The document discusses frameworks for selecting and developing new essential oil crops. It outlines several key factors to consider, including the regulatory environment, screening potential crops and cultivation sites, developing business strategies, and evaluating the characteristics and market potential of new essential oils. Developing new essential oil crops requires focusing on product applications, accessing worldwide data, conducting research on technical and economic feasibility, and coordinating production and marketing infrastructure.
Technology commercialization strategy for a multidisciplinary R&D institutions such as GRO and CRO under new research and business development (R&BD) paradigm
More innovation in agri & food by collaborating in a new ecosystem Nur America
By investing in collaboration to build a strong ecosystem, the agri-food companies can create new opportunities for innovation. The cooperation makes developing, maintaining and sharing knowledge easier and increases the optimal functioning of the value chain. Companies in an ecosystem together can devise better solutions that are differentiating and potentially cheaper.
For example, in the high-tech industry cooperation in the ecosystem delivered good results. By considering a wider range of suppliers in other industries and forming new collaborations, the agro & food companies can build their own new ecosystem. In this way they might be able to apply a technology that is used in another industry to a solution for the agricultural and food industry.
Training for a career in science begins with formal theoretical and practical instruction at an academic institution, often followed by advanced training and eventual employment also at an academic institution. This career path is one which has been historically taken by most scientists.
In recent years, increasing numbers of academic scientists are choosing commercial laboratories to pursue their research careers. This shift in career path is driven to a large degree by the eroding of financial support for academic scientists, as evidenced by the downward trend in the funding rate for grants submitted to the NIH, NSF, and private foundations. Perhaps the greatest challenge for an academic scientist contemplating a move to a commercial laboratory is to adjust their thinking of ‘doing science for science sake’ to ‘doing science for commercializing a product’.
This insightful Webinar will cover areas to be considered when making this career change, including the culture of the commercial laboratory working environment, career advancement, scientific recognition, mentoring, and availability of opportunities.
5 Key Take-Aways:
Similarities and difference between academic and commercial laboratory working environments
Suggestions on how to increase your autonomy and independence in conducting research at a commercial laboratory
How to ‘hedge your bets’ so that deadlines and milestones are reached
Balancing publishing and intellectual property generation
The difference in costs between academic and commercial laboratory research
Who Should Attend:
Any academic PI, scientist, post-doc, graduate student, technician contemplating a move from a university-based research laboratory to a commercial biotechnology or pharmaceutical development laboratory.
This presentation explores some of the underlying issues responsible for declining pharma R&D productivity, and provides a new, fully integrated approach to reverse this trend by navigating R&D projects and portfolios through the risk-return landscape in real time.
A case study demonstrates how this system can be used in practice to improve the risk-return profile of a Phase 2 development project according to risk appetite.
This presentation focuses on R&D in the pharmaceutical industry, however the approach can be used to manage and optimize the risk-return profile of any business asset at any stage of its lifecycle, at any level, in any industry.
On 2/9/2016 I presented this workshop that the Social Media Strategies Summit in Las Vegas. The key objectives are listed below.
Attendees that participate in this workshop will receive:
An outline of how to develop a brand strategy that can be used to articulate consistent brand messaging across all social media platforms.
A framework to assess the vast array of social media tools available to determine which tools will help achieve maximum efficiency.
A complex overview of several social media tools and specific use cases that will have an immediate impact on their social media strategy
A list of the necessary tools to convey the importance of employee advocacy to key stakeholders within their business.
Drivers for product innovation; Process innovation; Concurrent engineering; Business process re-engineering - BPR; Reverse engineering; Value chain model & process innovation
Innovation Funding for Growth-Oriented Companies - Oct 24, 2014Boast Capital
The Canadian Government provides over $7B in innovation funding each year and is considered one of the most generous countries for funding research, innovation, and experimentation.
Learn more about a few of Canada's innovation funding programs:
-Scientific Research & Experimental Development Tax Credit (SR&ED), slides presented by James Suk, Boast Capital
-Small Business Grants, slides presented by Stephanie Sang, Granted Consulting
-Sustainable Development Technology Canada (SDTC) slides presented by Paul Austin, Regional Director of Partnerships
Innovation loans briefing events open september 2019 slides to shareKTN
Innovate UK, the Knowledge Transfer Network and the Enterprise Europe Network hosted a briefing event for the second of two Open innovation loans competitions in the extension of the award-winning pilot programme, which is currently open for applications.
