RAM of the sniffer device stores the IMEI number of the lost mobile phone. Thus this acts as
a database or the directory of the lost mobile phone number/The software that is to be designed
in such a way that the software has the input as the IMEI number of the lost mobile phone from
the RAM and this ID done using the SQL query that fetches the IMEI number.
After getting the input of the lost mobile phones IMEI number it checks the comport
for getting the information whether it obtains any signaling information from the lost device
that might respond to the signal sent by the sniffer The programming is done with C or Java.
However the C is most preferred as it is easily embedded with the chips. With VB the front end
is designed. The Oracle SQL is the back end as it helps in retrieving the input data from the
RAM using the query. But however the sample program that we have designed does not use
7. 7
the oracle it takes the input directly from the keyboard and this is an example and a dummy
program that has been created that helps in the understanding of how the device would work.
8. 8
CHAPTER 4
WORKING OF THE SNIFFER DEVICE
The sniffer is basically a transceiver that works in the frequency which is in the special
unused range that is operated by the service provided or it can be designed to operate at a
frequency that is of much different frequency than the one that is being used by the nearby cells
as there may be possibility of interference by the device with the devices in the nearby cells.
The working for the device is as follows. The fig 4.1 & 4.2 shows the working of the sniffer ;
as given in fig 3.1 it gives the normal operation of the mobile with the base station and there is
a BTS that acts as a middle man in the process of communication between the mobile and the
MTSO which is popularly known as MSC or Mobile Switching Centre .
There is always a two-way communication between devices and before the
establishment of the communication the authentication of the SIM card that has the IMSI or
the International Mobile Subscriber Identifier. This IMSI number helps in the authorization of
the user. The second authentication is the authentication of the handset, which is done in EIR
or the Equipment Identifier Register. This register is located at the MSC and it contains the
IMEI number of the lost handset and if the signal is obtained from the normal one then the two-
way communication is established.
The IMEI of the lost mobile phone number once has been reported to the service
provider, who keeps track of the record of lost mobile phones. The MTSO of the MSC which
keeps in track of all the mobile phones with IMEI number and the IMSI number has the
information of the lost mobile phones location which means the location of the cell where the
lost device is because of the two way communication with the device the BTS of the lost device
is known to MSC. From this information regarding the cell in which the device is located the
sniffer device is introduced.
9. 9
Fig 4.1 The initial connection between the cellular network and lost
mobile phone
The next figure or the fig 4.1 shows the sniffer that gets into work for the purpose of
the detection of the lost device. After the information regarding the IMEI number of the lost
device is provided by the MTSO or MSC.This is then fed into the sniffer's main memory the
sniffer located in particular cell gets into action of detecting the lost device. The sniffer uses a
frequency that is different from the one that is being used by the base station and the located
nearby cells.The base station disconnects the connection with the lost mobile phone, as there
is a request regarding this action from the EIR part of the MSC. This causes the lost device to
search the BTS to get locked with since each base station does not have authorization capability
the lost device sends appropriate connection request signal.
Now when the sniffer device is being deployed and this device has inbuilt authorization
capability the lost device finds the sniffer to get itself locked to the frequency of the sniffer.
While the connection between the sniffer and the mobile phone is established; the IMEI of the
lost mobile is validated with the stored IMEI and after successful authorization the
communication between the sniffer and the lost device is established. If the other devices in
the same try to communicate with the sniffer the access is denied and this is done at the
10. 10
validation done based on the IME. Once the communication starts it is mainly with the antenna
and the signal strength of the lost device the location can be tracked. However the process of
searching can also be aided with the GPS system for more accurate and fast detection The main
requirement is that the sniffer is operated in a frequency that is different from the frequency
adopted by the cell and nearby ones. Hence the interference from the nearby cell can be
avoided. The directional antenna is used in finding the location of the mobile phone.
Fig 4.2 The connection of the sniffer device with the lost mobile
phone
Here the signal strength of the received signal is obtained antenna pattern is plotted
once the signal of the mobile is obtained. The no. of antenna patterns for different positions of
the same mobile phone is used to find the exact location. But however, in this method the
directional antenna used much be of a very small beam width this helps in more accurate
process of detection.
11. 11
Fig 4.3 the sniffer shown tries to communicate with the lost mobile
After getting connected with the mobile it creates a virtual cell pattern and thus helps
in the detection of lost mobile phones.
12. 12
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
Since the boom of the mobile phone for the purpose of the communication, there has
been a large no. of complaints regarding the mobile phone that is being lost and there has been
no effective method developed for detecting the lost device. The given paper dealt with the
idea of development “Sniffer for the detection of lost Mobile phones” paves away by means of
which the lost mobile phones can be recovered. But the process of detection is yet to be
developed through the software and demo has been developed and is with the authors. The
demo has been written in VB that gives an overview of how the lost mobile is being detected
and the software has been written in C.
The SQL has to be used for the purpose of querying and the internal architecture is of
lesser complexity compared to the base station as this mainly involves the control signal and
there is no need for the voice process. The design involved the following: Design of the sniffer
base station design of unidirectional l antenna, development of software for tracking. Though
this method appears to be a little bit complex involving the design of the sniffer but however
for large scale detection the overall effective cost of the design and the detection scales down.
There are certain boundary conditions or criteria that have to be qualified for the
identification of the lost mobile like the power of the mobile should be good enough, the mobile
phone should not be in the shadow region, etc., but however this method can be improved by
using modern technologies and devices.
13. 13
APPENDIX
IMEI: International Mobile Equipment Identifier
SNIFFER: The small transceiver used for detecting lost mobile phones.
IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identifier.
BTS: Base transceiver station.
MTSO: Mobile Telephone Switching Office
MSC: Mobile Station Switching Controller
14. 14
REFERENCES
[1] Schiller, “Mobile Communication”, Pearson Education 1 Edition, 7th reprint-2003.
[2] John D Kraus, “Electromagnetics”, TMH
[3] Jordan et al, “Electromagnetic waves and radiation system”, Prentice Hall
[4] www.gsmworld.com
[5] http://ericsson.com 6. http://iec.org