Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their own ability to complete tasks and reach goals. Albert Bandura identified self-efficacy as one's belief in their capability to organize and execute courses of action needed to manage situations. According to Bandura, self-efficacy develops from four main sources: mastery experiences, social modeling, social persuasion, and psychological responses. People with strong self-efficacy are more likely to view challenges as tasks that can be mastered, while those with weak self-efficacy tend to avoid difficult tasks and dwell on failures.

1. SELF-EFFICACY
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2. Self -Efficacy
• Self-efficacy is belief in one’s capacity to
succeed at tasks. Specific self-efficacy refers to
beliefs about one’s ability to perform specific
tasks.
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3. What is Self-Efficacy?
• According to Albert Bandura, self-efficacy is “the
belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute the
courses of action required to manage prospective
situations”.
• In other words, self-efficacy is a person’s belief in his
or her ability to succeed in a particular situation.
Bandura described these beliefs as determinants of how
people think, behave, and feel.
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4. The Role of Self-Efficacy
• Virtually all people can identify goals they want to
accomplish, things they would like to change, and things they
would like to achieve. However, most people also realize that
putting these plans into action is not quite so simple. Bandura
and others have found that an individual’s self-efficacy plays a
major role in how goals, tasks, and challenges are approached.
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5. People with a strong sense of self-efficacy:
• View challenging problems as tasks to be mastered.
• Develop deeper interest in the activities in which they
participate.
• Form a stronger sense of commitment to their interests and
activities.
• Recover quickly from setbacks and disappointments
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6. People with a weak sense of self
efficacy:
• Avoid challenging tasks.
• Believe that difficult tasks and situations are beyond their
capabilities.
• Focus on personal failings and negative outcomes.
• Quickly lose confidence in personal abilities.
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7. Sources of Self-Efficacy
• How does self-efficacy develop?
• These beliefs begin to form in early childhood as children deal
with a wide variety of experiences, tasks, and situations.
However, the growth of self-efficacy does not end during
youth, but continues to evolve throughout life as people
acquire new skills, experiences, and understanding.
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8. According to Bandura, there are four major
sources of self-efficacy.
1. Mastery Experiences
2. Social Modeling
3. Social Persuasion
4. Psychological Responses
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9. 1. Mastery Experiences
• "The most effective way of developing a strong sense of
efficacy is through mastery experiences,“.
• Performing a task successfully strengthens our sense of self-
efficacy. However, failing to adequately deal with a task or
challenge can undermine and weaken self-efficacy.
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10. 2. Social Modeling
• Witnessing other people successfully completing a task is
another important source of self-efficacy.
• “Seeing people similar to oneself succeed by sustained effort
raises observers' beliefs that they too possess the capabilities
master comparable activities to succeed”
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11. 3. Social Persuasion
• Bandura also asserted that people could be influenced to
belief that they have the skills and capabilities to succeed.
• Consider a time when someone said something positive and
encouraging that helped you achieve a goal.
• Getting verbal encouragement from others helps people
overcome self-doubt and instead focus on giving their best
effort to the task at hand.
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12. 4. Psychological Responses
• Our own responses and emotional reactions to situations
also play an important role in self-efficacy.
• Moods, emotional states, physical reactions, and stress
levels can all impact how a person feels about their
personal abilities in a particular situation.
• A person who becomes extremely nervous before
speaking in public may develop a weak sense of self-
efficacy in these situations.
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13. Efficacy-Activated Processes
A. Cognitive Processes
• The effects of self-efficacy beliefs on cognitive processes take
a variety of forms.
• Much human behavior, being purposive, is regulated by
forethought embodying valued goals. Personal goal setting is
influenced by self-appraisal of capabilities.
• The stronger the perceived self-efficacy, the higher the goal
challenges people set for themselves and the firmer is their
commitment to them.
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14. Conti..,
B. Motivational Processes
• Self-beliefs of efficacy play a key role in the self-
regulation of motivation. Most human motivation is
cognitively generated. People motivate themselves and
guide their actions anticipatorily by the exercise of
forethought. They form beliefs about what they can do.
They anticipate likely outcomes of prospective actions.
They set goals for themselves and plan courses of action
designed to realize valued futures.
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15. Conti..,
C. Affective Processes
• People's beliefs in their coping capabilities affect how much
stress and depression they experience in threatening or
difficult situations, as well as their level of motivation.
• Perceived self-efficacy to exercise control over stressors
plays a central role in anxiety arousal.
• People who believe they can exercise control over threats do
not conjure up disturbing thought patterns.
• But those who believe they cannot manage threats experience
high anxiety arousal.
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16. Conti..,
D. Selection Processes
• The discussion so far has centered on efficacy-activated processes that enable
people to create beneficial environments and to exercise some control over
those they encounter day in and day out.
• People are partly the product of their environment. Therefore, beliefs of
personal efficacy can shape the course lives take by influencing they types of
activities and environments people choose.
• People avoid activities and situations they believe exceed their coping
capabilities. But they readily undertake challenging activities and select
situations they judge themselves capable of handling.
• By the choices they make, people cultivate different competencies, interests
and social networks that determine life courses.
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17. Development and Exercise of Self-Efficacy Over
the Lifespan
A. Origins of a Sense of Personal Agency.
B. Familial Sources of Self-Efficacy.
C. Broadening of Self-Efficacy Through Peer Influences.
D. School as an Agency for Cultivating Cognitive Self-Efficacy.
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18. Conti…,
E. Growth of Self-Efficacy Through Transitional Experiences of
Adolescence
F. Self-Efficacy Concerns of Adulthood
G. Reappraisals of Self-Efficacy With Advancing Age
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19. Self-efficacy pros
• Self-constructs seem to be positively associated with
other desirable qualities, such as better quality of
live, higher academic performance, character
development and personal growth.
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20. Self- efficacy cons
• Simply boosting self-esteem without boosting personal skill, it
has been argued, creates more serious problems arising from
the self-deception
• This area deserves further research. Among other tasks,
attention needs to be paid to distinguishing shallow self-
esteem boosting methods form well developed, effective
approaches to personal and social development.
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