Innovate UK is extending its pilot programme of loan competitions. A total of £50 million has been committed to 70 borrowers in the initial pilot and a further £25 million is available for business innovation projects. This is the second competition in the pilot extension. Innovate UK is working to broaden the range of innovation finance support available to businesses, so they can access funding at all stages of innovation. Innovation loans are for UK small or medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that want to scale up and grow through innovation, developing new or improved products, processes or services. They can be used for late-stage research and development (R&D) projects, which have not yet reached the point of commercialisation.
Innovate UK is to offer up to £10 million in loans to SMEs for innovative late stage projects. The aim of this competition is to provide loans to help SMEs to undertake innovative projects with strong commercial potential across any sector or industry. Innovation loans will offer affordable, patient, flexible, repayable funding for later-stage research & development projects with a clear route to commercial success.
The deadline for applications in this competition is noon on 27th November 2019.
The purpose of the briefing event is to provide vital information to enable businesses to decide if an innovation loan is appropriate for them and, if so, to develop a clear and compelling application that shows that they have an innovative project and are suitable for a loan.
Find out more about the Innovation Special Interest Group at https://ktn-uk.co.uk/interests/innovation
Technology commercialization strategy for a multidisciplinary R&D institutions such as GRO and CRO under new research and business development (R&BD) paradigm
More innovation in agri & food by collaborating in a new ecosystem Nur America
By investing in collaboration to build a strong ecosystem, the agri-food companies can create new opportunities for innovation. The cooperation makes developing, maintaining and sharing knowledge easier and increases the optimal functioning of the value chain. Companies in an ecosystem together can devise better solutions that are differentiating and potentially cheaper.
For example, in the high-tech industry cooperation in the ecosystem delivered good results. By considering a wider range of suppliers in other industries and forming new collaborations, the agro & food companies can build their own new ecosystem. In this way they might be able to apply a technology that is used in another industry to a solution for the agricultural and food industry.
Training for a career in science begins with formal theoretical and practical instruction at an academic institution, often followed by advanced training and eventual employment also at an academic institution. This career path is one which has been historically taken by most scientists.
In recent years, increasing numbers of academic scientists are choosing commercial laboratories to pursue their research careers. This shift in career path is driven to a large degree by the eroding of financial support for academic scientists, as evidenced by the downward trend in the funding rate for grants submitted to the NIH, NSF, and private foundations. Perhaps the greatest challenge for an academic scientist contemplating a move to a commercial laboratory is to adjust their thinking of ‘doing science for science sake’ to ‘doing science for commercializing a product’.
This insightful Webinar will cover areas to be considered when making this career change, including the culture of the commercial laboratory working environment, career advancement, scientific recognition, mentoring, and availability of opportunities.
5 Key Take-Aways:
Similarities and difference between academic and commercial laboratory working environments
Suggestions on how to increase your autonomy and independence in conducting research at a commercial laboratory
How to ‘hedge your bets’ so that deadlines and milestones are reached
Balancing publishing and intellectual property generation
The difference in costs between academic and commercial laboratory research
Who Should Attend:
Any academic PI, scientist, post-doc, graduate student, technician contemplating a move from a university-based research laboratory to a commercial biotechnology or pharmaceutical development laboratory.
This presentation explores some of the underlying issues responsible for declining pharma R&D productivity, and provides a new, fully integrated approach to reverse this trend by navigating R&D projects and portfolios through the risk-return landscape in real time.
A case study demonstrates how this system can be used in practice to improve the risk-return profile of a Phase 2 development project according to risk appetite.
This presentation focuses on R&D in the pharmaceutical industry, however the approach can be used to manage and optimize the risk-return profile of any business asset at any stage of its lifecycle, at any level, in any industry.
On 2/9/2016 I presented this workshop that the Social Media Strategies Summit in Las Vegas. The key objectives are listed below.
Attendees that participate in this workshop will receive:
An outline of how to develop a brand strategy that can be used to articulate consistent brand messaging across all social media platforms.
A framework to assess the vast array of social media tools available to determine which tools will help achieve maximum efficiency.
A complex overview of several social media tools and specific use cases that will have an immediate impact on their social media strategy
A list of the necessary tools to convey the importance of employee advocacy to key stakeholders within their business.
Drivers for product innovation; Process innovation; Concurrent engineering; Business process re-engineering - BPR; Reverse engineering; Value chain model & process innovation
Innovation Funding for Growth-Oriented Companies - Oct 24, 2014Boast Capital
The Canadian Government provides over $7B in innovation funding each year and is considered one of the most generous countries for funding research, innovation, and experimentation.
Learn more about a few of Canada's innovation funding programs:
-Scientific Research & Experimental Development Tax Credit (SR&ED), slides presented by James Suk, Boast Capital
-Small Business Grants, slides presented by Stephanie Sang, Granted Consulting
-Sustainable Development Technology Canada (SDTC) slides presented by Paul Austin, Regional Director of Partnerships
Innovation loans briefing events open september 2019 slides to shareKTN
Innovate UK, the Knowledge Transfer Network and the Enterprise Europe Network hosted a briefing event for the second of two Open innovation loans competitions in the extension of the award-winning pilot programme, which is currently open for applications.
Innovate UK is extending its pilot programme of loan competitions. A total of £50 million has been committed to 70 borrowers in the initial pilot and a further £25 million is available for business innovation projects. This is the second competition in the pilot extension. Innovate UK is working to broaden the range of innovation finance support available to businesses, so they can access funding at all stages of innovation. Innovation loans are for UK small or medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that want to scale up and grow through innovation, developing new or improved products, processes or services. They can be used for late-stage research and development (R&D) projects, which have not yet reached the point of commercialisation.
Innovate UK is to offer up to £10 million in loans to SMEs for innovative late stage projects. The aim of this competition is to provide loans to help SMEs to undertake innovative projects with strong commercial potential across any sector or industry. Innovation loans will offer affordable, patient, flexible, repayable funding for later-stage research & development projects with a clear route to commercial success.
The deadline for applications in this competition is noon on 27th November 2019.
The purpose of the briefing event is to provide vital information to enable businesses to decide if an innovation loan is appropriate for them and, if so, to develop a clear and compelling application that shows that they have an innovative project and are suitable for a loan.
Find out more about the Innovation Special Interest Group at https://ktn-uk.co.uk/interests/innovation
Get 100% Pure and Natural Essential Oils at Aroma Essential Oil StoreAarnav Exports
Wide Collection of Pure and Organic Essential Oils available on Aromaessentialoilstore.com. It is a famous suppliers in India. It is provide us Helichrysum Absolute Oil, Honeysuckle Oil, Kadam Attar, Kewra Attar, Neroli Absolute Oil, Niaouli Oil, Nutmeg Oil, Onion Oil and Many more essential oils.
Brief Introduction to Young Living Essential OilsLeslie Vornholt
Young Living Essential Oils offer a good value to support your health...naturally..using potent, plant based health products that support your body. Using the highest quality essential oils and oil infused products provides excellent benefits for the body, mind and heart. Owning multiple farms around the world and utilizing the unique "Seed to Seal" process insures the highest quality in Young Living Essential Oils. With an extensive and ever growing product line which not only includes essential oils, but supplements, household products, & personal care products that are non-toxic, affordable, safe & effective for the entire family, including pets.
Watch this short slide show for more details about Young Living and how you can begin using Young Living products to enhance your healthy lifestyle.
Sarpagandha is a strong remedy for reducing blood pressure, sedating the nervous system & inducing sleep. It is also used in manic psychological disturbance.
We all have an idea of what Google Analytics can do, but do you know how to use it to help your organization? Do you know who your visitors are and what actions they're completing on your website? Do you know how to best use all the data provided by Google Analytics?
We are very happy to welcome Nina Cruz and Elena Czubiak from the Google for Nonprofits team for an afternoon workshop with NetSquared Vancouver. They will walk through the latest version and features of Google Analytics, and then get you to roll up your sleeves to ensure you're tracking clear goals for your organization. Learn what is working in your marketing efforts and on your site so you can make better decisions to further your mission.
Socio economic and institutional imperatives of conservation agriculture ado...Vine Mutyasira
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Most public breeding programs in the developing world are 20-30 years behind state-of-art private sector programs due to: Lack of engineering support for mechanization and automation; Primitive data collection, management, and decision support systems; Obsolete and expensive genotyping capacity unsuited to forward breeding; Inadequate selection pressure for yield in multi-location trials; Breeders are not trained, incentivized, or supported to optimize pipelines; Reliance on visual selection; Lengthy breeding cycles, excessive backcrossing, No selection of parents for high breeding value; Obsolete dissemination models designed for the Green Revolution.
How will the agriculture industry evolve to address increasing global consolidation, labor shortages, increased capital intensity and shifting consumer attitudes? This report highlights the key trends and issues facing the Food & Agribusiness markets today.
Developing essential oils in Malaysia - A list of potential oils to develop. (This is a 2006 presentation to MIFB Agro-Business Conference, PWTC Kuala Lumpur, July 2006)
Setting Up an Hemp Seed Processing Plant Project Report.pptxgauravimarcgroup
The report provides a complete roadmap for setting up a hemp seed processing plant. It covers a comprehensive market overview to micro-level information such as unit operations involved, raw material requirements, utility requirements, infrastructure requirements, machinery and technology requirements, manpower requirements, packaging requirements, transportation requirements, etc.
Policy for Food Security & Sustainable Agriculture/Rice Development in Contex...Sri Lmb
Ms. Ladda Viriyangura presented on 'Policy for Food Security & Sustainable Agriculture/Rice Development in Context of Climate Change in Thailand' at Regional Review and Planning Workshop 2017, Hanoi, VIetnam
Contract Farming: One option for creating a role for the Private Sector in Ag...ExternalEvents
The presentation discusses the general subject of contract farming. It ghlights the situation of contract farming in Punjab as well as its impact on productivity and growth.
Similar to Selecting and developing new essential oil crops - A framework (20)
Dependent origination as a natural governing lawMurray Hunter
The following paper explains the concept of dependent origination and its place in Buddhist Dharma
(teaching).Dependent origination is then described as a heuristic and discussed in relation to James Lovelock’s
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entrepreneurial opportunity, consciousness and self concept, and the ethical standpoint.
When there is this, that is
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
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harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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3. A Framework for Essential Oil Development 1 st Australian New Crops Conference, Gratton, Queensland, 1996. Keith Hyde, Thirty Australian Champions: Shaping the Future for Rural Australia, Canberra, RIRDC, 2000 Edward Weiss, Essential Oil Crops, New York, CABI, 1997
20. Worksheet for Rough Calculation of Financial Viability at Initial Screening Stage 1. Costs of Crop Domestication Can they potential crop be domesticated into field production easily? If not, will biomass be wild-collected? What method would be most suitable for propagation, from seed, cuttings, tissue culture, other? Does nursery propagation of the potential crop require any other special care? What staffing will be required? What would be the approximate costs of achieving the above?
21. 2. Field Preparation and Infrastructure What overall infrastructure will be needed?, nursery, road access, fencing, outbuildings, farming equipment, etc. What land preparation is needed, land levelling and contouring, drainage, etc. Does the crop require large amounts of water to thrive during growth? Is there adequate water available through rainfall to satisfy this? Will irrigation be required? If so, what method? Will dams and catchment areas have to be constructed to ensure a plentiful water supply? What will be the approximate costs of this? Are there any other potential costs?
22. 3. Planting and Maintenance Approximately how long will the crop take from field planting to harvest maturity? How will the potential crop be planted?, manually/automated? What will be the costs involved? What would the approximate planting density be? Will nutrients have to be applied? If so, how regularly?, How much? What method will be used to apply them? What will be the approximate costs of this? How often are re-plantings required? After each harvest, after a number of seasons, after how many years, what are the costs involved to prepare for each re-planting?
23. 4. Harvesting, Extraction and Post Extraction Is harvest timing crucial?, ie, a time of day, a very short window in a particular month, etc What are the costs involved in achieving this harvest window? What method of harvest will be utilised? Manual, semi-mechanised, fully mechanised What would be the approximate costs of building the harvest equipment? What method of extraction will be required? Hydro-distillation, steam distillation, destructive distillation, vacuum distillation, solvent extraction, other What power sources will be utilised? What are their costs? How will spent biomass be dealt with? Does it have any economic value or can it be used back in the farming process? Is the technology understood for the above processes? If not, what will be the costs of acquiring it? What will be the fabrication costs to build the above? What regulations (ie., EPA) are relevant to the processes? And how much will development and compliance cost? Will specialist staff be required? What would the approximate cost of energy to oil yield?
24. 5. Estimated (guessed) Project Size and Yields How many hectares do you anticipate to cultivate? How many years will it take to achieve this? What (based on literature and other knowledge) would be the approximate biomass per hectare achievable? (min. and max. est.) Does the biomass have to be wilted, stored or otherwise processed before extraction? What would be the yield as a percentage of biomass after extraction?
25. 6. Estimated Financial Viability 1. Research costs = 2. Costs of crop domestication = 3. Field preparation and infrastructure costs = 4. Propagation, planting and maintenance costs = 5. Harvesting, extraction & post extraction costs = Total Capital Costs (1+3) = Total operational costs (2+4+5) = Total amount of oil yielded = Total oil value = Value – total operational costs = Return/total capital costs x 100 = Return on investment
26.
27. Classes, Characteristics and Uses of Essential Oils Adapted from Naf (1989) and Petrzilka (1991) in Hunter (1995)
28. Evaluating the Characteristic Strengths and Weaknesses of Essential Oils The novelty of a new essential oil The major factor determining the novelty is the perceived uniqueness of the essential oil’s organoleptic profile. Thus, the degree of novelty is limited by the closeness of potential substitutes. The concept of novelty extends to essential oils that are more cost effective sources of natural aroma chemicals. New natural sources of aroma chemicals would also fit into this criteria of novelty.
29. The potential uses and applications of a new essential oil Without perfumers and flavourists perceiving applications potential, a new essential oil will remain in the realm of curiosity. Time, effort and imagination on the part of perfumers and flavourists is required to discover useful applications for new essential oils. It is under this criteria that most new essential oils will struggle to find acceptance as a new aromatic material.
30. The closeness of any substitutes It is difficult to find essential oils that cannot be duplicated by reconstitutions. New essential oils with close substitutes are of little value to the flavour and fragrance industry, unless they can offer a significant cost or stability advantage. The only exception is when a new essential oil is a source of a natural aroma material.
31. The stability of a new essential oil One of the major problems associated with essential oils is stability in end products. Many processed food products undergo harsh cooking procedures during manufacture. Cosmetic bases often contain free fatty acids, even after neutralisation. Essential oils that contain high levels of terpenes, tend to polymerise on exposure to light and air, discolour end products or are not stable in alkaline or acidic media. Synthetic aroma chemicals and specialties are generally more stable than essential oils and used more extensively in functional perfumery.
32. The cost price/performance ratio The cost price/performance ratio is important to the application potential of a new essential oil. If a new essential oil does not offer a perceptible odour/flavour at a low concentration, then its value to the flavour and fragrance industry is greatly diminished unless it is very cheap. Poor performance under this criteria will negate the potential of most new essential oils for application in functional perfumery
33. The Toxicity The cost of proving a new material is safe to use in flavours and fragrances is a major obstacle to the development of new aromatic materials. The industry has an impeccable reputation for self regulation and added EU regulations increases the cost of preparing dossiers on new materials even more. In markets outside the EU, most international flavour and fragrance houses would not consider using a new essential oil unless it meets IFRA safety and toxicity recommendations and is included on the GRAS list.
34. The general consistency of quality and supply Natural material will vary in quality according to geographic origin, type of soil, level of nutrients in the soil, climate and weather, rainfall, time of harvest, season, method of extraction, altitude and the incidence of pests and diseases. Likewise there are risks with continual supply of natural materials because of adverse weather conditions, changes in climate, floods and other natural disasters, wars, political upheavels and the inexperience of new producers. Launching new consumer products require large investments on the part of the end product manufacturer. Flavour and fragrance houses do not want to be placed in a position of being unable to supply a manufacturer with a flavour or fragrance compound because of the unavailability of a raw material.
35. The prevailing market/product trends Market and product trends slowly evolve. Changes in market trends are the result of complex forces, including technology, which makes new trends possible, advertising, and cultural influences upon consumer tastes and preferences. A particular essential oil may become more or less important to the flavour and fragrance industry, depending upon these trends.
36. The current level of technology New technology advances influence the value of existing aromatic materials to the flavour and fragrance industry. The development of new essential oil reconstitutions are aimed at eliminating some of the potential toxicity and solubility problems of existing essential oils. Reconstitutions are generally more stable and cheaper than their more expensive natural counterparts. As better and more cost effective reconstitutions are developed in the future, the use of some essential oils will decline. Since the advent of more sophisticated analytical techniques, like GC-MS, headspace analysis, electronic noses, aroma chemical and specialty product manufacturers have been better able to isolate powerful aromatic molecules from essential oils and synthesise these compounds. The discovery of new aroma chemicals in essential oils due to increased equipment sensitivity is more likely to lead to synthesis rather than cultivation.
40. Dossier Requirements for REACH Registration (from 1 Tonne to more than 100 tonnes per annum.) Greater than 1 Tonne Per Annum Greater than 10 Tonne Per Annum Greater than 100 Tonne Per Annum Melting/freezing point Boiling point Relative density Vapour pressure Surface tension Water solubility (or water extractivity for polymers) n-Octanol-water partition coefficient Flash point or flammability Explosivity Auto-flammability Oxidising properties Granulometry Skin irritation or corrosivity evaluation or in vitro tests Eye irritation evaluation or in vitro test Skin sensitisation evaluation or local lymph node assay Ames test In vitro chromosome aberration test Acute Daphnia toxicity Algal growth test Ready biodegradation Light-stability for polymers Long-term extractivity for polymers Skin irritation (unless classified from Annex V data) Eye irritation (unless classified from Annex V data) In vitro gene mutation assay Acute oral toxicity Acute inhalation or dermal toxicity 28-day (or 90-day) repeat-dose study in the rat (normally oral exposure) Developmental toxicity screening study (OECD 421) Developmental toxicity study Toxicokinetics assessment (a prediction based on the available data) Acute fish toxicity Activated sludge respiration inhibition test Hydrolysis test Adsorption/desorption screening test Stability in organic solvents and identification of degradants Dissociation constant Viscosity Reactivity to container material In vitro Mutagenicity studies 28-day or 90-day repeat-dose study in the rat (if not part of the Annex VI data) Developmental toxicity studies in two species (if not part of the Annex VI data) Two-generation fertility study in the rat (if there are adverse findings from the 28-day or 90-day studies) 21-day Daphnia reproduction study Chronic fish toxicity study Simulation test on the ultimate degradation in surface water Soil simulation test Sediment simulation test Fish bioaccumulation study (unless there is a low predicted bioaccumulation potential, e.g. from Log PoW < 3) Further adsorption/desorption study 14-day earthworm toxicity Study of the effects on soil micro-organisms Short-term toxicity to plants Plus requirements from left column (greater than 1 tonne) Plus requirements from left columns (greater than one tonne plus greater than 10 tonnes)
45. Essential Oils within the top Twenty Produced Worldwide with Adverse Opinions made by the Expert Committee of the SCCP Essential Oil Botanical Name Volume (Tonnes) Under Threat from SCCP Opinion Orange Citrus sinensis 26000 X Cornmint Mentha Arvensis 4300 Eucalyptus Euc. globulus 3728 X Citronella Cym winterianus 2830 X Peppermint Mentha piperita 2367 Lemon Citrus limon 2158 X Euc. Citriodora Eucalyptus citriodora 2092 X Clove Leaf Syzygium aromaticum 1915 X Cedarwood (US) Juniperus virginiana 1640 Litsea cubeba Litsea cubeba 1005 X Sassafras (Brazil) Ocotea pretiosa 1000 X Lime Citrus aurantifolia 973 X Spearmint Mentha spicata 851 Cedarwood (China) Chamaecyparis funebris 800 Lavandin Lavandula intermedia 768 X Sassafras (China) Cinnamomum micranthum 750 X Camphor Cinnamomum camphora 725 Coriander Coriandrum sativum 710 Grapefruit Citrus paradis 694 X Patchouli Pogostemom cablin 563 X
56. Market analysis Is the essential oil in under or over supply? What is the current supply situation? Do prices fluctuate greatly? What are the maximum and minimum prices over the last 10 years? Are there any current use trends? What are the potential markets for the essential oil? What is the potential market size for the essential oil? Who are the current producers of the essential oil? What strategies do their enterprises pursue? Is the oil a source of potentially valuable aroma chemicals? Are there any substitutes for this oil? Are there any other products that can be produced from the crop as a bi-product?
84. Different Major Chemical and Olfactory Profiles of Five Basil Oils Hunter et al, 1996 Sample Linalool Methylchavical Olfactory Profile India 14.2% 77.5% A grassy herbaceous and mildly spicy predominating note, with a herbaceous subsidiary note; back notes slightly fruity. French 55.3% 10.9% A smmoth fresh and diffusive herbaceous note with harmonized cool anisic and slightly balsamic subsidiary notes and warm woody back notes. Australian 34.3% 34.7% A clean vegetableptype note with a cool herbaceous menthol-like subsidiary note; a green and grassy back note. Seychelles 27.7% 40.2% A sharp diffusive clean grassy herbaceous note, with a fruity anisic subsidiary note and a very slightly camphoraceous back note. Reunion (Australian grown) 3.4% 75.7% A sharp, if not somewhat dry, anisic note; the subsidiary notes were herbaceous with a slight sweet camphoraceous floral back note.
93. Strategy Guideline for Conventional Crop Maintenance Practice Explanation Example Prevention Using practices and methods to prevent something like weed growth or pest and inhabitation Cleaning tractors and other agricultural equipment before entering a field to prevent the spread of weed seeds or spores. Cultural Control Choosing the best cultivars and planting materials, engaging in practices that will promote growth and protect crops, etc Selecting high yielding seeds through index selection, use of intercropping to improve soil fertility, select best seasonal planting times to prevent weed competition with crop. Mechanical Control Mechanical methods to assist with crop maintenance. The use of flaming to control diseases like root rust and control weeds, utilizing no-till approaches to prevent weed seed spreading and maintain soil fertility. Chemical Control The use of chemicals to assist in crop maintenance. The use of pre-emergence herbicides to prevent weed growth, the use of pesticides, etc.
94. A Summary of Prevention and Treatment Methods for Plant Diseases Disease Treatment Powdery Mildew Providing adequate sunlight, air circulation and lower relative humidity to prevent powdery mildew. The use of fungicide sprays to treat powdery mildew. Rust Watering early in the day to prevent rust. The application of fungicidal spray to treat rust. Leaf Spot and Blight Use resistant cultivars, maintain plant vigour through adequate fertilizer application, the enhancement of leaf drying through pruning and watering early in the day will help prevent spotting and blighting. Fungicides able to assist in preventing leaf spot and blight but poor in eradicating it. Root and Crown Rots Prevent through creating a well drained soil environment. Stem and Twig Cankers Prevent through maintaining plant vigour and removing diseased parts. Fungicides of limited use in treating stem and twig cankers. Vascular Wilts Prevention through resistant species, maintaining plant vigour and soil sanitation. No effective fungicides for treatment. Smuts and Moulds Use of resistant cultivars and fungicides to protect. No effective fungicides for treatment. Bacteria Protect through the use of disease resistant cultivars and good soil sanitation. Use of sterilization in nursery operations to prevent contamination. Streptomycin and copper sprays help to slow the spread of bacterial disease. Chemical sprays unreliable for treatment of bacterial diseases. Viruses Control virus carrying insects, animals and humans around crop area. Remove and destroy infected plants. Nematodes Difficult to control.
97. Overhead Sprinklers Drip Irrigation Capillary Sand Beds Installation cost Moderate Moderate/High High Maintenance Low High High Excellent Low Moderate Labour Low Moderate Low Water Distribution Fair Good Good Water Use Efficiency Poor, wasteful Good Good Pump Requirement Large, high pressure Small, low pressure Small, low pressure Water Volume Requirement Large Small Small Wind Influence Serious None None
103. Selected method often restricted by type of crop Most herbaceous crops can be mowed Many flowers must be hand picked Innovative systems can be designed and developed
121. One Hectare Field Cost for Subsequent Year Tea Tree Cultivation in Malaysia One Hectare Field Cost for First Year Tea Tree Cultivation in Malaysia